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Comparison of Broiler Performance and Carcass Parameters When Fed Diets Containing Combined Trait Insect-Protected and Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn (MON 89034 × NK603), Control, or Conventional Reference Corn
Comparison of Broiler Performance and Carcass Parameters When Fed Diets Containing Combined Trait Insect-Protected and Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn (MON 89034 × NK603), Control, or Conventional Reference Corn M. Taylor,*1 D. Lucas,* M. Nemeth,* S. Davis,† and G. Hartnell* *Monsanto Company, Product Safety Center, Creve Couer, MO 63167; and †Colorado Quality Research, Wellington, CO 80549 MON 89034 × NK603. Broilers were fed starter diets (approximately 57% wt/wt corn grain) from d 0 to 21 and grower-finisher diets (approximately 59% wt/wt corn grain) from d 21 to 42. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with 8 dietary treatments assigned randomly within 5 blocks of 16 pens each (8 male and 8 female) with 10 birds per pen. There were 10 pens per treatment group (5 male and 5 female). Weight at d 0 and 42, feed intake, feed conversion, and all measured carcass and meat quality parameters were not different (P > 0.05) for birds fed MON 89034 × NK603 and control corn diets. In addition, comparisons of the MON 89034 × NK603 diet to the population of the control and 6 reference corn diets showed no difference (P > 0.05) in any performance, carcass, or meat quality parameter measured. In conclusion, the diets containing MON 89034 × NK603 were nutritionally equivalent to diets containing the control or conventional reference corn grain when fed to broilers.
Key words: broiler performance, genetically modified corn, carcass yield, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 2007 Poultry Science 86:1988–1994
INTRODUCTION Combined trait corn MON 89034 × NK603 was produced by traditional breeding of plants expressing the individual MON 89034 and NK603 traits. It has been found that MON 89034 produces the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis that protect the corn plants from feeding damage caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopteran insect pests. In addition, NK603 produces the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS), which confers tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup agricultural herbicides. More than 60% of all corn grown in the United States is used as poultry and livestock feed (NCGA, 2006). Previously,
researchers have reported no biologically relevant differences in performance, carcass, or meat quality parameters in studies in which poultry and livestock were fed diets containing insect-protected or herbicide-tolerant corn as compared with conventional corn (Flachowsky et al., 2005; Taylor et al., 2005). Broiler feeding studies are the model of choice for comparing the wholesomeness of genetically modified grain to conventional grain, because their rapid weight gain makes them sensitive to small nutrient or antinutrient changes in the diet. This study was conducted to compare bird performance (feed intake, BW, and feed conversion), carcass yield, and meat quality of the birds fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control (similar genetic background to the test corn), and conventional reference corn.
MATERIALS AND METHODS ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received February 27, 2007. Accepted May 24, 2007. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]
Broilers and Housing This study was conducted in accordance with the principles and guidelines for the care and use of agricultural 1988
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ABSTRACT A 42-d floor pen study was conducted to compare broiler (Ross × Ross 308) performance and carcass measurements when fed diets containing lepidopteran-protected corn combined with glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034 × NK603) with those of broilers fed diets containing corn grain from the conventional control (similar genetic background to the test corn) and 6 conventional corn hybrids. It has been found that MON 89034 produces the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 insecticidal proteins that protect corn plants from feeding damage caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopteran insect pests. In addition, NK603 produces the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS), which confers tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup agricultural herbicides. The traditional breeding of plants that express the individual traits produced
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN
Experimental Design A randomized complete block design was used with 8 dietary treatments (test, control, and 6 conventional reference corn diets). For each of the 8 treatment groups, there were 100 broilers in 10 pens (total of 800 broilers): 5 pens of males and 5 pens of females (10 broilers/pen). Initially, there were an additional 2 broilers in each pen to compensate for early chick mortality during the first few days posthatch. At d 7, the group size was adjusted to 10 broilers/pen. The initial criterion for d-7 bird removal was unthrifty birds with a health or deformity problem (leg problem, crooked beak, swollen eyes) that would prevent the bird from surviving the length of the study, followed by random selection, the reason for the majority of removals.
Corn Grain The control corn grain and MON 89034 × NK603 were produced in Madison County, Illinois, during the 2005 growing season. Conventional reference corn grain (NC + 5411, NK N72-J5, Midland 7B15, Garst 8371, and Pioneer 32B33) was produced in 2005 in Warren County, Illinois, and conventional reference DKC61-50 was produced in 2005 in York County, Nebraska. Mycotoxin (Romer Laboratories, Union, MO; aflatoxins, ochratoxin, citrinin, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins) and pesticide residue (FDA, 1999; Covance Laboratories, Madison, WI; organochlorinates, or-
ganophosphates, organonitrogens, and N-methylcarbamates) analyses of the corn grain were conducted to verify that the levels were below the limits of concern for broiler performance. Proximate [CP (955.04 and 979.09), crude fat (960.39 and 948.22), crude fiber (962.09), and moisture (926.08 and 925.09)] and amino acid (982.30) analyses were performed on the grain at Covance Laboratories according to methods of AOAC International (2005). Carbohydrate values were calculated.
Diets Diets were formulated to contain approximately the same amount of corn and equivalent ME, amino acid (Lys, Met + Cys, Trp, Thr, and Arg), CP, Ca, P, N, and K specifications based on the individual nutrient analyses of each grain lot (Table 1). Dietary protein was provided by the corn grain supplemented with commercial dehulled soybean meal. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1994) values for poultry. A coccidiostat, salinomycin (Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE), was included in all diets at a level of 50 g/ton. Broilers were fed a starter diet containing approximately 57% wt/wt corn grain from d 0 to 21. For the rest of the experiment (d 21 to 42), broilers were fed a grower-finisher diet containing approximately 59% wt/wt corn grain (Table 2). Proximate [CP (990.03), crude fat (954.02), and moisture (934.01)], amino acid (982.30), and mineral (985.01) analyses of poultry diets (University of Missouri, Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, MO) were conducted according to AOAC International methods for confirmation of formulated levels of nutrient composition.
Measurements Broilers were observed regularly for general health. All dead birds and those killed due to their unhealthy condition were weighed and necropsied, and the probable cause of death or reason for removal was documented. Broilers were weighed at d 0 and 42 by pen and individually before processing at study termination (d 43 for males and d 44 for females). Average BW (kg) and feed intake (kg) were calculated from pen data. The average feed conversion (kg/kg) per pen was calculated for the entire duration of the study by dividing the total feed consumption during the study by the total BW of the surviving broilers in the pen. Adjusted feed conversion was calculated by dividing the total feed consumption per pen by the total BW of the surviving broilers and those that died or were removed from the pen. At the end of the study, all broilers were processed for assessment of carcass yield. Skinless thigh and breast tissues were collected from 1 randomly selected broiler from each pen and analyzed for moisture (934.01), protein (984.13), and fat (954.02) at the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories according to the 17th edition of the AOAC International methods (AOAC, 2000).
