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Contributions of Orthodontists to Organized Dentistry
R E V IE W A R T IC L E
Contributions of orthodontists to organized dentistry H. Perry H itchcock, DMD, MSD
T he introduction o f the Coffin expansion plate to the United States, the publication o f the American Journal of Orthodontics, and the categorization o f A n g le ’s Class I malocclusion into fiv e types a re just a few o f the contributions of orthodontists who were presidents o f the A m erican Dental Association.
T
-A. he 50th anniversary of the first specialty board in dentistry is a time to reflect on the contributions of or thodontists to organized dentistry. To paraphrase a quotation, “If we do not honor and respect those who have gone before, it is not a big step to dishonor and neglect those that are still with us.” Brief biographies may remind us of 12 orthodontists who achieved the highest position of leadership in organized dentistry. Members of this specialty share a her itage of service to the public and of dedication to dentistry with all members of the profession. From 1876 to 1877, George W. Keely (1822-1888) was president of the American Dental Association. Dr. Keely attended the dental meeting at Niagara Falls, NY, in 1859 where the foundations for the organization of the American Dental Association were laid. He was born in Oxford, Ohio, and entered Miami University 76 ■ JADA, Vol. 100, January 1980
of Ohio at the age of 14. After practic ing in Oxford for 12 years, he graduated from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery in March 1853. For 15 years, Dr. Keely lectured to students at the Ohio College of Dental Surgery on the “Cause and management of irregularities of the teeth,” and he often accepted invitations to speak on that topic. 1 A year after Dr. Keely was presi dent, Henry J. McKellops (18231901) was elected ADA president.2-3 He served the term from 1878 to 1879. Dr. McKellopps was born in Saline, NY, and, when he was 17, his family moved to St. Louis. In 1855. he received his dental degree from Ohio Dental College. In 1858 he wrote about the causes and treatment of ir regularities of teeth. Dr. McKellops served in the Mexi can War and, later, as an assistant adjutant-general of the Missouri Volunteers, he moved across the state
with an expedition to combat the in vasion of “ bush w ack ers” and “jayhawkers” who were ravaging the western counties of Missouri. During the Civil War, Dr. McKellops was al most imprisoned for his advocacy of the Confederacy. He escaped to Europe where he met C. R. Coffin and was intrigued with Coffin’s expan sion plate. He used the technique to treat his 12-year-old son and, in 1865, on his return to America, he de scribed and illustrated the Coffin ex pansion plate to colleagues in the Missouri State Dental Association. Dr. McKellops was also known as an authority on obturators for cleft pal ate. At his funeral in St. Louis, Dr. Edward H. Angle was one of the pall bearers. Dr. Martin Dewey (1881-1933) served as ADA president from 1931 to 1932.4 Dr. Dewey was born in Kingman, Kan, graduated from den tal school in 1902, and attended one of the first classes of the Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis. He also was a graduate of medical school in St. Louis. He founded his own school, the Dewey School of Or thodontia, in Kansas City, Mo, in 1911; later, the school was moved to Chicago and, eventually it relocated to New York. Dr. Dewey wrote the textbook,
R E V IE W
A R T IC L E
George W. Keely Henry J. McKellops Martin Dewey Frank M. Casto
Oren A. Oliver Philip E. Adams Otto W. Brandhorst William R. Alstadt
Charles H. Patton John R. Abel Carl A. Laughlin Frank P. Bowyer, Jr.
