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Computer aided design
area contained by a closed boundary; generate the closed boundary representing the union or intersection of two closed boundaries. Repko, M.G. 73.128 'Animated cartoon design with a c.r.t.' Comput. J., Vol 15, No 4 (November 1972) pp 316-3"20 The paper includes a brief review of other work in this field and then develops another approach to computerised cartoon animation design and describes a program called CARTOON DESIGN from a user's viewpoint. The internal organization of the program is described.
Heating, ventilating and lighting Anon 73.129 'Heat calculations by computer' "/erwarm. Vent. Vol 29 (July 1972), No 7, pp 4 5 2 - 4 5 4 (in Dutch) Small computer programs for calculating 1) heat loads according to DIN 4701 and radiator selection; 2) cooling load using induction units and circular air ducts. Collins, M.W. 73.130 'Combined convection. Further computer developments and a program for annuli' City University, London, UK (March 1972), 35 pp Developments of the original computer program for combined convection in vertical tubes are described. A major extension is a substantial rewrite for the concentric annuli. Full programming details are given, Fortran 4 being used in all cases. Gfilich, J. 73.131 'Computer program for heat exchanger calculations' Sulzer Tecb. Rev. Vol 54 (1972) No 2, pp 9 7 - 1 0 4 A computer program is described for determining the heating surface of a heat exchanger and establishing the operating point for a given exchanger. Three main applications are given: 1) heat exchangers with single-phase flow on both sides; 2) steam heated reheaters ( as used in power stations with light-water reactors); 3) water-cooled condensers of preheaters in steam power stations. Mitales, G.P. 73.132 'Transfer function method of calculating cooling loads, heat extraction and space temperature ' American Soc. Heat., Refrig. and Vent. Eng., Vol 14, No 12 (December 1972), pp 54--56 A cooling load calculation procedure called the transfer function method, has been incorporated in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The article presents a description of a calculation procedure based on this method and demonstrates its extra capability. Rubin, E.S. 73.133 'A new application o f building energy analysis programs' American Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Eng. Vol 15, No 2 (February 1973) pp 4 6 - 5 1 The computer programs currently being used to provide an energy analysis of new
"[96
buildings can also be applied to existing ones. This application is discussed for problems such as operating schedules, system simulation, occupancy, equipment modifications and system alterations. An example is given where the nominal HVAC expense could be reduced by about 30%.
part structure. For calculation the ship is divided into three parts, namely, the tank part, the fore part and aft part.
Sehedwil, H. 73.134 'Minicomputer for calculating duct sizes for ventilation and air conditioning plant' Heiz. L~tft, Haustech. Vol 23 (April 1972) No 4, pp 107-111 (in German) An algorithm following a paper by Lanx helps develop a duct sizing computer program which can be run on a minicomputer. Only ducts with vertical round branches are considered as these are the most common.
Gill, P. E. and Murray, W. 73.139 'Implementation of two modified Newton algorithms for unconstrained optimization' National Physical Laboratory, (August 1972) 66 pp An Algol 60 procedure is given for implementing a new modified Newton algorithm together with the necessary alterations required to implement the variant, in order that the ease where analytical second order derivatives are unavailable, can be dealt with. The results of applying these procedures to a numl~er of test problems are included.
Schulz, S. 73.135 'Calculation and optimization o f absorption refrigeration machine processes with the aid of computers' Kiiltetecb, Vol 24 (July 1972), No 7, pp 181--188 (in German) The processes of single-stage absorption refrigeration plants are calculated and thermodynamically optimized. Results of the optimization calculations are discussed.