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animals in research (Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1999), was consistent with the recent recommendations issued by the International Life Sciences Institute (Cromwell et al., 2003), and, as applicable, was in compliance with FDA (1979) and EPA (1983) Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Ross × Ross 308 broiler chickens were obtained (Welp’s Hatchery, Bancroft, IA) at 1 d of age. Broilers were vaccinated for Marek’s disease at the hatchery and for Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis at the test site on the study start day. The broilers were randomly assigned by sex to concrete floored pens (1.5 × 0.9 m, providing approximately 0.09 m2 per bird excluding feeder space), with 10 to 13 cm of clean wood shavings in an environmentally controlled building with incandescent lighting. Incandescent lighting was provided for 23 to 24 h/d for approximately the first 4 d of the study and for 10 to 16 h for the remainder of the study. The target room temperature was 34°C at the start of the study and was gradually decreased each day to a target room temperature of 23°C from d 30 through the remainder of the study. Water and feed were available for ad libitum consumption throughout the study. Within each pen, water was provided via 4 nipple drinkers, and feed was provided via a hanging tube feeder (43-cm diameter). A chick feeder tray was placed in each pen for the first 4 d. Environmental conditions (floor space, temperature, lighting, bird density, and feeder and water space) were similar for all treatments.
1989
1990
TAYLOR ET AL.
Table 1. Proximate (%) and amino acid (%) composition of MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn 1
Analyzed composition (as-is basis)
H1325023 control
DKC61-50 reference
NC + 5411 reference
NK N72-J5 reference
Midland 7B15 reference
Garst 8371 reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
7.89 2.39 10.8 2.87 0.53 0.29 0.38 1.32 0.63 0.33 0.55 0.17 0.37 0.18 0.26 0.85 0.27 0.38 0.22 0.28 0.40 0.05
7.59 2.51 10.9 2.66 0.54 0.29 0.39 1.44 0.66 0.33 0.58 0.18 0.39 0.20 0.28 0.93 0.19 0.40 0.23 0.28 0.37 0.05
8.84 3.37 11.3 2.33 0.62 0.33 0.48 1.84 0.83 0.34 0.73 0.19 0.45 0.17 0.34 1.26 0.21 0.51 0.25 0.28 0.39 0.05
7.35 2.38 11.1 2.68 0.48 0.27 0.37 1.33 0.69 0.29 0.52 0.18 0.35 0.16 0.25 0.87 0.26 0.38 0.22 0.23 0.34 0.05
6.84 2.41 12.5 3.18 0.48 0.26 0.36 1.25 0.67 0.30 0.51 0.16 0.35 0.15 0.24 0.81 0.24 0.36 0.21 0.24 0.35 0.04
7.07 2.33 11.3 3.28 0.46 0.26 0.35 1.25 0.65 0.29 0.49 0.18 0.33 0.16 0.23 0.80 0.23 0.36 0.21 0.23 0.34 0.04
6.91 2.24 12.1 2.90 0.47 0.26 0.36 1.28 0.66 0.29 0.50 0.17 0.34 0.15 0.24 0.83 0.24 0.37 0.21 0.22 0.33 0.04
7.24 3.13 12.4 2.33 0.51 0.27 0.38 1.41 0.67 0.29 0.56 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.25 0.93 0.25 0.39 0.21 0.22 0.35 0.04
CP Crude fat Moisture Crude fiber Asp Thr Ser Glx Pro Gly Ala Cys Val Met Ile Leu Tyr Phe His Lys Arg Trp 1
Analyses conducted at Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed on d 0, d 42, preprocessing live weights, feed consumption, feed conversion, adjusted feed conversion, chilled carcass weight, fad pad, breast, thigh, wing, and drum weight; as well as moisture, protein, and fat values for breast and thigh
meat. Carcass yield values were evaluated on a weight basis and as a percentage of preprocessing live or chilled carcass weight as appropriate. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was carried out using a linear mixed model procedure of SAS, version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The statistical model included effects of treatments, sex, block, and sex × treatment interactions, with the
Table 2. Ingredient composition of diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn Ingredient (%, as-is basis)
MON H1325023 DKC61-50 NC + 5411 NK N72-J5 Midland 7B15 Garst 8371 89034 × NK603 control reference reference reference reference reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
Starter diet formulation Corn Dehulled soybean meal Soy oil Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Salt DL-Met Choline chloride 60% Trace minerals1 Vitamins2 Sacox (coccidiostat)
57.34 35.80 3.35 1.80 0.80 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
57.51 35.65 3.35 1.85 0.75 0.29 0.21 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
58.09 35.15 3.25 1.80 0.80 0.29 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.89 36.15 3.45 1.90 0.70 0.29 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.59 36.40 3.50 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.40 36.60 3.50 1.85 0.75 0.29 0.22 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.55 36.45 3.50 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.78 36.25 3.45 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
Grower-finisher diet formulation Corn Dehulled soybean meal Soy oil Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Salt DL-Met Choline chloride 60% Trace minerals1 Vitamins2 Sacox (coccidiostat)
59.43 33.50 3.80 1.70 0.70 0.31 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.50 33.5 3.80 1.70 0.65 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.44 33.50 3.80 1.70 0.70 0.31 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.44 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.43 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.48 33.5 3.80 1.70 0.65 0.31 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.43 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.48 33.50 3.80 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
1 Trace mineral premix (SEM Minerals, Quincy, IL) contained 5 to 6% Ca and provided the following in milligrams per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120; Zn, 100; Fe, 40; Cu, 10; I, 1.4; Se, 0.3, and Mg, 26. 2 Vitamin premix (Roche Vitamins Inc., Parsippany, NJ) provided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9,350 IU from all trans-retinyl acetate; cholecalciferol D3, 3,025 IU; vitamin E, 27.5 IU from DL-α-tocopherol; vitamin B12, 13.75 mg; riboflavin, 7.7 mg; niacin, 49.5 mg; pantothenic acid, 12.1 mg; menadione, 1.925 mg; folic acid, 0.99 mg; ethoxyquin, 77 mg; biotin, 0.088 mg; thiamine, 1.925 mg; and pyridoxine, 3.08 mg.
