Comparison of meat quality parameters in three chicken strains fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal-based diets

 C 2018 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Comparison of meat quality parameters in three chicken strains fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal-based diets N. A. Sebola,∗,1 V. Mlambo,∗ H. K. Mokoboki,∗ A. Hugo,‡ and V. Muchenje† ∗

Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa; † Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5701, South Africa; and ‡ Department of Microbial Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa Primary Audience: Poultry researchers, Consumers SUMMARY The effect of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on the quality and fatty acid profile of meat from 3 chicken strains, normally used in low-input, extensive production systems, was evaluated. The MOLM was included in a commercial broiler finisher diet at 0 (MOLM0), 25 (MOLM25), 50 (MOLM50), and 100 (MOLM100) g/kg. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Two hundred and sixteen (216) Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Ovambo (OV) and Black Australorp (BA) chickens were offered the diets for a period of 13 wk in a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial treatment arrangement in a complete randomized design (CRD). The 3-way interaction (diet × strain × gender) term did not (P > 0.05) affect redness (a∗ ), yellowness (b∗ ), pH or meat cooking loss, but significantly influenced (P < 0.001) lightness (L∗ ) and shear force. In OV female chickens fed MOLM25, MOLM50, and MOLM100, shear force did not differ significantly; only MOLM0 had significantly higher shear force. However, OV male chickens, feeding MOLM50 resulted in lower shear force. The MOLM0, MOLM50, and MOLM100 had the lowest cooking loss values for BA; however, no dietary differences were observed in OV and PK. The fatty acid profile of meat from chickens offered the control diet was similar to those offered MOLM-based diets. Chicken strains varied (P < 0.05) in terms of eicosatrienoic acid, docosahexanoic acid and palmitic acid contents. It can be concluded that using M. oleifera leaf as a feed supplement resulted in lower shear force for OV females only but did not alter the fatty acid profile of meat. Key words: Moringa oleifera, chicken strain, meat quality 2018 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 0:1–9 http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfy001

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM 1 Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] Food Security and Safety Niche Area, School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng 2735, South Africa

The consumption of chicken has steadily increased over the years due to its low price and fewer religious restrictions than other meat [1]. In rural communities of many developing

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2 nations, chicken meat is supplied from chicken strains that are adapted to extensive rearing. These indigenous chicken strains are known for their tough, lean and flavorful meat. Unfortunately, the productivity of these birds is low due to suboptimal nutrition and disease incidence, among other factors. One strategy to improve the productivity of these chicken strains is to shift to semi-intensive production systems, where richer diets can be supplied to maximize growth performance. It is, therefore, prudent to explore the possibility of incorporating inexpensive, locally available, non-conventional feed resources into the diets of indigenous chicken strains reared under intensive or semi-intensive systems. In our previous study [2], we demonstrated that Moringa oleifera leaves are a good source of nutrients for these chicken strains, promoting growth performance similar to the commercial diet used as a positive control. Moringa oleifera (family: Moringaceae), commonly known as horseradish tree or drumstick tree, has foliage that contains some useful minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and bioactive secondary plant compounds [3, 4]. However, the effect of feeding M. oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on the meat quality of chickens was not explored. The nutritional evaluation of non-conventional feed resources, by necessity, must also include their possible effect on the quality of the meat produced. Moringa oleifera is rich in antioxidants, which are known to diminish lipid oxidation [5] and may function as growth promoters [2] while boosting immune responses in chickens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with MOLM on fatty acid composition and quality parameters of meat from 3 chicken strains that are normally reared in extensive production systems.

97.5% broiler finisher and 2.5% MOLM (MOLM25); 5% MOLM and 95% broiler finisher (MOLM50); and 10% MOLM and 90% broiler finisher (MOLM100). The composition of MOLM and experimental diets are presented in Tables 1 and 2 for descriptive purposes [6, 7]. Experimental Design Two hundred and sixteen (72 per strain, 216 chickens in total) chickens from Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK), Ovambo (OV), and Black Australorp (BA) strains were raised on a commercial starter mash for 4 wk. At 4 wk of age, the chickens from each breed were randomly allotted to the 4 experimental diets until 13 wk of age. A 2 (male and female) × 3 (chicken strains) × 4 (diets) factorial arrangement of treatments in a complete randomized design (CRD) was used for this experiment [8]. Ethical Considerations of the Study The management and care of the chickens were in accordance with Animal Research Ethics [2]. Cooking Loss and pH Changes in Breast Muscle

Study Sites

At 13 wk of age, 216 chickens (109 males and 109 females) were electrically stunned and killed by manual exsanguination. Feed was withdrawn 4 h prior to loading in crates to be transported to slaughter house. The chickens were rested for 1 h before slaughtering. At 2 to 3 h postmortem, breast meat samples were cut from pectoralis major muscles from one side and stored at 4◦ C. The post-mortem pH was measured on the breast muscle of each bird at 24 h after slaughter [9]. The cooking loss of breast meat was calculated as the loss in sample weight after cooking, which was expressed as a proportion of the sample weight before cooking [10].

