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Computed tomography part 1: Introduction and industrial applications
- N D T abstracts N D T A b s t r a c t s a r e c o m p i l e d by A E A T e c h n o l o g y N a t i o n a l N D T Centre, Harwell, O x o n , OX11 0RA, U K . T h e entries are d r a w n from over 500 British a n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l publications. E a c h issue c o n c e n t r a t e s on one o r two subject areas. The subjects covered in p r e v i o u s issues from F e b r u a r y 1993 o n w a r d s are: Acoustic and ultrasonic m e a s u r e m e n t o f elastic constants - 27(1); Acoustic emission testing o f pressure vessels - 26(6); M a g n e t i c flux l e a k a g e - 26(1); N D T in railways - 26(4); N D T using b a c k s c a t t e r o f ultrasound - 26(5); Synthetic a p e r t u r e signal processing - 26(3); T h e r m o g r a p h y of composites - 26(2)
X-ray tomography 54738
Sharer, J.C.
X-ray computerized tomngraphy applications to ceramics and composites. Phase 1. Terra Tek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (United States), PB93228179/GAR, 71 pp. (Mar. 1990) The objective of the effort was to use x-ray computedzad tomography (CT) to evaluate properties of ceramics and composites, specifically fiber concenWation" fiber alignment, void identification, impact damage, caring processes, and coatings. It was determined that x-ray CT can be used as a nondeslruetive technique to observe the flaws in composite materials. Haws observed in the investigation include for alignment, orientation, fiber/resin mix, and voids. X-ray CT can be used to observe impact damage in composite materials. Quantification of the extent of damage or lower resolution of flaws will require extensive development activities and calibration. When ruultilayered specimens of varying densities are studied, poorer resolution may preclude investigation. Contrasts in images of creed and uncured resins may make observations of curing processes a viable technique to verify models. 54737 Georgeson, G.E.; Bossi, RJ-I.; Rempt, R.D. X-ray computed tomography for casting demonstration Boeing Defense and Space Group, Seattle (United States), ADA268 084/I/GAR, 73 pp. (May 1993) Computed tomography (c'r) has been applied to east products demonstrating benefits to product development, dimensional measurements and critical region evaluation. The CTAD wngram has produced data in a number of reports demonstrating file quanlitutive measurement capability of CT and its advantag~ for castings. For oritical regions of a casting, CI" can be superior to radiography for detail sensitivity and relatively inexpensive. Educational material is needed to aid engineers in understanding the applicability and benefits of CT to their problems. Example stories have been used by the CTAD program to denmnstrate the areas of CT appfication and cost benefits. 54732
Copley,D.C.; Eberhard, J.W.; Mohr, G.A.
Computed tomography part 1: introduction and industrial applications Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 14-26 (Jan. 1994) X-ray computed tomography (CT) provides quantitative, readily interpretable data and enables the inspection of structures that are not amenable to any other nondestructive evaluation technique. As a result. CT has become well established as an inspection, evaluation, and analysis tool in industry. Many of the applications have been in the aerospace industry, where the high cost and performance requirements of components justifies the cost of CT inspection, but use in other industries is growing as equipment becomes increasingly available. 54512 Georgeson, G.; Bossi, R. X-ray CT for quantitative casting material evaluation Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United States), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 12B, pp. 1681-1688 Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1993) ISBN 0.306 s.s.s.83-6 The utilization of CT for quantitative material evaluation has been demonstrated in a study aimed at correlating NDI methods to tensile strength in aluminum sand castings. The results from the strength tests indicate that many structurally sound castings are being rejected under the present qualitative NDI criteria. CT meaasurement and analysis has shown potential to increase the yield of 'good' castings through quantitative interpretation of casting quality based upon voids and porosity. CT has also been demonstrated as an effective tool for quantifying and evaluating hot isostatic processing (HIP) currently used for improving properties in high quality castings. The reduction or movement of porosity and voids caused by the HIP can be measured with CT at any location in the casting. 0963-8695/94/02/0101 - 12 O 1994 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
54511 Lee, X.; Dass, W.C.; Manzione, C.W. Characterization of the internal microstructurcs of granular materials using computerized tomography Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United States), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 1213, pp. 1675-1680 Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimend. Plenum Press (1993) ISBN 0.306-44483-6 In this papex, the microslructures of simplified materials (laboratory packed spherical particles) are investigated using X-ray computerized tomography (CT), which provides a non-intrusive way to obtain croassectional images of material sffirnples.Series of these digital images are then to reconstruct the three-dimensional internal swactm~ of the uunple using numerical techniques. Scanning and image analysis results for a sample made of glass spheres are pre~rlted in this paper, demonstrating the potential of CT technology in identifying the microstructures of gnmular materials. 54219 Ekis, J.W. Personal computer based computed tomography system Allied-Signal Aerospace Company, Kansas City (United States), KCP-613- 4806, 23 pp. (Jun. 1992) The propose of this project was to construct a personal computer (PC) based computed tomography (CT) system. The system consists of a 80386 compu~'o a 320 kV industrial X-ray muree, and a four-axis positioning stage with 1 mum resolution. The system is capable of testing objects that am le~ than 30 inches tall. less than 14 in. diameter, and weigh less than 50 pounds. Because the system uses only a single 80386 PC and the detector assembly was manufactured from cadmium tungstate, data collection is the greatest limitation of the system. A typical scan for a single slice requires 4 hours and 45 minutes.