Practical Orthodontics, which, with
the later collaboration of Dr. George Anderson, has had at least nine edi tions. He taught at the University of Iowa, Chicago Dental College, and the New York College of Dental and Oral Surgery. In 1929, Dr. Dewey was one of the first to serve on the American Board of Orthodontics. He helped start the publication that is currently the Am erican Journal of Orthodontics
and was editor for 17 years. Dr. Dewey contributed much to dentistry during his life. From 1934 to 1935, just two years after Dr. Dewey served as ADA presi dent, Frank M. Casto (1875-1965) held the office.5 Dr. Casto was bom in Blanchester, Ohio, and received his dental degree and an MD degree from the Ohio Medical University. He at tended the Angle School of Or thodontia in St. Louis in 1902. After his return to Ohio, Dr. Casto limited his practice to orthodontics and es tablished an orthodontic clinic at the dental school at Ohio State Univer
sity. He was professor of orthodon tics at Western Reserve University and was dean of the school for 20 years, from 1917 to 1937. He was within a few weeks of his 90th birth day when he died in April 1965. Oren A. Oliver (1887-1965) was president of the ADA from 1941 to 1942.6,7 Dr. Oliver was born in Vir ginia and received his DDS degree from the Atlanta dental school in 1909. He attended the Dewey School of Orthodontia in 1916. Dr. Oliver was president of the State Board of Health of Tennessee for many years. He was the last living member of the original American Board of Ortho dontics. Dr. Philip E. Adams (1896-1973) was a graduate of and, later, professor of orthodontics at Tufts University.8 He was born in Maine. In his service to organized dentistry, Dr. Adams served as secretary of the Mas sachusetts Dental Society for 20 years. He became ADA president in 1949. In addition to teaching at Tufts, Dr. Adams had an active orthodontic
practice in Boston. Otto W. Brandhorst (1889-1974) was president of the ADA from 1952-1953.9 A native Illinoisian, he graduated from Washington Univer sity School of Dentistry in St. Louis in 1915. He taught there continu ously, and was dean from 1945 until 1952, when he retired from teaching to devote full time to his private prac tice of orthodontics. Dr. Brandhorst was secretary of the American Asso ciation of Dental Editors for 15 years. Arkansas can claim the youngest member of the ADA ever to be its president . 10 W illiam R. Alstadt (1916-) was 41 years old when he served as president from 1957 to 1958. He had been president of the Arkansas State Board of Dental Examiners and was a member of the Arkansas State Board of Health. He has several honorary degrees and had been an ADA trustee for two terms before becoming president. In 1960, Charles H. Patton (18971973) became president of the ADA.11 He was born in West Chester,
Hitchcock : CONTRIBUTIONS OF OR
IONTISTS TO ORGANIZED DEN TISTRY ■ 77
R E V IE W
A R T IC L E
Pa, and graduated from the Univer sity of Pennsylvania in 1919. He served as president of the Pennsyl vania Dental Association. Dr. Patton was a member of the dental staff of Philadelphia General Hospital and assistant professor of cleft palate therapy at the University of Pennsyl vania School of Dentistry. The year after Dr. Patton presided over the ADA, John R. Abel (19061972) became president.12 Dr. Abel, a n a tiv e of K en o sh a, W is, w as a graduate of the dental school at the University of Southern California. He was president of the Southern Cali fornia Dental Association before be coming ADA president. Dr. Abel taught at the University of California Extension Division and served for more than 20 years on the staff of the Los Angeles Orthopaedic Hospital. Carl A. Laughlin (1909-), a native
of West Virginia, became ADA presi dent in 1 971. 13 He graduated from the dental school of the University of Louisville in 1932, and served as a special lecturer at the West Virginia U n iv e rsity d en tal sch o o l. Dr. Laughlin was president of the West Virginia Dental Association and the W est V irginia Board of Dental Examiners and had served on the ADA Board of Trustees for six years. Another recent past president of the ADA (1977-1978) is Frank P. Bowyer, Jr. (1917-).14 Born in Tampa, he attended the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee Col lege of Dentistry where he graduated with honors. Dr. Bowyer served as an alternate delegate to the ADA House for six years and as a delegate for 11 years. He was speaker of the House for six years. Dr. Bowyer maintains a private practice limited to orthodon tics in Knoxville, Tenn.