This study was conducted at the North-West University Experimental Farm (Molelwane) [2].

Meat Color Measurement

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Diet Formulation Four diets were constituted using MOLM as follows: 100% broiler finisher (MOLM0);

Color of the meat (L∗ = lightness, a∗ = redness and b∗ = yellowness) was determined on breast meat 24 h after slaughter using a color guide [11].

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Table 1. Gross composition of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM)-based experimental diets. Diet1

MOLM (g/kg diet) Yellow maize Prime gluten 60 Full fat soya meal Soya bean meal Sunflower oilcake Limestone powder Potassium carbonate Monocalcium phosphate Salt Soya oil Premix Lysine Methionine Total

MOLM0

MOLM25

MOLM50

MOLM100

0 670.6 50.0 70.0 85.3 80.0 12.3 1.2 9.8 3.2 7.8 6.8 2.7 0.3 1000

25.0 658.8 50.0 70.0 71.8 80.0 9.7 1.0 9.9 3.17 10.6 6.8 2.7 0.5 1000

50.0 647.1 50.0 70.0 58.2 80.0 7.1 0.9 10.0 3.15 13.5 6.8 2.7 0.7 1000

100.0 623.6 50.0 70.0 31.1 80.0 1.8 0.5 10.3 3.11 19.1 6.7 2.7 1.0 1000

874.0 189.0 57.0 47.0 42.0 100.1 35.0 3157.4 9.7 4.2

851.0 189.0 61.0 45.0 47.0 106.0 34.0 3157.2 9.7 4.3

807.0 189.0 69.0 42.0 57.0 116.0 33.0 3156.8 9.7 4.5

Chemical analysis of diets on an ‘as fed’ basis (MOLM) Dry matter 896.0 Crude protein 189.0 Ether Extract 52.0 Ash 49.0 Acid detergent fiber 36.0 Neutral detergent fiber 96.0 Crude fiber 36.0 Metabolizable energy (kcal/kg) 3157.6 Lysine 9.7 Methionine 4.0

MOL 950.8 263.4 53.9 80.4 52.1 761.7 54.9 367.4

1

Diet: MOLM0, broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted with 25 g MOLM/kg; MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted with 50 g MOLM/kg; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g MOLM/kg; MOL, Moringa oleifera leaf.

Shear Force Determination Breast fillets were cooked on racks in aluminum-lined, covered pans in a preheated convection oven to an internal temperature of 76◦ C for 10 min. The Meullenet Owens razor shear (MORS) method was used to evaluate the shear force of the cooled cooked breast fillets. Shear force was determined on intact fillets using a texture analyzer [12]. Fatty Acid Profile Determination [13, 14, 15] Statistical Analysis [16, 17]

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Meat Quality Assessment The 3-way interaction (diet × strain × gender) did not (P > 0.05) affect a∗ , b∗ , pH, and meat cooking loss, but significantly influenced

(P < 0.001) L∗ and shear force (Table 3). These physical attributes are vital indicators of meat quality. Color is generally influenced by animalrelated factors, mainly the genotype [18] and the age of the animal [19]. In both male and female chickens, diet and strain interacted significantly to influenced meat L∗ and shear force (Table 4). No variation (P > 0.05) in lightness of meat was observed in all strains for both male and female chicken. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) between strains was observed in L∗ when female chickens were offered either MOLM25 or MOLM100. The 2-way interaction term (diet × strain) did not (P > 0.05) affect pH but significantly influenced all color characteristics, shear force, and cooking loss (Table 5). In this study, diet had a significant effect on meat color in all 3 chicken strains, a finding similar to reports by Fanatico et al. [19] and Ponte et al. [20]. The breast meat of females (51.58 ± 0.421) was