Marine engineering Buxton, I.L. 73.136 'Engineering economics applied to ship design' J. o f the Royal Inst. Naval Arch. (October 1972) No 4 pp 4 0 9 - 4 2 8 The application of engineering economics to ship design is discussed in the context of preliminary or tender design. Each of the four key stages in the process is described: a computer based design and tendering system for use at several levels of complexity by the designer is considered and some general conclusions on the relative importance of technical and commercial factors are given, in addition to the general principles affecting optimal ship size and speed. Haslum, K. and Tonnessen, A. 73.137 'An analysis of torsion in ship hulls' European Shipbuilding, Vol 21, Nos 5--6 (1972), pp 6 7 - 9 0 The classical theory for torsion of thin walled beams is applied to ship hulls. The non-prismatic ship hull is approximated by a model having stepwise variation in its torsional properties. The method does not give the detailed analysis and accuracy that a finite element analysis may give but its simplicity in use offers the possibility of analysing several alternatives at the design stage. Computational results obtained using this method have been confirmed by experimentation. Nagamoto, R. et al 73.138 'Three dimensional strength analysis of entire hull of a tanker' Japan Shipbuilding & Marine Eng. Vol 6, No 6 (1972), pp 24--33 The method is developed by expanding the strength analysis method in tank parts and using SPACEFRAME. The strength of a 200 000 ton DWT tanker was analyzed by this method and the results were examined and compared with ordinary three-dimensional strength calculation of the ship's tank
Mathematical techniques
Smith, I. R. and Snider, L.A. 73.140 'Numerical solution of the differential equations of a synchronous generator' Comput. J., Vol 15, No 4 (November 1972), pp 3 5 0 - 3 5 5 A numerical method is described for use in an extensive investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a synchronous generator when disturbed by the sudden application of a load at the output terminals. The technique uses a modified version of Hamming's predictor-corrector method, and accounts for the nonlinearities introduced by magnetic saturation. The computer solution was tested by comparison with experimental results. Maude, A . D . 73.141 'Interpolation - mainly for graph plotters' Comput. J., Vol 16, No 1 (February 1973), pp 6 4 - 6 5 A method of interpolation is given in which the function and its first derivative are continuous at all points but is simpler than spline interpolation. The m e t h o d applies to functions of any number of variables when the values are evenly or irregularly distributed. Wright, T. J. 73.142 'A two space solution to the hidden line problem for plotting functions o f two variables' IEEE Trans on Comput., Vol C-22, No 1 (January 1973), pp 2 8 - 3 3 A fast algorithm is presented for eliminating hidden lines from perspective representations of single valued functions of two variables. The algorithm is faster than the more widely used alg"Orithms for this problem whilst remaining as versatile. It is more powerful than the WiUiamson algorithm.
Mechanical engineering l~sant, C. B. 73.143 'Computer aided design' CharteredMecb. Eng. Vol 20, No 2 (February 1973), pp 69--73 Outlines the role of c.a.d, systems such as CADMAC. The growth of computer aided drafting techniques, remote access databanks, interactive working facilities with graphics are a few of the developments discussed. The facilities present today arid the potential for the near future make c.a.d, a practical tool for the design engineer.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
Heating, ventilating and lighting Anon 73.129 'Heat calculations by computer' "/erwarm. Vent. Vol 29 (July 1972), No 7, pp 4 5 2 - 4 5 4 (in Dutch) Small computer programs for calculating 1) heat loads according to DIN 4701 and radiator selection; 2) cooling load using induction units and circular air ducts. Collins, M.W. 73.130 'Combined convection. Further computer developments and a program for annuli' City University, London, UK (March 1972), 35 pp Developments of the original computer program for combined convection in vertical tubes are described. A major extension is a substantial rewrite for the concentric annuli. Full programming details are given, Fortran 4 being used in all cases. Gfilich, J. 73.131 'Computer program for heat exchanger calculations' Sulzer Tecb. Rev. Vol 54 (1972) No 2, pp 9 7 - 1 0 4 A computer program is described for determining the heating surface of a heat exchanger and establishing the operating point for a given exchanger. Three main applications are given: 1) heat exchangers with single-phase flow on both sides; 2) steam heated reheaters ( as used in power stations with light-water reactors); 3) water-cooled condensers of preheaters in steam power stations. Mitales, G.P. 73.132 'Transfer function method of calculating cooling loads, heat extraction and space temperature ' American Soc. Heat., Refrig. and Vent. Eng., Vol 14, No 12 (December 1972), pp 54--56 A cooling load calculation procedure called the transfer function method, has been incorporated in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. The article presents a description of a calculation procedure based on this method and demonstrates its extra capability. Rubin, E.S. 73.133 'A new application o f building energy analysis programs' American Soc. of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Eng. Vol 15, No 2 (February 1973) pp 4 6 - 5 1 The computer programs currently being used to provide an energy analysis of new
"[96
buildings can also be applied to existing ones. This application is discussed for problems such as operating schedules, system simulation, occupancy, equipment modifications and system alterations. An example is given where the nominal HVAC expense could be reduced by about 30%.
part structure. For calculation the ship is divided into three parts, namely, the tank part, the fore part and aft part.