A shared responsibility Each of these 12 men was or is an orthodontist who has served orga nized dentistry for many years. Ulti mately, each was honored by being
78 ■ JADA, Vol. 100, Jan uary 1980
elected to the presidency of the American Dental Association. For the 12 who have served their profes sion in the highest office, many more have been active in the national or ganization or in state and local societies. As do dentists in all the profession and its specialties, these men exemplify a common heritage of service to the public and dedication to dentistry. Coinciding with this common heritage, all dentists share a responsibility to the patient. Certainly, if classification, diag nosis, and techniques of preventive treatment are taught to students in undergraduate dental curriculum, it is expected that the graduates will use them in practice. Certain Class I cases are amenable to preventive or limited treatment. (The separation of Angle’s Class I malocclusion into five types was started by Dewey and extended by Anderson in Practical Orthodontics.) Type 2 cases with procumbent and spaced incisors are sometimes amenable to treatment by simple means, and certain type 3 cases, the anterior crossbite, may lend themselves to preventive mea sures. The type 4 malocclusion, or posterior crossbite, the type 5 maloc clusion with drift of posterior teeth, and the potential type 5 case with premature loss of deciduous teeth are also candidates for preventive or lim ited orthodontics. Additionally, or thodontic techniques such as uprighting of molars can be used suc cessfully in treatment plans to cor rect other dental conditions. The Class I type 1 cases— those se verely crowded dentitions that, in many instances, generally require ex tra ctio n s and th erap y w ith full a p p lia n ce s— and C lass II or III malocclusions should be treated by specialists.
Summary The first specialty board in dentistry has been celebrating its 50th an niversary. The need for the specialty
and for presenting orthodontic diag nosis and classification at the under graduate level remains. The or thodontic specialty has contributed an active source of leadership to all of dentistry and is proud to share in the common heritage of service to the public and in responsibility to the patient.
T h is paper was presented in part in a speech under the auspices of the Texas State Orthodon tic Society to the T ri State m eeting in New Or leans, celebrating the 100th anniversary of or ganized dentistry in Louisiana, May 12, 1978. T h e author thanks M rs. C h ristin e D olan, former assistant archives librarian, Am erican Dental Association, and Dr. W. M. Shankland, librarian and archivist of the Am erican Associa tion of Orthodontists, for furnishing reference material. Address requests for reprints to Dr. Hitch cock, professor and chairman, department of o rth o d o n tics, U n iv e rsity of T e x a s D en tal School at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, Tex 78229. 1. O bituary. George W. Keely. D ent Rev 2(10):560-562, 1888. 2. Obituary. Henry J. M cKellops. Int Dent J 22(5):437-439, 1901. 3. In memoriam. Dr. H. J. M cKellops. Dent Cosmos 43(7):1042-1054, 1901. 4. Salzm ann, J.A. Historical portraits in den tal culture— Martin Dewey (1881-1933). NY J Dent 31(10):356-357, 1961. 5. Baker, C.R. In memoriam— Frank Monroe Casto (1875-1965). Am J Orthod 51(10):787-789, 1965. 6. Obituary. Oren A. Oliver. JADA 70(4):950, 1965. 7. In memoriam— Oren A. Oliver. Am J Or thod 51(7):545, 1965. 8. Official program. Chicago, A m erican Den tal Association, 1950. 9. Official program. Chicago, Am erican Den tal Association, 1953. 10. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1958. 11. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1961. 12. O fficial program . Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1962. 13. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1972. 14. Biography of Dr. Frank P. Bowyer, Jr. Chicago, Am erican Dental Association, 1976.
Contributions of orthodontists to organized dentistry H. Perry H itchcock, DMD, MSD
T he introduction o f the Coffin expansion plate to the United States, the publication o f the American Journal of Orthodontics, and the categorization o f A n g le ’s Class I malocclusion into fiv e types a re just a few o f the contributions of orthodontists who were presidents o f the A m erican Dental Association.