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Table 2. Fatty acid composition of the 4 experimental diets and Moringa oleifera leaf offered to chickens. Diet1 Fatty acids (%)

MOLM0

MOLM25

MOLM50

MOLM100

MOL

Myristic (C14:0) Palmitic (C16:0) Palmitoleic (C16:1c9) Margaric (C17:0) Heptadecenoic (C17:1c10) Stearic acid (C18:0) Oleic (C18:1c9) Vaccenic(C18:1c7) Linoleic (C18:2c9,12 (n-6)) Arachidic (C20:0) γ -Linolenic (C18:3c6,9,12 (n-3)) Eicosenoic (C20:1c11) α-Linolenic (C18:3c9,12,15 (n-3)) Eicosadienoic (C20:2c11,14 (n-6)) Behenic (C22:0) Eicosatrienoic (C20:3c8,11,14 (n-6)) Tricosanoic (C23:0) Eicosopentaenoic (C20:5c5,8,11,14,17 (n-3)) Nervonic (C24:1c15)

0.07 15.91 0.17 0.15 0.03 5.61 28.16 0.00 45.44 0.56 0.00 0.18 2.64 0.07 0.56 0.00 0.04 0.26 0.17

0.07 10.98 0.13 0.08 0.02 4.06 23.63 0.00 56.71 0.41 0.00 0.13 2.95 0.01 0.46 0.00 0.03 0.24 0.10

0.10 10.92 0.11 0.08 0.02 4.74 22.16 0.00 57.29 0.43 0.00 0.12 3.16 0.01 0.50 0.00 0.03 0.25 0.08

0.11 10.24 0.09 0.07 0.02 4.59 22.27 0.00 57.97 0.44 0.00 0.12 3.15 0.01 0.54 0.00 0.03 0.28 0.06

4.76 31.19 0.35 0.27 0.00 4.18 5.97 0.76 8.93 1.78 0.51 0.00 33.06 0.00 2.62 0.19 0.29 4.85 0.28

Fatty acid ratios: Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) Total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) Total polyunsaturated fatty acids Total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Total omega-6 fatty acids (n-6) Total omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) PUFA : SFA n-6/n-3

22.90 28.71 48.39 48.39 45.50 2.89 2.11 15.73

16.08 24.01 59.91 59.91 56.72 3.19 3.73 17.78

16.80 22.49 60.71 60.71 57.30 3.41 3.61 16.80

16.02 22.57 61.41 61.41 57.97 3.43 3.83 16.90

45.10 7.37 47.54 47.54 9.12 38.41 1.05 0.24

1

Diet: MOLM0, broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted at 25 g/kg MOLM MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted at 50 g/kg MOLM; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g/kg MOLM, MOL = Moringa oleifera leaf. Source: Sebola et al., 2015 [2]. Table 3. Statistical significance (P-value) of the effects of main factors and their interactions on quality parameters of meat from 3 chicken strains (Black Australorp, Ovambo, and Potchefstroom Koekoek) offered 4 diets diluted with graded levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (0, 25, 50, and 100 g/kg). Effect of treatment Parameter ∗

L ∗ a ∗ b pHU SF (N∗ mm) CL

Strain (S) NS

Interaction

Diet (D)

Gender (G)

∗

∗

D×G

S×G

D×S

D×G×S

NS

∗∗∗

∗

∗∗∗

NS NS NS ∗∗∗ NS

∗∗

NS

∗

∗∗∗

∗∗∗

∗∗∗

∗

∗∗∗

∗

NS

∗

∗∗

∗∗∗

NS ∗∗∗ ∗∗

NS ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

∗

NS NS

NS NS NS

NS ∗∗∗ ∗

∗∗∗ ∗∗∗

L∗ , lightness; a∗ , redness; b∗ , yellowness; SF, shear force; CL, cooking loss. ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001; NS, not significant.

significantly lighter than that of males (51.04 ± 0.421) (Table 3), in agreement with Sal´akov´a et al. [21] and Wapi et al. [22]. A study by Puchała et al. [23] reported that diet containing xanthophylls, which are deposited in subcutaneous fat,

increases color intensity of carcasses, making them more yellow. When offered MOLM50 and MOLM100, BA resulted in higher b∗ of breast meat, which is a result of high carotene found in plant leaves such as

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Table 4. Effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on lightness (L∗ ) and shear force of meat from 3 chicken strains (Black Australorp, Ovambo, and Potchefstroom Koekoek). Black Australorp Parameter ∗