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MON 89034 × NK603
1991
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN Table 3. Nutrient composition of diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn Analyzed composition (as-is basis)
H1325023 control
DKC61-50 reference
NC + 5411 reference
NK N72-J5 reference
Midland 7B15 reference
Garst 8371 reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
Starter diets ME1 (kcal/kg) CP (%) Crude fat (%) Moisture (%) Arg (%) Lys (%) Met (%) Cys (%) Trp (%) Thr (%) Val (%) Ca (%) P (%)
3,079 21.8 5.33 12.0 1.47 1.29 0.56 0.37 0.27 0.83 1.02 1.02 0.78
3,080 22.2 5.32 11.5 1.47 1.31 0.52 0.37 0.26 0.83 1.02 0.98 0.77
3,081 22.4 4.80 13.5 1.40 1.23 0.50 0.37 0.24 0.83 0.99 0.84 0.67
3,081 22.8 4.89 12.6 1.49 1.34 0.49 0.38 0.28 0.84 1.07 0.76 0.64
3,081 20.6 5.48 12.5 1.35 1.20 0.49 0.35 0.24 0.78 0.95 0.83 0.66
3,078 22.6 5.13 12.5 1.47 1.31 0.50 0.38 0.27 0.85 0.98 0.85 0.67
3,080 21.9 5.36 12.6 1.44 1.27 0.49 0.37 0.27 0.83 0.97 0.79 0.65
3,080 22.6 5.43 12.5 1.50 1.32 0.54 0.37 0.28 0.86 1.01 0.81 0.66
Grower-finisher diets ME1 (kcal/kg) CP (%) Crude fat (%) Moisture (%) Arg (%) Lys (%) Met (%) Cys (%) Trp (%) Thr (%) Val (%) Ca (%) P (%)
3,133 21.3 6.09 11.1 1.41 1.25 0.55 0.35 0.26 0.81 0.97 0.97 0.79
3,134 21.7 5.87 11.1 1.43 1.27 0.52 0.36 0.27 0.81 1.03 0.85 0.70
3,133 22.3 5.84 12.2 1.42 1.24 0.52 0.36 0.26 0.82 1.04 0.92 0.74
3,137 21.0 5.36 12.0 1.40 1.24 0.53 0.36 0.24 0.80 1.00 0.88 0.69
3,137 20.7 5.96 11.1 1.36 1.18 0.54 0.35 0.24 0.79 0.90 0.87 0.68
3,135 20.6 5.69 11.9 1.34 1.19 0.51 0.34 0.24 0.77 0.95 0.86 0.69
3,137 20.9 5.67 11.9 1.35 1.19 0.50 0.35 0.24 0.77 0.98 0.85 0.67
3,135 21.6 6.41 11.2 1.43 1.25 0.56 0.35 0.26 0.80 1.01 0.93 0.73
1
Calculated based on assigned values for diet components.
experimental unit being the pen. The mean values obtained for the broilers fed MON 89034 × NK603 diets were compared (combined sex) with those fed the control and conventional reference corn diets at the 5% level of significance using a protected Fisher’s least significant difference test (Fisher, 1949). When a significant sex × treatment interaction was noted (P < 0.15), the mean values were also evaluated by sex. An additional statistical analysis compared data from broilers fed the MON 89034 × NK603 diet to the population of responses from broilers fed the control and conventional reference corn diets to determine whether the values of the test corn diet were within the population of control and reference corn diets used in this study.
RESULTS General Observations Mycotoxin and pesticide levels in MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn used in diet preparation were below the limits of concern for broiler performance. All pesticide values were below the assay limits of detection reported in parentheses and were as follows: organophosphates (0.050 ppm), organonitrogens (0.500 ppm), organochlorinates (0.200 ppm), and N-methylcarbamates (0.100 ppm). The nutrient assay results for diets are presented in Table 3. Chick mortality was low (0.2%) during the first 7 d, and mortality observed was primarily due to bacterial
infection, dehydration, or starve-out. Mortality from d 7 to 42 ranged from 1 to 2% across treatments (mortality for the MON 89034 × NK603 treatment was 1%). The d 7 to 42 deaths were primarily attributed to sudden death and ascites. Mortality was random across treatments, and remaining broilers in all treatments were in good health. Performance measurements of BW at d 0 (g/bird and kg/pen) and d 42 (kg/bird and kg/pen), total feed intake (kg/bird and kg/pen), and unadjusted and adjusted feed conversion (kg/kg) were not different (P > 0.05) between the broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603 and those fed control corn with similar genetic background (Table 4). Likewise, carcass measurements including chilled weight and fat pad weight (kg and % of live weight) and weights of breast, wing, drum, and thigh parts (each expressed as kg and % of chilled weight) were not different (P > 0.05) between broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603 and those fed the control corn diet. A significant (P < 0.05) difference was detected for fat pad weights (kg and % of chilled weight); however, fat pad weights for broilers fed both MON 89034 × NK603 and control corn grain diets were not different and were within the range of weights observed among the 6 conventional reference corn based diets (Table 4). No differences (P > 0.05) among any of the diets were observed for the percentage of moisture, protein, or fat in skinless thigh and breast meat samples collected at processing. Comparison of the data from broilers fed MON 89034 × NK603 corn to that
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MON 89034 × NK603
76.498 20.227 1.639
0.203 10.930
0.208 11.027
76.744 20.242 1.512
0.263 14.174
0.266 14.102
75.481 22.253 0.791
0.327 17.591
0.335 17.745
75.445 22.148 0.779
0.502 27.011
0.514 27.159
0.045abc 1.766abc
2.602 1.857 71.400
2.642 1.888 71.468
0.047ab 1.803ab
38.850 2.649 4.217 41.745 1.636 1.612
38.183 2.682 4.260 42.205 1.632 1.609
H1325023 control
76.572 20.464 1.765
75.251 22.518 0.760
0.202 11.000
0.261 14.200
0.325 17.720
0.498 27.209
0.042c 1.647c
2.575 1.832 71.204
38.517 2.614 4.149 41.195 1.637 1.601
DKC61-50 reference
76.594 20.285 1.674
75.399 22.310 0.745
0.205 10.864
0.268 14.177
0.336 17.783
0.509 26.969
0.045abc 1.740bc
2.632 1.886 71.656
39.017 2.685 4.275 42.745 1.619 1.609
NC + 5411 reference
76.847 19.898 1.470
75.390 22.302 0.732
0.204 10.937
0.263 14.133
0.333 17.851
0.500 26.879
0.047ab 1.810ab
2.609 1.861 71.376
38.850 2.650 4.195 41.715 1.639 1.603
NK N72-J5 reference
76.717 20.758 1.422
75.337 22.452 0.637
0.205 11.036
0.262 14.090
0.331 17.784
0.502 26.969
0.045bc 1.751bc
2.599 1.860 71.570
38.767 2.647 4.205 41.405 1.644 1.612
Midland 7B15 reference
76.524 20.493 1.926
75.197 22.557 0.698
0.205 11.024
0.265 14.191
0.329 17.672
0.503 26.993
0.049a 1.894a
2.608 1.864 71.501
38.433 2.654 4.236 41.945 1.641 1.614
Garst 8371 reference
1
a–c
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Treatment P NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS NS NS * * NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS NS NS NS NS NS
Pioneer 32B33 reference 38.400 2.623 4.166 41.390 1.638 1.605
2.583 1.843 71.345 0.044bc 1.711bc 0.497 26.969 0.322 17.451 0.260 14.099 0.202 10.997
75.416 22.271 0.712 76.889 19.910 1.547
Individual treatment means (sample size of 10) with the same superscript letter in the same row are not statistically different (P < 0.05); NS = P < 0.05. Mean values of combined males and females. 2 LSD = least significant difference between 2 means (P < 0.05). 3 Feed conversion adjusted by dividing the total feed consumption per pen by the total BW of the surviving broilers and those that died or were removed from the pen. 4 Processing live weight = preprocessing weight on d 43 (males) or d 44 (females). *P < 0.05.