T
-A. he 50th anniversary of the first specialty board in dentistry is a time to reflect on the contributions of or thodontists to organized dentistry. To paraphrase a quotation, “If we do not honor and respect those who have gone before, it is not a big step to dishonor and neglect those that are still with us.” Brief biographies may remind us of 12 orthodontists who achieved the highest position of leadership in organized dentistry. Members of this specialty share a her itage of service to the public and of dedication to dentistry with all members of the profession. From 1876 to 1877, George W. Keely (1822-1888) was president of the American Dental Association. Dr. Keely attended the dental meeting at Niagara Falls, NY, in 1859 where the foundations for the organization of the American Dental Association were laid. He was born in Oxford, Ohio, and entered Miami University 76 ■ JADA, Vol. 100, January 1980
of Ohio at the age of 14. After practic ing in Oxford for 12 years, he graduated from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery in March 1853. For 15 years, Dr. Keely lectured to students at the Ohio College of Dental Surgery on the “Cause and management of irregularities of the teeth,” and he often accepted invitations to speak on that topic. 1 A year after Dr. Keely was presi dent, Henry J. McKellops (18231901) was elected ADA president.2-3 He served the term from 1878 to 1879. Dr. McKellopps was born in Saline, NY, and, when he was 17, his family moved to St. Louis. In 1855. he received his dental degree from Ohio Dental College. In 1858 he wrote about the causes and treatment of ir regularities of teeth. Dr. McKellops served in the Mexi can War and, later, as an assistant adjutant-general of the Missouri Volunteers, he moved across the state
with an expedition to combat the in vasion of “ bush w ack ers” and “jayhawkers” who were ravaging the western counties of Missouri. During the Civil War, Dr. McKellops was al most imprisoned for his advocacy of the Confederacy. He escaped to Europe where he met C. R. Coffin and was intrigued with Coffin’s expan sion plate. He used the technique to treat his 12-year-old son and, in 1865, on his return to America, he de scribed and illustrated the Coffin ex pansion plate to colleagues in the Missouri State Dental Association. Dr. McKellops was also known as an authority on obturators for cleft pal ate. At his funeral in St. Louis, Dr. Edward H. Angle was one of the pall bearers. Dr. Martin Dewey (1881-1933) served as ADA president from 1931 to 1932.4 Dr. Dewey was born in Kingman, Kan, graduated from den tal school in 1902, and attended one of the first classes of the Angle School of Orthodontia in St. Louis. He also was a graduate of medical school in St. Louis. He founded his own school, the Dewey School of Or thodontia, in Kansas City, Mo, in 1911; later, the school was moved to Chicago and, eventually it relocated to New York. Dr. Dewey wrote the textbook,
R E V IE W
A R T IC L E
George W. Keely Henry J. McKellops Martin Dewey Frank M. Casto
Oren A. Oliver Philip E. Adams Otto W. Brandhorst William R. Alstadt
Charles H. Patton John R. Abel Carl A. Laughlin Frank P. Bowyer, Jr.
Practical Orthodontics, which, with
the later collaboration of Dr. George Anderson, has had at least nine edi tions. He taught at the University of Iowa, Chicago Dental College, and the New York College of Dental and Oral Surgery. In 1929, Dr. Dewey was one of the first to serve on the American Board of Orthodontics. He helped start the publication that is currently the Am erican Journal of Orthodontics
and was editor for 17 years. Dr. Dewey contributed much to dentistry during his life. From 1934 to 1935, just two years after Dr. Dewey served as ADA presi dent, Frank M. Casto (1875-1965) held the office.5 Dr. Casto was bom in Blanchester, Ohio, and received his dental degree and an MD degree from the Ohio Medical University. He at tended the Angle School of Or thodontia in St. Louis in 1902. After his return to Ohio, Dr. Casto limited his practice to orthodontics and es tablished an orthodontic clinic at the dental school at Ohio State Univer
sity. He was professor of orthodon tics at Western Reserve University and was dean of the school for 20 years, from 1917 to 1937. He was within a few weeks of his 90th birth day when he died in April 1965. Oren A. Oliver (1887-1965) was president of the ADA from 1941 to 1942.6,7 Dr. Oliver was born in Vir ginia and received his DDS degree from the Atlanta dental school in 1909. He attended the Dewey School of Orthodontia in 1916. Dr. Oliver was president of the State Board of Health of Tennessee for many years. He was the last living member of the original American Board of Ortho dontics. Dr. Philip E. Adams (1896-1973) was a graduate of and, later, professor of orthodontics at Tufts University.8 He was born in Maine. In his service to organized dentistry, Dr. Adams served as secretary of the Mas sachusetts Dental Society for 20 years. He became ADA president in 1949. In addition to teaching at Tufts, Dr. Adams had an active orthodontic