L

Shear force (N∗ mm)

Diet

1

MOLM0 MOLM25 MOLM50 MOLM100 MOLM0 MOLM25 MOLM50 MOLM100

Female a,b,c

50.78 51.94b,c 49.81c 52.33 45.58c,B 60.72b,A 40.31d,B 62.87b,A

Ovambo

Male

Female

c,C

b,c

46.87 50.22b,c,B,C 54.64a,b,A 51.49A,B 80.65a,A,B 77.13a,B 86.82a,A 78.98a,A,B

Potchefstroom Koekoek

Male a,b,B

48.27 51.81b,c 51.09b,c 48.59 63.02b,A 50.22c,B 46.94d,B 41.29c,B

52.15 57.49a,A 49.99c,B 52.03B 85.79a,A 80.12a,A,B 61.03c,C 74.13a,B

Female a

53.06 53.37b 55.59a 52.37 56.54b,A,B 50.79c,B 60.39c,A 56.06b,A,B

Male 48.79b,c 49.17c 50.26c 49.40 84.65a 78.08a 77.66b 82.49a

a–d

In a row and within gender, lowercase superscripts compare strains within diet. In a column and within gender, uppercase superscripts compare diets within strains. Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). 1 MOLM0, broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted at 25 g MOLM/kg; MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted at 50 g MOLM/kg; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g MOLM/kg. A–C

Table 5. Effect of feeding incremental levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on lightness (L∗ ), redness (a∗ ), yellowness (b∗ ), pH (pH24 h ), cooking loss and shear force of meat from 3 chicken strains. Diet1 Parameter ∗

L

a∗ b∗

pH24 h

Cooking loss, % Shear force, N∗ mm

Strain BA OV PK BA OV PK BA OV PK BA OV PK BA OV PK BA OV PK

MOLM0 b

48.83 50.21b 50.93 3.27c,B 5.04a,b,A 4.49a,b,A 15.62b,B 19.96b,c,A 16.49b,B 5.45b,C 5.49b,A 5.47c,B 30.98b 29.79b 30.85 63.12b,B 74.41a,A 70.59A

MOLM25 a,b,B

51.08 54.65a,A 51.27B 4.88a,A 3.67c,B 4.65a,A 15.84b,B 17.46c,A,B 19.14b,A 5.67a,B 5.69a,A 5.67a,B 34.46a,A 31.49a,b,B 30.89B 68.93a,b 65.17b 64.44

MOLM50

MOLM100

SE

a

a

1.031

52.23 50.55b 52.92 4.10b,B 5.37a,A 4.26a,b,B 21.42a,A 20.21a,b,A,B 18.49b,B 5.46b,B 5.49b,A 5.41d,C 32.58b,A 31.50a,b,A,B 29.97B 63.56b,A 53.98c,B 69.02A

51.91 50.31b 50.89 4.32a,b,A,B 4.64b,A 3.93b,B 19.92a,B 22.82a,A 22.40a,A,B 5.66a,B 5.69a,A 5.61b,C 32.25b 32.41a 31.36 70.93a,A 57.71c,B 69.28A

0.211

0.951

0.019

0.635

2.276

BA, Black Australorp; OV, Ovambo; PK, Potchefstroom Koekoek. a–c In a row, lowercase superscripts compare diets within strain. A–C In a column, uppercase superscripts compare strains within diet. Means with similar superscripts do not differ (P > 0.05). 1 MOLM0 = broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted at 25 g/kg MOLM MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted at 50 g/kg MOLM; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g/kg MOLM.

M. oleifera. Prince [24] reported that M. oleifera leaves contain 16.3 mg carotene/100 g. Also in OV and PK, b∗ values were not influenced by feeding MOLM at any level. When offered MOLM100, female OV produced meat with lower shear force (41.29) than female PK (56.06) and female BA

(62.87) strains. Feeding OV male chickens with MOLM50 produced meat with lower (P < 0.05) shear force (61.03) compared with BA (86.82) and PK (77.66) strains. This could be attributed to differences in muscle fiber size and genetic variation among strains [25] and suggest that OV would have tender breast muscle meat. Female