Breast meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis) Thigh meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis)
Performance Live weight (g/bird), d 0 Live weight (kg/bird), d 42 Feed intake (kg/bird) Feed intake (kg/pen) Feed conversion (kg/kg) Adjusted feed conversion3 (kg/kg) Carcass yield Processing live weight4 (kg) Chilled weight (kg) Chilled weight (% of live weight) Fat pad weight (kg) Fat pad weight (% of live weight) Breast meat weight (kg) Breast meat weight (% of chill weight) Thigh weight (kg) Thigh weight (% of chill weight) Drum weight (kg) Drum weight (% of chill weight) Wing weight (kg) Wing weight (% of chill weight)
Item
MON 89034 × NK603
Table 4. Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality comparison of broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn1
0.505 0.697 0.527
0.414 0.494 0.197
0.004 0.178
0.006 0.200
0.010 0.320
0.017 0.461
0.004 0.137
0.061 0.046 0.392
0.758 0.064 0.100 1.431 0.049 0.022
LSD2 5.0%
1992 TAYLOR ET AL.
1993
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN Table 5. Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality comparison of MON 89034 × NK603 with population of control and conventional corn references1 Corn in diets
Parameter
Breast meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis) Thigh meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis)
MON 89034 × NK603
Control and conventional references
SSD2
LSD3 5%
38.183 2.682 4.260 1.632 1.609
38.690 2.646 4.206 1.636 1.608
NS NS NS NS NS
0.655 0.053 0.110 0.037 0.016
2.642 1.888 71.468 0.047 1.803 27.159 17.745 14.102 11.027
2.601 1.858 71.436 0.045 1.760 27.000 17.693 14.152 10.970
NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
0.045 0.044 0.396 0.006 0.203 0.339 0.356 0.142 0.133
75.445 22.148 0.779
75.353 23.380 0.725
NS NS NS
0.297 0.358 0.148
76.744 20.242 1.512
76.663 20.291 1.635
NS NS NS
0.377 0.822 0.467
1
Mean values of combined males and females. SSD = statistical significance of differences; NS = P > 0.05. 3 LSD = least significant difference between 2 means (P < 0.05). 2
of the population of broilers (combined sex) fed diets containing control and conventional reference corn showed no differences (P > 0.05) in any measured performance, carcass yield, or meat quality parameter (Table 5).
89034 single-trait or MON 89034 × MON 810 combinedtrait corn grain compared with those of birds fed identically formulated control and conventional reference corn-based diets. These data support the conclusion that the grain from MON 89034 × NK603 corn is as nutritious as conventional corn.
DISCUSSION The results of this broiler feeding study support the conclusion that there are no differences in the parameters evaluated between broilers fed insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89034 × NK603), genetically similar control, and conventional reference corn. The MON 89034 × NK603 corn evaluated in this study is nutritionally equivalent in broiler diets to grain from the control and conventional references. This conclusion is consistent with the compositional evaluation of the MON 89034 × NK603 corn that showed no relevant differences in nutritional and compositional properties relative to control and conventional corn (Taylor et al., 2007). Flachowsky et al. (2005) reviewed published reports of feeding studies evaluating genetically modified grain and found no reports of significant effects of feeding broilers with grain containing either insect-protected or herbicide-tolerant traits on broiler performance or carcass parameters. Furthermore, Taylor et al. (2007) reported no meaningful difference in broiler performance or carcass parameters when fed diets containing MON
REFERENCES AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. AOAC International. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. Cromwell, G., G. Dana, and G. Hartnell. 2003. Pages 1–62 in Best Practices for the Conduct of Animal Studies to Evaluate Crops Genetically Modified for Input Traits. Int. Life Sci. Inst., Washington, DC. EPA. 1983. 40 CFR Part 160. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC. FDA. 1979. Department of Health and Human Services. 21 CFR Part 58. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations for Nonclincal Laboratory Studies. Food Drug Adm., Washington, DC. FDA. 1999. Multiclass Multiresidue Methods: 304 Method for Fatty Foods. Pages 304-1–304-33 in Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume 1: Multiresidue Methods. 3rd ed. Food Drug Adm., Washington, DC.
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Performance Live weight (g/bird), d 0 Live weight (kg/bird), d 42 Feed intake (kg/bird) Feed conversion (kg/kg) Adjusted feed conversion (kg/kg) Carcass yield Processing live weight (kg/bird) Chill weight (kg/bird) Chill weight (% of live weight) Fat pad weight (kg/bird) Fat pad weight (% of live weight) Breast weight (% of chill weight) Thigh weight (% of chill weight) Drum weight (% of chill weight) Wing weight (% of chill weight)
Variety effect
1994
TAYLOR ET AL.
Federation of Animal Science Societies. 1999. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. 1st rev. Fed. Anim. Sci. Soc., Savoy, IL. Fisher, R. A. 1949. The Design of Experiments. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh, UK. Flachowsky, G. A., A. Chesson, and K. Aulrich. 2005. Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 59:1–40. NCGA. 2006. Glossory of corn terms. http://www.ncga.com/ education/main/glossary.html Accessed Jan. 5, 2007. NRC. 1994. Nutritional Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
Taylor, M. L., G. Hartnell, M. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and B. George. 2005. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn-revisited. Poult. Sci. 84:1893–1899. Taylor, M. L., D. Lucas, M. Nemeth, S. Davis, and G. Hartnell. 2007. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn. Poult. Sci. 86:1972–1979.
