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Compilation of extra framework sites in zeolites
197 Dinitroaromatics can be reduced to the intermediate nitro-amines in good yields; mixtures of nitroaryls can be-reduced sequentially in a similar way. The reaction rate depends on the pH of the reaction solution, typical values being about ten. (See Catalysts in Chemistry, 11 (1982) 155). A similar approach was reported by Kaneda, Hiraki, Imanaka and Teranishi in an article in J. Mol. Catal. (12 (1981) 3851. These authors used a rhodium cluster complex, Rh6(CO)l6gamma-aminopyridine,to produce anlline from nitrobenzene with carbon monoxide and water in liquid organic medium.
Methane
to Ethylene
A high temperature reactor to convert methane to ethylene will be developed under an agreement between the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) and Liebert-Simon International. The process was devoloped by Sidney Benson of USC's Hydrocarbon Research Institute and involves the contacting of methane with chlorine gas (the catalyst), igniting to produce a flame at 1530°C and auenchina on heat-transfer coils. Other products include ethane and acetylene but the formation of ethylene is favoured bv increasing the methane-to-chlorine ratio. After conventional separation techniques, the unreacted gas can be recycled; the chlorine can also be recovered, some having reacted to give HCl. A feasibility study by Kinetics Technology International (Pasadena, CA) has shown that the process economically converts 85% of the methane feeds.(See Chem. Eng., Feb. 1982).
Catalytic
Electroless
Plating
We are all familiar with printed circuit boards. We are all, likewise, familiar with the metalliccoated plastic trim found more and more commonly on domestic items and automobiles as well as on children's toys. We are less likely to associate these items with catalysis. And yet, the successful application of many of these metallic coatings on polymeric surfaces (and sometimes metal surfaces) depends on a complex
catalyst system. According to an article in Platinum Metals Review (26 (1982) 58) by G. A. Krulic of Enthone Incorporated, Bridgeview, Illinois, the usage of such processes for plating by nickel or copper has grown enormously over the last few years with the growth of the printed circuit market and the growth of the use of plastics in modern life. Electroless metal formulations can be prepared which will deposit metal on any dielectric, whether catalysed or not; the latter only encapsulate the whole object, rarely_ giving adequate adherence. _ The catalysed process involves initially covering the surface to be coated with a thin layer of catalyst which subsequently initiates the olatina process. Althouqh many cataiysts have been tested and patented, the most connnonly used ones are based on palladium. A single step process is now used in which a solution of stannous chloride, as reducing agent, is added to a solution of palladium chloride. Krulic's article surveys the current knowledge on the formulation of the catalyst solutions and their operation and shows examples of the use of the technique. Compilation in Leolites
of Extra Framework
Sites
This booklet, by W. J. Mortier and published in January 1982 by Butterworths Scientific Ltd. on behalf of the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association, brings together data on cation locations and site nomenclature for 36 zeolite types (ISBN 0 86103 056 7). Each structure is depicted by a stereoplot and full structural data are given, these including framework composition, typical number of Al/unit cell, site symmetries and coordination distances, and compositional formulae. The booklet is priced at X5.00 ($13.00) in the UK and overseas.
Catalysis
to Cope with the Oil Shortage
Professor Y. Murata, one of the most faithful of our correspondents, has reported on the content of the thirty papers presented on this theme
Methane
to Ethylene
A high temperature reactor to convert methane to ethylene will be developed under an agreement between the University of Southern California (Los Angeles) and Liebert-Simon International. The process was devoloped by Sidney Benson of USC's Hydrocarbon Research Institute and involves the contacting of methane with chlorine gas (the catalyst), igniting to produce a flame at 1530°C and auenchina on heat-transfer coils. Other products include ethane and acetylene but the formation of ethylene is favoured bv increasing the methane-to-chlorine ratio. After conventional separation techniques, the unreacted gas can be recycled; the chlorine can also be recovered, some having reacted to give HCl. A feasibility study by Kinetics Technology International (Pasadena, CA) has shown that the process economically converts 85% of the methane feeds.(See Chem. Eng., Feb. 1982).
Catalytic
Electroless
Plating
We are all familiar with printed circuit boards. We are all, likewise, familiar with the metalliccoated plastic trim found more and more commonly on domestic items and automobiles as well as on children's toys. We are less likely to associate these items with catalysis. And yet, the successful application of many of these metallic coatings on polymeric surfaces (and sometimes metal surfaces) depends on a complex
catalyst system. According to an article in Platinum Metals Review (26 (1982) 58) by G. A. Krulic of Enthone Incorporated, Bridgeview, Illinois, the usage of such processes for plating by nickel or copper has grown enormously over the last few years with the growth of the printed circuit market and the growth of the use of plastics in modern life. Electroless metal formulations can be prepared which will deposit metal on any dielectric, whether catalysed or not; the latter only encapsulate the whole object, rarely_ giving adequate adherence. _ The catalysed process involves initially covering the surface to be coated with a thin layer of catalyst which subsequently initiates the olatina process. Althouqh many cataiysts have been tested and patented, the most connnonly used ones are based on palladium. A single step process is now used in which a solution of stannous chloride, as reducing agent, is added to a solution of palladium chloride. Krulic's article surveys the current knowledge on the formulation of the catalyst solutions and their operation and shows examples of the use of the technique. Compilation in Leolites
of Extra Framework
Sites
This booklet, by W. J. Mortier and published in January 1982 by Butterworths Scientific Ltd. on behalf of the Structure Commission of the International Zeolite Association, brings together data on cation locations and site nomenclature for 36 zeolite types (ISBN 0 86103 056 7). Each structure is depicted by a stereoplot and full structural data are given, these including framework composition, typical number of Al/unit cell, site symmetries and coordination distances, and compositional formulae. The booklet is priced at X5.00 ($13.00) in the UK and overseas.
Catalysis
to Cope with the Oil Shortage
Professor Y. Murata, one of the most faithful of our correspondents, has reported on the content of the thirty papers presented on this theme