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6 chickens had lower (P < 0.05) shear force across all diets than male chickens. Meat tenderness is affected by the amount and quality of connective tissue and by the contractile state of muscle fibers and bundles [26, 27]. Diets did not affect shear force in PK chickens. Male chickens produced meat with higher shear force than female chickens. This corroborates previous results by Lyon [28], Musa et al. [29] and Yin et al. [30] who reported that breast fillets from females had more tender meat than those from males. The 2-way interaction term (diet × strain) did not (P > 0.05) affect pH but significantly influenced all color characteristics, shear force, and cooking loss (Table 5). The 2-way interaction term (diet × gender) did not (P >0.05) affect L∗ , b∗ , shear force and cooking loss but significantly (P < 0.05) influenced a∗ and pH. There was no variation (P > 0.05) in a∗ when PK and BA chickens were fed MOLM25, MOLM 50, and MOLM 100 diets. When offered MOLM, OV and BA chickens produced meat with higher (P < 0.05) a∗ values than PK chickens. Incremental levels of MOLM resulted in higher (P < 0.05) a∗ values for meat from male chickens. Meat from females had the lowest a∗ (3.81 ± 0.172) value than males (4.98 ± 0.172) when the chickens were offered MOLM25. Sebola et al. [2] reported that BA and OV strains had had the same growth rates. However, PK chickens had higher growth rates compared to both BA and OV chickens at all MOLM inclusion levels. The ultimate pH values reached after 24 h across the 3 different strains ranged between 5.41–5.69. In the present study, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in pH between male and female breast muscle. Similar results were observed by Abdullah and Matarneh [31]. However, Yates et al. [32] reported that breast muscle from male birds had a higher pH value than that from female birds. Cooking loss was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by diet (Table 3). Cooking loss percentage was significantly affected by MOLM25 and MOLM100 for BA and OV, respectively. Shear force for BA and PK chicken strains did not differ significantly when offered MOLM50. No shear force variation was observed in MOLM0, MOLM25, and MOLM50 diets for BA strain. Variation in pH, cooking loss, and

Table 6. Effect of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal on proximate fat composition of the breast meat (g/kg) from Black Australorp (BA), Ovambo (OV) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) chicken strains. Parameters Strain

FFDM

Moisture

BA OV PK S.E.

224.0b 232.0a 237.0a 0.247

766.2a 757.0b 752.0b 0.289

a,b

Means within the same column with different lowercase superscripts differ (P < 0.05); FFDM = Fat free dry matter.

shear force might be associated with genetic differences in bird strains. The Proximate Composition of Breast Meat Black Australorp contained a lower (P < 0.05) fat free dry matter (FFDM) (224 g/kg) and higher moisture (766.0 g/kg) content compared with OV and PK chicken strains (Table 6). The 3-way interaction term (diet × gender × strain) significantly (P < 0.05) influenced breast fat. No significant differences (P > 0.05) in fat breast meat were observed when male chicken strains were offered incremental levels of MOLM (Table 7). In females, PK and BA breast meat had higher (P < 0.05) fat content (1.88% and 1.57%) when offered MOLM50 and MOLM100, respectively). While in PK chickens offered MOLM 50, meat from females had a higher fat content (1.88%) compared with male chickens. Sebola et al. [2] stated that PK and OV chicken strains had a higher MOLM intake compared with BA strain. In the present study, it was not expected that higher inclusion rate of MOLM would result in higher breast fat content, and these findings could not be explained. Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Meat Fatty acid composition of breast meat from BA, OV, and PK chicken strains was not affected by diet; however, strain differences were significant (P < 0.05) (Table 8). Eicosatrienoic acid, also known as γ -linolenic acid (GLA), is an omega 6-fatty acid known to exert clinical

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Table 7. Effect of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on breast fat from 3 chicken strains (Black Australorp, Ovambo, and Potchefstroom Koekoek). Black Australorp Parameter Breast fat

Diet

1

MOLM0 MOLM25 MOLM50 MOLM100

Female a,B

1.16 1.09a,b,B 1.17b,B 1.57a,A

Ovambo

Male

Female

a,b

Male

a,b,B

0.96 0.90b 0.90b 0.81d

Potchefstroom Koekoek

b

0.97 1.28a,A 0.99b,B 1.17b,c,A,B

0.75 0.87b 0.96b 0.91c,d

Female

Male

a,b,C

0.79b 0.93b 1.02b 0.88d

0.89 1.03a,b,B,C 1.88a,A 1.27b,B

a–d

In a row and within gender, lowercase superscripts compare strains within diet. In a column and within gender, uppercase superscripts compare diets within strains. Means with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). 1 MOLM0, broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted at 25 g MOLM/kg; MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted at 50 g MOLM/kg; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g MOLM/kg. A–C