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Key words: broiler performance, genetically modified corn, carcass yield, Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 2007 Poultry Science 86:1988–1994
INTRODUCTION Combined trait corn MON 89034 × NK603 was produced by traditional breeding of plants expressing the individual MON 89034 and NK603 traits. It has been found that MON 89034 produces the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis that protect the corn plants from feeding damage caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopteran insect pests. In addition, NK603 produces the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS), which confers tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup agricultural herbicides. More than 60% of all corn grown in the United States is used as poultry and livestock feed (NCGA, 2006). Previously,
researchers have reported no biologically relevant differences in performance, carcass, or meat quality parameters in studies in which poultry and livestock were fed diets containing insect-protected or herbicide-tolerant corn as compared with conventional corn (Flachowsky et al., 2005; Taylor et al., 2005). Broiler feeding studies are the model of choice for comparing the wholesomeness of genetically modified grain to conventional grain, because their rapid weight gain makes them sensitive to small nutrient or antinutrient changes in the diet. This study was conducted to compare bird performance (feed intake, BW, and feed conversion), carcass yield, and meat quality of the birds fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control (similar genetic background to the test corn), and conventional reference corn.
MATERIALS AND METHODS ©2007 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received February 27, 2007. Accepted May 24, 2007. 1 Corresponding author: [email protected]
Broilers and Housing This study was conducted in accordance with the principles and guidelines for the care and use of agricultural 1988
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ABSTRACT A 42-d floor pen study was conducted to compare broiler (Ross × Ross 308) performance and carcass measurements when fed diets containing lepidopteran-protected corn combined with glyphosate-tolerant corn (MON 89034 × NK603) with those of broilers fed diets containing corn grain from the conventional control (similar genetic background to the test corn) and 6 conventional corn hybrids. It has been found that MON 89034 produces the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 insecticidal proteins that protect corn plants from feeding damage caused by European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopteran insect pests. In addition, NK603 produces the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4 EPSPS), which confers tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup agricultural herbicides. The traditional breeding of plants that express the individual traits produced
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN
Experimental Design A randomized complete block design was used with 8 dietary treatments (test, control, and 6 conventional reference corn diets). For each of the 8 treatment groups, there were 100 broilers in 10 pens (total of 800 broilers): 5 pens of males and 5 pens of females (10 broilers/pen). Initially, there were an additional 2 broilers in each pen to compensate for early chick mortality during the first few days posthatch. At d 7, the group size was adjusted to 10 broilers/pen. The initial criterion for d-7 bird removal was unthrifty birds with a health or deformity problem (leg problem, crooked beak, swollen eyes) that would prevent the bird from surviving the length of the study, followed by random selection, the reason for the majority of removals.
Corn Grain The control corn grain and MON 89034 × NK603 were produced in Madison County, Illinois, during the 2005 growing season. Conventional reference corn grain (NC + 5411, NK N72-J5, Midland 7B15, Garst 8371, and Pioneer 32B33) was produced in 2005 in Warren County, Illinois, and conventional reference DKC61-50 was produced in 2005 in York County, Nebraska. Mycotoxin (Romer Laboratories, Union, MO; aflatoxins, ochratoxin, citrinin, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins) and pesticide residue (FDA, 1999; Covance Laboratories, Madison, WI; organochlorinates, or-
ganophosphates, organonitrogens, and N-methylcarbamates) analyses of the corn grain were conducted to verify that the levels were below the limits of concern for broiler performance. Proximate [CP (955.04 and 979.09), crude fat (960.39 and 948.22), crude fiber (962.09), and moisture (926.08 and 925.09)] and amino acid (982.30) analyses were performed on the grain at Covance Laboratories according to methods of AOAC International (2005). Carbohydrate values were calculated.
Diets Diets were formulated to contain approximately the same amount of corn and equivalent ME, amino acid (Lys, Met + Cys, Trp, Thr, and Arg), CP, Ca, P, N, and K specifications based on the individual nutrient analyses of each grain lot (Table 1). Dietary protein was provided by the corn grain supplemented with commercial dehulled soybean meal. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1994) values for poultry. A coccidiostat, salinomycin (Intervet Inc., Millsboro, DE), was included in all diets at a level of 50 g/ton. Broilers were fed a starter diet containing approximately 57% wt/wt corn grain from d 0 to 21. For the rest of the experiment (d 21 to 42), broilers were fed a grower-finisher diet containing approximately 59% wt/wt corn grain (Table 2). Proximate [CP (990.03), crude fat (954.02), and moisture (934.01)], amino acid (982.30), and mineral (985.01) analyses of poultry diets (University of Missouri, Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories, Columbia, MO) were conducted according to AOAC International methods for confirmation of formulated levels of nutrient composition.
Measurements Broilers were observed regularly for general health. All dead birds and those killed due to their unhealthy condition were weighed and necropsied, and the probable cause of death or reason for removal was documented. Broilers were weighed at d 0 and 42 by pen and individually before processing at study termination (d 43 for males and d 44 for females). Average BW (kg) and feed intake (kg) were calculated from pen data. The average feed conversion (kg/kg) per pen was calculated for the entire duration of the study by dividing the total feed consumption during the study by the total BW of the surviving broilers in the pen. Adjusted feed conversion was calculated by dividing the total feed consumption per pen by the total BW of the surviving broilers and those that died or were removed from the pen. At the end of the study, all broilers were processed for assessment of carcass yield. Skinless thigh and breast tissues were collected from 1 randomly selected broiler from each pen and analyzed for moisture (934.01), protein (984.13), and fat (954.02) at the Experiment Station Chemical Laboratories according to the 17th edition of the AOAC International methods (AOAC, 2000).
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animals in research (Federation of Animal Science Societies, 1999), was consistent with the recent recommendations issued by the International Life Sciences Institute (Cromwell et al., 2003), and, as applicable, was in compliance with FDA (1979) and EPA (1983) Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Ross × Ross 308 broiler chickens were obtained (Welp’s Hatchery, Bancroft, IA) at 1 d of age. Broilers were vaccinated for Marek’s disease at the hatchery and for Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis at the test site on the study start day. The broilers were randomly assigned by sex to concrete floored pens (1.5 × 0.9 m, providing approximately 0.09 m2 per bird excluding feeder space), with 10 to 13 cm of clean wood shavings in an environmentally controlled building with incandescent lighting. Incandescent lighting was provided for 23 to 24 h/d for approximately the first 4 d of the study and for 10 to 16 h for the remainder of the study. The target room temperature was 34°C at the start of the study and was gradually decreased each day to a target room temperature of 23°C from d 30 through the remainder of the study. Water and feed were available for ad libitum consumption throughout the study. Within each pen, water was provided via 4 nipple drinkers, and feed was provided via a hanging tube feeder (43-cm diameter). A chick feeder tray was placed in each pen for the first 4 d. Environmental conditions (floor space, temperature, lighting, bird density, and feeder and water space) were similar for all treatments.