54213
Phillips, DJ-l.; Lannutti, JJ.
X-ray computed tomography American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 72, No. 11, pp. 69-75 (Nov. 1993) X-my computed tomography (CT), a nondestructive evaluation technique generates high-resolution, three-dimensional density profiles of geom~ically complex objects. One use of CT is characterizing densification during ceramic processing. This Kticle describes CT for evaluating pyrometric cone production and exploring in situ the effects of granule size on density gradient formation during dry pressing.
54001 Isaacson, B. High contrast computed tomography using a real time X-ray system platform ASNT 1993 Fall Conference and Quality Testing Show. NDT: A Partner in Engineering Innovation, Long Beach, Ca!ifomia (United States), 8-12 Nov. 1993. pp. 184-186. ASNT (1993) Computed tomography cross sectional imaging integrated with a real time X-ray imaging platform has proven to be an effective tool for material evaluation. This integration has been achieved with a full range of real time equipment from ~mdard 420 kv X-ray systems used in the inspection of drums for nuclear waste control to microfoeus X-ray systems used to magnify objects for evaluation of small defects. The advantage of a full 4096 grey level real time display are improved efficiency.
lllerhaus, B.; Goebbels, J.; Heidt, H.; Muller, W.; Onel, Y.; Refiners, P.; Wolff, V. 53997
Characterization of defects in ceramics by computerized tomography with high spatial resolution Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines, Goteborg (Sweden), 10-12 Jun. 1991. pp. 888- 896. Edited by R. Carlsson, T. Johansson, and L. Kahlman. Elsevier, (1992). ISBN 1851667768.
N D T & E I n t e r n a t i o n a l 1 9 9 4 V o l u m e 27, N u m b e r 2
101
X-ray tomography 54738
Sharer, J.C.
X-ray computerized tomngraphy applications to ceramics and composites. Phase 1. Terra Tek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (United States), PB93228179/GAR, 71 pp. (Mar. 1990) The objective of the effort was to use x-ray computedzad tomography (CT) to evaluate properties of ceramics and composites, specifically fiber concenWation" fiber alignment, void identification, impact damage, caring processes, and coatings. It was determined that x-ray CT can be used as a nondeslruetive technique to observe the flaws in composite materials. Haws observed in the investigation include for alignment, orientation, fiber/resin mix, and voids. X-ray CT can be used to observe impact damage in composite materials. Quantification of the extent of damage or lower resolution of flaws will require extensive development activities and calibration. When ruultilayered specimens of varying densities are studied, poorer resolution may preclude investigation. Contrasts in images of creed and uncured resins may make observations of curing processes a viable technique to verify models. 54737 Georgeson, G.E.; Bossi, RJ-I.; Rempt, R.D. X-ray computed tomography for casting demonstration Boeing Defense and Space Group, Seattle (United States), ADA268 084/I/GAR, 73 pp. (May 1993) Computed tomography (c'r) has been applied to east products demonstrating benefits to product development, dimensional measurements and critical region evaluation. The CTAD wngram has produced data in a number of reports demonstrating file quanlitutive measurement capability of CT and its advantag~ for castings. For oritical regions of a casting, CI" can be superior to radiography for detail sensitivity and relatively inexpensive. Educational material is needed to aid engineers in understanding the applicability and benefits of CT to their problems. Example stories have been used by the CTAD program to denmnstrate the areas of CT appfication and cost benefits. 54732
Copley,D.C.; Eberhard, J.W.; Mohr, G.A.