Table 8. Fatty acids composition (%) of Black Australorp (BA), Ovambo (OV), and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) chicken strains. Chicken Strain1 Fatty acids Myristic (C14:0) Palmitic (C16:0) Palmitoleic (C16:1c9) Margaric (C17:0) Heptadecenoic (C17:1c10) Stearic acid (C18:0) Oleic (C18:1c9) Vaccenic(C18:1c7) Linoleic (C18:2c9,12 (n-6)) Arachidic (C20:0) γ -Linolenic (C18:3c6,9,12 (n-3)) Eicosenoic (C20:1c11) α-Linolenic (C18:3c9,12,15 (n-3)) Eicosadienoic (C20:2c11,14 (n-6)) Behenic (C22:0) Eicosatrienoic (C20:3c8,11,14 (n-6)) Tricosanoic (C23:0) Eicosopentaenoic (C20:5c5,8,11,14,17 (n-3)) Docosahexanoic C22:6c4,7,10,13,16,19 (n-3) Docosapentaenoic C22:5c7,10,13,16,19 (n-3) Fatty acid ratios: Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) Total mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) Total poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) Total omega-6 fatty acids (n-6) Total omega-3 fatty acids (n-3) PUFA : SFA n-6/n-3

BA

OV

PK

SEM

0.187a 20.3a 1.14 0.08 0.88 12.52 20.96 3.41 0.02 0.060 0.028 0.117 0.349 0.308 0.062 0.789a 14.59 0.14 1.81a,b 1.23

0.168b 19.1b 0.86 0.11 1.01 12.96 21.75 3.44 0.018 0.093 0.018 0.145 0.359 0.341 0.075 0.598b 14.70 0.11 2.14a 1.28

0.19a 19.9a,b 1.16 0.11 0.96 12.63 21.28 3.42 0.026 0.073 0.026 0.111 0.398 0.333 0.070 0.668a,b 14.12 0.12 1.42b 1.01

0.010 0.340 0.147 0.009 0.069 0.329 0.917 0.108 0.009 0.018 0.009 0.013 0.049 0.027 0.006 0.044 0.948 0.016 0.166 0.103

33.21 26.52 40.25 36.67 3.57 1.21 10.83

32.51 27.22 40.14 36.23 3.91 1.23 9.88

33.05 26.95 39.99 36.45 3.53 1.21 11.46

0.470 1.043 0.873 0.774 0.242 0.029 0.925

1

Diet: MOLM0, broiler finisher without MOLM inclusion; MOLM25, broiler finisher diluted with 25 g MOLM/kg; MOLM50, broiler finisher diluted with 50 g MOLM/kg; MOLM100, broiler finisher diluted at 100 g MOLM/kg.

efficacy in a variety of diseases, including suppression of chronic inflammation, vasodilation, and lowering of blood pressure, as well as the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation associated with atherosclerotic plaque develop-

ment [33, 34]. High (P < 0.05) proportion of docosahexanoic acid was observed in meat from OV (2.14%), followed by BA (1.81%) and then PK (1.43%). Black Australorp breast meat exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) palmitic acid

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JAPR: Research Report

8 content (20.29%) followed by PK (19.97%) and OV (19.09%). Sung et al. [35] have reported that chicken meat contains palmitic acid (C16:0) as one of the major fatty acids; this finding was in agreement with the current results. Since essential fatty acids should be provided through the diet because of low biosynthesis in the human body [36], the higher eicosatrienoic acid and docosahexanoic acid contents of meat from the 3 chicken strains is an attractive nutritional quality for health-conscious consumers. Breedrelated differences in fatty acid composition of chickens have previously been reported by Van Marle-K¨oster and Webb [37].

CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATIONS 1. MOLM inclusion in chicken diets improved b∗ without alteration of fatty acid profiles. However, variations were observed in chicken strains within diets. 2. No shear force variation was observed in MOLM0, MOLM25, and MOLM50 diets for BA strain. 3. Cooking loss percentages were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by diet. Cooking loss percentage was significantly affected by MOLM25 and MOLM100 for BA and OV, respectively. 4. In females, PK and BA breast meat had higher (P < 0.05) fat content (1.88% and 1.57%) when offered MOLM50 and MOLM100, respectively). Up to 100 g/kg inclusion rate can be used for MOLM without any negative effect on meat quality and fatty acid profiles.

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