1989
1990
TAYLOR ET AL.
Table 1. Proximate (%) and amino acid (%) composition of MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn 1
Analyzed composition (as-is basis)
H1325023 control
DKC61-50 reference
NC + 5411 reference
NK N72-J5 reference
Midland 7B15 reference
Garst 8371 reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
7.89 2.39 10.8 2.87 0.53 0.29 0.38 1.32 0.63 0.33 0.55 0.17 0.37 0.18 0.26 0.85 0.27 0.38 0.22 0.28 0.40 0.05
7.59 2.51 10.9 2.66 0.54 0.29 0.39 1.44 0.66 0.33 0.58 0.18 0.39 0.20 0.28 0.93 0.19 0.40 0.23 0.28 0.37 0.05
8.84 3.37 11.3 2.33 0.62 0.33 0.48 1.84 0.83 0.34 0.73 0.19 0.45 0.17 0.34 1.26 0.21 0.51 0.25 0.28 0.39 0.05
7.35 2.38 11.1 2.68 0.48 0.27 0.37 1.33 0.69 0.29 0.52 0.18 0.35 0.16 0.25 0.87 0.26 0.38 0.22 0.23 0.34 0.05
6.84 2.41 12.5 3.18 0.48 0.26 0.36 1.25 0.67 0.30 0.51 0.16 0.35 0.15 0.24 0.81 0.24 0.36 0.21 0.24 0.35 0.04
7.07 2.33 11.3 3.28 0.46 0.26 0.35 1.25 0.65 0.29 0.49 0.18 0.33 0.16 0.23 0.80 0.23 0.36 0.21 0.23 0.34 0.04
6.91 2.24 12.1 2.90 0.47 0.26 0.36 1.28 0.66 0.29 0.50 0.17 0.34 0.15 0.24 0.83 0.24 0.37 0.21 0.22 0.33 0.04
7.24 3.13 12.4 2.33 0.51 0.27 0.38 1.41 0.67 0.29 0.56 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.25 0.93 0.25 0.39 0.21 0.22 0.35 0.04
CP Crude fat Moisture Crude fiber Asp Thr Ser Glx Pro Gly Ala Cys Val Met Ile Leu Tyr Phe His Lys Arg Trp 1
Analyses conducted at Covance Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed on d 0, d 42, preprocessing live weights, feed consumption, feed conversion, adjusted feed conversion, chilled carcass weight, fad pad, breast, thigh, wing, and drum weight; as well as moisture, protein, and fat values for breast and thigh
meat. Carcass yield values were evaluated on a weight basis and as a percentage of preprocessing live or chilled carcass weight as appropriate. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was carried out using a linear mixed model procedure of SAS, version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The statistical model included effects of treatments, sex, block, and sex × treatment interactions, with the
Table 2. Ingredient composition of diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn Ingredient (%, as-is basis)
MON H1325023 DKC61-50 NC + 5411 NK N72-J5 Midland 7B15 Garst 8371 89034 × NK603 control reference reference reference reference reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
Starter diet formulation Corn Dehulled soybean meal Soy oil Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Salt DL-Met Choline chloride 60% Trace minerals1 Vitamins2 Sacox (coccidiostat)
57.34 35.80 3.35 1.80 0.80 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
57.51 35.65 3.35 1.85 0.75 0.29 0.21 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
58.09 35.15 3.25 1.80 0.80 0.29 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.89 36.15 3.45 1.90 0.70 0.29 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.59 36.40 3.50 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.40 36.60 3.50 1.85 0.75 0.29 0.22 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.55 36.45 3.50 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.23 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
56.78 36.25 3.45 1.90 0.70 0.28 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.04
Grower-finisher diet formulation Corn Dehulled soybean meal Soy oil Defluorinated phosphate Limestone Salt DL-Met Choline chloride 60% Trace minerals1 Vitamins2 Sacox (coccidiostat)
59.43 33.50 3.80 1.70 0.70 0.31 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.50 33.5 3.80 1.70 0.65 0.31 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.44 33.50 3.80 1.70 0.70 0.31 0.21 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.44 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.43 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.48 33.5 3.80 1.70 0.65 0.31 0.22 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.43 33.50 3.85 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
59.48 33.50 3.80 1.75 0.60 0.30 0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.04
1 Trace mineral premix (SEM Minerals, Quincy, IL) contained 5 to 6% Ca and provided the following in milligrams per kilogram of diet: Mn, 120; Zn, 100; Fe, 40; Cu, 10; I, 1.4; Se, 0.3, and Mg, 26. 2 Vitamin premix (Roche Vitamins Inc., Parsippany, NJ) provided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9,350 IU from all trans-retinyl acetate; cholecalciferol D3, 3,025 IU; vitamin E, 27.5 IU from DL-α-tocopherol; vitamin B12, 13.75 mg; riboflavin, 7.7 mg; niacin, 49.5 mg; pantothenic acid, 12.1 mg; menadione, 1.925 mg; folic acid, 0.99 mg; ethoxyquin, 77 mg; biotin, 0.088 mg; thiamine, 1.925 mg; and pyridoxine, 3.08 mg.