Computed tomography part 1: introduction and industrial applications Journal of Minerals, Metals and Materials, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 14-26 (Jan. 1994) X-ray computed tomography (CT) provides quantitative, readily interpretable data and enables the inspection of structures that are not amenable to any other nondestructive evaluation technique. As a result. CT has become well established as an inspection, evaluation, and analysis tool in industry. Many of the applications have been in the aerospace industry, where the high cost and performance requirements of components justifies the cost of CT inspection, but use in other industries is growing as equipment becomes increasingly available. 54512 Georgeson, G.; Bossi, R. X-ray CT for quantitative casting material evaluation Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United States), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 12B, pp. 1681-1688 Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimenti. Plenum Press (1993) ISBN 0.306 s.s.s.83-6 The utilization of CT for quantitative material evaluation has been demonstrated in a study aimed at correlating NDI methods to tensile strength in aluminum sand castings. The results from the strength tests indicate that many structurally sound castings are being rejected under the present qualitative NDI criteria. CT meaasurement and analysis has shown potential to increase the yield of 'good' castings through quantitative interpretation of casting quality based upon voids and porosity. CT has also been demonstrated as an effective tool for quantifying and evaluating hot isostatic processing (HIP) currently used for improving properties in high quality castings. The reduction or movement of porosity and voids caused by the HIP can be measured with CT at any location in the casting. 0963-8695/94/02/0101 - 12 O 1994 Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd
54511 Lee, X.; Dass, W.C.; Manzione, C.W. Characterization of the internal microstructurcs of granular materials using computerized tomography Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, La Jolla, California (United States), 19-24 Jul. 1992. Vol. 1213, pp. 1675-1680 Edited by D.O. Thompson and D.E. Chimend. Plenum Press (1993) ISBN 0.306-44483-6 In this papex, the microslructures of simplified materials (laboratory packed spherical particles) are investigated using X-ray computerized tomography (CT), which provides a non-intrusive way to obtain croassectional images of material sffirnples.Series of these digital images are then to reconstruct the three-dimensional internal swactm~ of the uunple using numerical techniques. Scanning and image analysis results for a sample made of glass spheres are pre~rlted in this paper, demonstrating the potential of CT technology in identifying the microstructures of gnmular materials. 54219 Ekis, J.W. Personal computer based computed tomography system Allied-Signal Aerospace Company, Kansas City (United States), KCP-613- 4806, 23 pp. (Jun. 1992) The propose of this project was to construct a personal computer (PC) based computed tomography (CT) system. The system consists of a 80386 compu~'o a 320 kV industrial X-ray muree, and a four-axis positioning stage with 1 mum resolution. The system is capable of testing objects that am le~ than 30 inches tall. less than 14 in. diameter, and weigh less than 50 pounds. Because the system uses only a single 80386 PC and the detector assembly was manufactured from cadmium tungstate, data collection is the greatest limitation of the system. A typical scan for a single slice requires 4 hours and 45 minutes.
54213
Phillips, DJ-l.; Lannutti, JJ.
X-ray computed tomography American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 72, No. 11, pp. 69-75 (Nov. 1993) X-my computed tomography (CT), a nondestructive evaluation technique generates high-resolution, three-dimensional density profiles of geom~ically complex objects. One use of CT is characterizing densification during ceramic processing. This Kticle describes CT for evaluating pyrometric cone production and exploring in situ the effects of granule size on density gradient formation during dry pressing.
54001 Isaacson, B. High contrast computed tomography using a real time X-ray system platform ASNT 1993 Fall Conference and Quality Testing Show. NDT: A Partner in Engineering Innovation, Long Beach, Ca!ifomia (United States), 8-12 Nov. 1993. pp. 184-186. ASNT (1993) Computed tomography cross sectional imaging integrated with a real time X-ray imaging platform has proven to be an effective tool for material evaluation. This integration has been achieved with a full range of real time equipment from ~mdard 420 kv X-ray systems used in the inspection of drums for nuclear waste control to microfoeus X-ray systems used to magnify objects for evaluation of small defects. The advantage of a full 4096 grey level real time display are improved efficiency.
lllerhaus, B.; Goebbels, J.; Heidt, H.; Muller, W.; Onel, Y.; Refiners, P.; Wolff, V. 53997
Characterization of defects in ceramics by computerized tomography with high spatial resolution Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines, Goteborg (Sweden), 10-12 Jun. 1991. pp. 888- 896. Edited by R. Carlsson, T. Johansson, and L. Kahlman. Elsevier, (1992). ISBN 1851667768.
N D T & E I n t e r n a t i o n a l 1 9 9 4 V o l u m e 27, N u m b e r 2
101