Sehedwil, H. 73.134 'Minicomputer for calculating duct sizes for ventilation and air conditioning plant' Heiz. L~tft, Haustech. Vol 23 (April 1972) No 4, pp 107-111 (in German) An algorithm following a paper by Lanx helps develop a duct sizing computer program which can be run on a minicomputer. Only ducts with vertical round branches are considered as these are the most common.
Gill, P. E. and Murray, W. 73.139 'Implementation of two modified Newton algorithms for unconstrained optimization' National Physical Laboratory, (August 1972) 66 pp An Algol 60 procedure is given for implementing a new modified Newton algorithm together with the necessary alterations required to implement the variant, in order that the ease where analytical second order derivatives are unavailable, can be dealt with. The results of applying these procedures to a numl~er of test problems are included.
Schulz, S. 73.135 'Calculation and optimization o f absorption refrigeration machine processes with the aid of computers' Kiiltetecb, Vol 24 (July 1972), No 7, pp 181--188 (in German) The processes of single-stage absorption refrigeration plants are calculated and thermodynamically optimized. Results of the optimization calculations are discussed.
Marine engineering Buxton, I.L. 73.136 'Engineering economics applied to ship design' J. o f the Royal Inst. Naval Arch. (October 1972) No 4 pp 4 0 9 - 4 2 8 The application of engineering economics to ship design is discussed in the context of preliminary or tender design. Each of the four key stages in the process is described: a computer based design and tendering system for use at several levels of complexity by the designer is considered and some general conclusions on the relative importance of technical and commercial factors are given, in addition to the general principles affecting optimal ship size and speed. Haslum, K. and Tonnessen, A. 73.137 'An analysis of torsion in ship hulls' European Shipbuilding, Vol 21, Nos 5--6 (1972), pp 6 7 - 9 0 The classical theory for torsion of thin walled beams is applied to ship hulls. The non-prismatic ship hull is approximated by a model having stepwise variation in its torsional properties. The method does not give the detailed analysis and accuracy that a finite element analysis may give but its simplicity in use offers the possibility of analysing several alternatives at the design stage. Computational results obtained using this method have been confirmed by experimentation. Nagamoto, R. et al 73.138 'Three dimensional strength analysis of entire hull of a tanker' Japan Shipbuilding & Marine Eng. Vol 6, No 6 (1972), pp 24--33 The method is developed by expanding the strength analysis method in tank parts and using SPACEFRAME. The strength of a 200 000 ton DWT tanker was analyzed by this method and the results were examined and compared with ordinary three-dimensional strength calculation of the ship's tank
Mathematical techniques
Smith, I. R. and Snider, L.A. 73.140 'Numerical solution of the differential equations of a synchronous generator' Comput. J., Vol 15, No 4 (November 1972), pp 3 5 0 - 3 5 5 A numerical method is described for use in an extensive investigation of the dynamic behaviour of a synchronous generator when disturbed by the sudden application of a load at the output terminals. The technique uses a modified version of Hamming's predictor-corrector method, and accounts for the nonlinearities introduced by magnetic saturation. The computer solution was tested by comparison with experimental results. Maude, A . D . 73.141 'Interpolation - mainly for graph plotters' Comput. J., Vol 16, No 1 (February 1973), pp 6 4 - 6 5 A method of interpolation is given in which the function and its first derivative are continuous at all points but is simpler than spline interpolation. The m e t h o d applies to functions of any number of variables when the values are evenly or irregularly distributed. Wright, T. J. 73.142 'A two space solution to the hidden line problem for plotting functions o f two variables' IEEE Trans on Comput., Vol C-22, No 1 (January 1973), pp 2 8 - 3 3 A fast algorithm is presented for eliminating hidden lines from perspective representations of single valued functions of two variables. The algorithm is faster than the more widely used alg"Orithms for this problem whilst remaining as versatile. It is more powerful than the WiUiamson algorithm.
Mechanical engineering l~sant, C. B. 73.143 'Computer aided design' CharteredMecb. Eng. Vol 20, No 2 (February 1973), pp 69--73 Outlines the role of c.a.d, systems such as CADMAC. The growth of computer aided drafting techniques, remote access databanks, interactive working facilities with graphics are a few of the developments discussed. The facilities present today arid the potential for the near future make c.a.d, a practical tool for the design engineer.
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN