- Email: [email protected]
Comparison of Draw Solutes for a Hybrid System Consisting of Forward Osmosis, Precipitation, and Reverse Osmosis
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 1928
(XURPHPEUDQH&RQIHUHQFH >3@ &RPSDULVRQRIGUDZVROXWHVIRUDK\EULGV\VWHPFRQVLVWLQJRIIRUZDUGRVPRVLV SUHFLSLWDWLRQDQGUHYHUVHRVPRVLV 603DUN<.&KRL-66RKQ6/HH <-.LP .RRNPLQ8QLYHUVLW\5HSXEOLFRI.RUHD )RUZDUG RVPRVLV )2 LV D VHSDUDWLRQ SURFHVV WKDW XVHV DQ RVPRWLF SUHVVXUH JUDGLHQW VXFK WKDWDGUDZVROXWLRQRIKLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQ UHODWLYHWRWKDWRIWKHIHHGVROXWLRQ WRLQGXFHDQHW IORZ RI ZDWHU WKURXJK WKH PHPEUDQH LQWR WKH GUDZ VROXWLRQ 7KLV DOORZV ORZHU HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQLQ)2V\VWHPVWKDQLQUHYHUVHRVPRVLV 52 V\VWHPVEXWWKHGUDZVROXWHVVKRXOG EH VHSDUDWHG E\ D SURSHU PHDQV DIWHU )2 $OWKRXJK D IHZ PHWKRGV IRU GUDZ VROXWH UHFRYHU\ '65 KDYHEHHQSURSRVHGOLWWOHKDYHEHHQGRQHIRUILQGLQJQHZGUDZVROXWHV 7R RYHUFRPH WKH SUREOHPV UHODWHG WR '65 WKLV VWXG\ IRFXVHG RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D QHZ K\EULGSURFHVVFRQVLVWLQJRI)252DQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQ,QWKLVSURFHVVGUDZVROXWHVLQWKHGUDZ VROXWLRQDIWHU)2ZHUHSDUWLDOO\VHSDUDWHGE\SUHFLSLWDWLRQDQGWKHQWKHUHPDLQLQJVROXWHVZHUH FRQFHQWUDWHG E\ 52 7KXV VHOHFWLRQ RI SURSHU GUDZ VROXWHV LV LPSRUWDQW WR GHWHUPLQH WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI WKLV K\EULG V\VWHP ,RQLF VSHFLHV WKDW KDYH GLIIHUHQW VROXELOLWLHV DW GLIIHUHQW WHPSHUDWXUHV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG DV FDQGLGDWHV RI GUDZ VROXWHV $PRQJ FKHPLFDOV WKUHH VDOWVLQFOXGLQJ&D &+2 1D+32DQG)H62ZHUHVHOHFWHGIRUH[SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ /DERUDWRU\VFDOH HTXLSPHQWV IRU )2 DQG 52 ZHUH XVHG IRU WHVWLQJ WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI WKH GUDZ VROXWHFDQGLGDWHV6\QWKHWLFVHDZDWHU PJ/1D&O ZDVXVHGDVDIHHGVROXWLRQ ([SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW DOO WKH WKUHH GUDZ VROXWHV FRXOG EH XVHG IRU )2 :KHQ &D &+2 ZDVXVHGDVDGUDZVROXWHIOX[ZDVLQLWLDOO\/P KUDQGUDSLGO\GHFUHDVHGWR /P KUDIWHUKRXUV2QWKHFRQWUDU\IOX[ZDVDOPRVWFRQVWDQWZKHQ1D+32ZDVXVHGDVD GUDZVROXWH8VHRI)H62DVDGUDZVROXWHUHVXOWHGLQIOX[YDOXHVUDQJLQJIURPWR/P KU 1HYHUWKHOHVV RQO\ 1D+32 FRXOG EH VXFFHVVIXOO\ VHSDUDWHG E\ WKH SUHFLSLWDWLRQ ZLWK WKH DGMXVWPHQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUH,QFDVHRI1D+32WKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQRFFXUUHGE\UHGXFLQJWKH R WHPSHUDWXUH GRZQ WR & 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG &D &+2 ZDV SUHFLSLDWHG XQGHU URRP WHPSHUDWXUHEXWWKHVROXWLRQZDVXQVWDEOH7KLVLVDWWULEXWHGWKDWLWVVROXELOLW\LVVHQVLWLYHWRS+ )H62 VKRZHG VLPLODU UHVXOWV WR &D &+2 $IWHU SUHFLSLWDWLRQ WKH VROLGV ZHUH UHPRYHG E\ ILOWHULQJ XVLQJ D *)& ILOWHU 7KHQ WKH FOHDU VXSHUQDWDQW ZDV WUHDWHG XVLQJ WKH 52 VWLUUHG FHOO :KHQ1D+32 ZDVXVHG52IOX[DWEDU ZDV DERXW /P KUDOWKRXJK LWGHFUHDVHVIURP WR/PKUZLWKWLPH6LQFHWKHV\QWKHWLFVHDZDWHUZDVRULJLQDOO\XVHGDVWKHIHHGZDWHU DW OHDVW EDU RI WUDQVPHPEUDQH SUHVVXUH VKRXOG EH UHTXLUHG IRU GLUHFW 52 WUHDWPHQW RI WKLV IHHG ZDWHU 7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH )2SUHFLSLWDWLRQ52 UHTXLUHV RQO\ RI WKH SUHVVXUH UHTXLUHGIRU52RQO\SURFHVV1HYHUWKHOHVV&D &+2 DQG)H62FRXOGQRWEHFRQFHQWUDWHG E\52XQGHUEDUEHFDXVHWKHSUHFLSLWDWLRQZDVQRWVXFFHVVIXO7KHVHUHVXOWVVXJJHVWHGWKDW 1D+32ZDVWKHEHVWGUDZVROXWHIRUWKH)2SUHFLSLWDWLRQ52K\EULGV\VWHP .H\ZRUGV IRUZDUGRVPRVLVUHYHUVHRVPRVLVK\EULGV\VWHPGUDZVROXWH
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.1009
Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 1928
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
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.1009