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MON 89034 × NK603
1991
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN Table 3. Nutrient composition of diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn Analyzed composition (as-is basis)
H1325023 control
DKC61-50 reference
NC + 5411 reference
NK N72-J5 reference
Midland 7B15 reference
Garst 8371 reference
Pioneer 32B33 reference
Starter diets ME1 (kcal/kg) CP (%) Crude fat (%) Moisture (%) Arg (%) Lys (%) Met (%) Cys (%) Trp (%) Thr (%) Val (%) Ca (%) P (%)
3,079 21.8 5.33 12.0 1.47 1.29 0.56 0.37 0.27 0.83 1.02 1.02 0.78
3,080 22.2 5.32 11.5 1.47 1.31 0.52 0.37 0.26 0.83 1.02 0.98 0.77
3,081 22.4 4.80 13.5 1.40 1.23 0.50 0.37 0.24 0.83 0.99 0.84 0.67
3,081 22.8 4.89 12.6 1.49 1.34 0.49 0.38 0.28 0.84 1.07 0.76 0.64
3,081 20.6 5.48 12.5 1.35 1.20 0.49 0.35 0.24 0.78 0.95 0.83 0.66
3,078 22.6 5.13 12.5 1.47 1.31 0.50 0.38 0.27 0.85 0.98 0.85 0.67
3,080 21.9 5.36 12.6 1.44 1.27 0.49 0.37 0.27 0.83 0.97 0.79 0.65
3,080 22.6 5.43 12.5 1.50 1.32 0.54 0.37 0.28 0.86 1.01 0.81 0.66
Grower-finisher diets ME1 (kcal/kg) CP (%) Crude fat (%) Moisture (%) Arg (%) Lys (%) Met (%) Cys (%) Trp (%) Thr (%) Val (%) Ca (%) P (%)
3,133 21.3 6.09 11.1 1.41 1.25 0.55 0.35 0.26 0.81 0.97 0.97 0.79
3,134 21.7 5.87 11.1 1.43 1.27 0.52 0.36 0.27 0.81 1.03 0.85 0.70
3,133 22.3 5.84 12.2 1.42 1.24 0.52 0.36 0.26 0.82 1.04 0.92 0.74
3,137 21.0 5.36 12.0 1.40 1.24 0.53 0.36 0.24 0.80 1.00 0.88 0.69
3,137 20.7 5.96 11.1 1.36 1.18 0.54 0.35 0.24 0.79 0.90 0.87 0.68
3,135 20.6 5.69 11.9 1.34 1.19 0.51 0.34 0.24 0.77 0.95 0.86 0.69
3,137 20.9 5.67 11.9 1.35 1.19 0.50 0.35 0.24 0.77 0.98 0.85 0.67
3,135 21.6 6.41 11.2 1.43 1.25 0.56 0.35 0.26 0.80 1.01 0.93 0.73
1
Calculated based on assigned values for diet components.
experimental unit being the pen. The mean values obtained for the broilers fed MON 89034 × NK603 diets were compared (combined sex) with those fed the control and conventional reference corn diets at the 5% level of significance using a protected Fisher’s least significant difference test (Fisher, 1949). When a significant sex × treatment interaction was noted (P < 0.15), the mean values were also evaluated by sex. An additional statistical analysis compared data from broilers fed the MON 89034 × NK603 diet to the population of responses from broilers fed the control and conventional reference corn diets to determine whether the values of the test corn diet were within the population of control and reference corn diets used in this study.
RESULTS General Observations Mycotoxin and pesticide levels in MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn used in diet preparation were below the limits of concern for broiler performance. All pesticide values were below the assay limits of detection reported in parentheses and were as follows: organophosphates (0.050 ppm), organonitrogens (0.500 ppm), organochlorinates (0.200 ppm), and N-methylcarbamates (0.100 ppm). The nutrient assay results for diets are presented in Table 3. Chick mortality was low (0.2%) during the first 7 d, and mortality observed was primarily due to bacterial
infection, dehydration, or starve-out. Mortality from d 7 to 42 ranged from 1 to 2% across treatments (mortality for the MON 89034 × NK603 treatment was 1%). The d 7 to 42 deaths were primarily attributed to sudden death and ascites. Mortality was random across treatments, and remaining broilers in all treatments were in good health. Performance measurements of BW at d 0 (g/bird and kg/pen) and d 42 (kg/bird and kg/pen), total feed intake (kg/bird and kg/pen), and unadjusted and adjusted feed conversion (kg/kg) were not different (P > 0.05) between the broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603 and those fed control corn with similar genetic background (Table 4). Likewise, carcass measurements including chilled weight and fat pad weight (kg and % of live weight) and weights of breast, wing, drum, and thigh parts (each expressed as kg and % of chilled weight) were not different (P > 0.05) between broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603 and those fed the control corn diet. A significant (P < 0.05) difference was detected for fat pad weights (kg and % of chilled weight); however, fat pad weights for broilers fed both MON 89034 × NK603 and control corn grain diets were not different and were within the range of weights observed among the 6 conventional reference corn based diets (Table 4). No differences (P > 0.05) among any of the diets were observed for the percentage of moisture, protein, or fat in skinless thigh and breast meat samples collected at processing. Comparison of the data from broilers fed MON 89034 × NK603 corn to that
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MON 89034 × NK603
76.498 20.227 1.639
0.203 10.930
0.208 11.027
76.744 20.242 1.512
0.263 14.174
0.266 14.102
75.481 22.253 0.791
0.327 17.591
0.335 17.745
75.445 22.148 0.779
0.502 27.011
0.514 27.159
0.045abc 1.766abc
2.602 1.857 71.400
2.642 1.888 71.468
0.047ab 1.803ab
38.850 2.649 4.217 41.745 1.636 1.612
38.183 2.682 4.260 42.205 1.632 1.609
H1325023 control
76.572 20.464 1.765
75.251 22.518 0.760
0.202 11.000
0.261 14.200
0.325 17.720
0.498 27.209
0.042c 1.647c
2.575 1.832 71.204
38.517 2.614 4.149 41.195 1.637 1.601
DKC61-50 reference
76.594 20.285 1.674
75.399 22.310 0.745
0.205 10.864
0.268 14.177
0.336 17.783
0.509 26.969
0.045abc 1.740bc
2.632 1.886 71.656
39.017 2.685 4.275 42.745 1.619 1.609
NC + 5411 reference
76.847 19.898 1.470
75.390 22.302 0.732
0.204 10.937
0.263 14.133
0.333 17.851
0.500 26.879
0.047ab 1.810ab
2.609 1.861 71.376
38.850 2.650 4.195 41.715 1.639 1.603
NK N72-J5 reference
76.717 20.758 1.422
75.337 22.452 0.637
0.205 11.036
0.262 14.090
0.331 17.784
0.502 26.969
0.045bc 1.751bc
2.599 1.860 71.570
38.767 2.647 4.205 41.405 1.644 1.612
Midland 7B15 reference
76.524 20.493 1.926
75.197 22.557 0.698
0.205 11.024
0.265 14.191
0.329 17.672
0.503 26.993
0.049a 1.894a
2.608 1.864 71.501
38.433 2.654 4.236 41.945 1.641 1.614
Garst 8371 reference
1
a–c
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Treatment P NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS NS NS * * NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
NS NS NS NS NS NS
Pioneer 32B33 reference 38.400 2.623 4.166 41.390 1.638 1.605
2.583 1.843 71.345 0.044bc 1.711bc 0.497 26.969 0.322 17.451 0.260 14.099 0.202 10.997
75.416 22.271 0.712 76.889 19.910 1.547
Individual treatment means (sample size of 10) with the same superscript letter in the same row are not statistically different (P < 0.05); NS = P < 0.05. Mean values of combined males and females. 2 LSD = least significant difference between 2 means (P < 0.05). 3 Feed conversion adjusted by dividing the total feed consumption per pen by the total BW of the surviving broilers and those that died or were removed from the pen. 4 Processing live weight = preprocessing weight on d 43 (males) or d 44 (females). *P < 0.05.
Breast meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis) Thigh meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis)
Performance Live weight (g/bird), d 0 Live weight (kg/bird), d 42 Feed intake (kg/bird) Feed intake (kg/pen) Feed conversion (kg/kg) Adjusted feed conversion3 (kg/kg) Carcass yield Processing live weight4 (kg) Chilled weight (kg) Chilled weight (% of live weight) Fat pad weight (kg) Fat pad weight (% of live weight) Breast meat weight (kg) Breast meat weight (% of chill weight) Thigh weight (kg) Thigh weight (% of chill weight) Drum weight (kg) Drum weight (% of chill weight) Wing weight (kg) Wing weight (% of chill weight)
Item
MON 89034 × NK603
Table 4. Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality comparison of broilers fed diets containing MON 89034 × NK603, control, and conventional reference corn1
0.505 0.697 0.527
0.414 0.494 0.197
0.004 0.178
0.006 0.200
0.010 0.320
0.017 0.461
0.004 0.137
0.061 0.046 0.392
0.758 0.064 0.100 1.431 0.049 0.022
LSD2 5.0%
1992 TAYLOR ET AL.
1993
PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED GENETICALLY MODIFIED CORN Table 5. Performance, carcass yield, and meat quality comparison of MON 89034 × NK603 with population of control and conventional corn references1 Corn in diets
Parameter
Breast meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis) Thigh meat analysis Moisture (%) Protein (%, as-is basis) Fat (%, as-is basis)
MON 89034 × NK603
Control and conventional references
SSD2
LSD3 5%
38.183 2.682 4.260 1.632 1.609
38.690 2.646 4.206 1.636 1.608
NS NS NS NS NS
0.655 0.053 0.110 0.037 0.016
2.642 1.888 71.468 0.047 1.803 27.159 17.745 14.102 11.027
2.601 1.858 71.436 0.045 1.760 27.000 17.693 14.152 10.970
NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
0.045 0.044 0.396 0.006 0.203 0.339 0.356 0.142 0.133
75.445 22.148 0.779
75.353 23.380 0.725
NS NS NS
0.297 0.358 0.148
76.744 20.242 1.512
76.663 20.291 1.635
NS NS NS
0.377 0.822 0.467
1
Mean values of combined males and females. SSD = statistical significance of differences; NS = P > 0.05. 3 LSD = least significant difference between 2 means (P < 0.05). 2
of the population of broilers (combined sex) fed diets containing control and conventional reference corn showed no differences (P > 0.05) in any measured performance, carcass yield, or meat quality parameter (Table 5).
89034 single-trait or MON 89034 × MON 810 combinedtrait corn grain compared with those of birds fed identically formulated control and conventional reference corn-based diets. These data support the conclusion that the grain from MON 89034 × NK603 corn is as nutritious as conventional corn.
DISCUSSION The results of this broiler feeding study support the conclusion that there are no differences in the parameters evaluated between broilers fed insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant (MON 89034 × NK603), genetically similar control, and conventional reference corn. The MON 89034 × NK603 corn evaluated in this study is nutritionally equivalent in broiler diets to grain from the control and conventional references. This conclusion is consistent with the compositional evaluation of the MON 89034 × NK603 corn that showed no relevant differences in nutritional and compositional properties relative to control and conventional corn (Taylor et al., 2007). Flachowsky et al. (2005) reviewed published reports of feeding studies evaluating genetically modified grain and found no reports of significant effects of feeding broilers with grain containing either insect-protected or herbicide-tolerant traits on broiler performance or carcass parameters. Furthermore, Taylor et al. (2007) reported no meaningful difference in broiler performance or carcass parameters when fed diets containing MON
REFERENCES AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. AOAC International. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD. Cromwell, G., G. Dana, and G. Hartnell. 2003. Pages 1–62 in Best Practices for the Conduct of Animal Studies to Evaluate Crops Genetically Modified for Input Traits. Int. Life Sci. Inst., Washington, DC. EPA. 1983. 40 CFR Part 160. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Environ. Prot. Agency, Washington, DC. FDA. 1979. Department of Health and Human Services. 21 CFR Part 58. Good Laboratory Practice Regulations for Nonclincal Laboratory Studies. Food Drug Adm., Washington, DC. FDA. 1999. Multiclass Multiresidue Methods: 304 Method for Fatty Foods. Pages 304-1–304-33 in Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume 1: Multiresidue Methods. 3rd ed. Food Drug Adm., Washington, DC.
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Performance Live weight (g/bird), d 0 Live weight (kg/bird), d 42 Feed intake (kg/bird) Feed conversion (kg/kg) Adjusted feed conversion (kg/kg) Carcass yield Processing live weight (kg/bird) Chill weight (kg/bird) Chill weight (% of live weight) Fat pad weight (kg/bird) Fat pad weight (% of live weight) Breast weight (% of chill weight) Thigh weight (% of chill weight) Drum weight (% of chill weight) Wing weight (% of chill weight)
Variety effect
1994
TAYLOR ET AL.
Federation of Animal Science Societies. 1999. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching. 1st rev. Fed. Anim. Sci. Soc., Savoy, IL. Fisher, R. A. 1949. The Design of Experiments. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh, UK. Flachowsky, G. A., A. Chesson, and K. Aulrich. 2005. Animal nutrition with feeds from genetically modified plants. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 59:1–40. NCGA. 2006. Glossory of corn terms. http://www.ncga.com/ education/main/glossary.html Accessed Jan. 5, 2007. NRC. 1994. Nutritional Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
Taylor, M. L., G. Hartnell, M. Nemeth, K. Karunanandaa, and B. George. 2005. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing corn grain with insect-protected (corn rootworm and European corn borer) and herbicide-tolerant (glyphosate) traits, control corn, or commercial reference corn-revisited. Poult. Sci. 84:1893–1899. Taylor, M. L., D. Lucas, M. Nemeth, S. Davis, and G. Hartnell. 2007. Comparison of broiler performance when fed diets containing grain from second generation insect-protected and glyphosate-tolerant, conventional control or commercial reference corn. Poult. Sci. 86:1972–1979.
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