practice in Boston. Otto W. Brandhorst (1889-1974) was president of the ADA from 1952-1953.9 A native Illinoisian, he graduated from Washington Univer sity School of Dentistry in St. Louis in 1915. He taught there continu ously, and was dean from 1945 until 1952, when he retired from teaching to devote full time to his private prac tice of orthodontics. Dr. Brandhorst was secretary of the American Asso ciation of Dental Editors for 15 years. Arkansas can claim the youngest member of the ADA ever to be its president . 10 W illiam R. Alstadt (1916-) was 41 years old when he served as president from 1957 to 1958. He had been president of the Arkansas State Board of Dental Examiners and was a member of the Arkansas State Board of Health. He has several honorary degrees and had been an ADA trustee for two terms before becoming president. In 1960, Charles H. Patton (18971973) became president of the ADA.11 He was born in West Chester,
Hitchcock : CONTRIBUTIONS OF OR
IONTISTS TO ORGANIZED DEN TISTRY ■ 77
R E V IE W
A R T IC L E
Pa, and graduated from the Univer sity of Pennsylvania in 1919. He served as president of the Pennsyl vania Dental Association. Dr. Patton was a member of the dental staff of Philadelphia General Hospital and assistant professor of cleft palate therapy at the University of Pennsyl vania School of Dentistry. The year after Dr. Patton presided over the ADA, John R. Abel (19061972) became president.12 Dr. Abel, a n a tiv e of K en o sh a, W is, w as a graduate of the dental school at the University of Southern California. He was president of the Southern Cali fornia Dental Association before be coming ADA president. Dr. Abel taught at the University of California Extension Division and served for more than 20 years on the staff of the Los Angeles Orthopaedic Hospital. Carl A. Laughlin (1909-), a native
of West Virginia, became ADA presi dent in 1 971. 13 He graduated from the dental school of the University of Louisville in 1932, and served as a special lecturer at the West Virginia U n iv e rsity d en tal sch o o l. Dr. Laughlin was president of the West Virginia Dental Association and the W est V irginia Board of Dental Examiners and had served on the ADA Board of Trustees for six years. Another recent past president of the ADA (1977-1978) is Frank P. Bowyer, Jr. (1917-).14 Born in Tampa, he attended the University of Florida and the University of Tennessee Col lege of Dentistry where he graduated with honors. Dr. Bowyer served as an alternate delegate to the ADA House for six years and as a delegate for 11 years. He was speaker of the House for six years. Dr. Bowyer maintains a private practice limited to orthodon tics in Knoxville, Tenn.
A shared responsibility Each of these 12 men was or is an orthodontist who has served orga nized dentistry for many years. Ulti mately, each was honored by being
78 ■ JADA, Vol. 100, Jan uary 1980
elected to the presidency of the American Dental Association. For the 12 who have served their profes sion in the highest office, many more have been active in the national or ganization or in state and local societies. As do dentists in all the profession and its specialties, these men exemplify a common heritage of service to the public and dedication to dentistry. Coinciding with this common heritage, all dentists share a responsibility to the patient. Certainly, if classification, diag nosis, and techniques of preventive treatment are taught to students in undergraduate dental curriculum, it is expected that the graduates will use them in practice. Certain Class I cases are amenable to preventive or limited treatment. (The separation of Angle’s Class I malocclusion into five types was started by Dewey and extended by Anderson in Practical Orthodontics.) Type 2 cases with procumbent and spaced incisors are sometimes amenable to treatment by simple means, and certain type 3 cases, the anterior crossbite, may lend themselves to preventive mea sures. The type 4 malocclusion, or posterior crossbite, the type 5 maloc clusion with drift of posterior teeth, and the potential type 5 case with premature loss of deciduous teeth are also candidates for preventive or lim ited orthodontics. Additionally, or thodontic techniques such as uprighting of molars can be used suc cessfully in treatment plans to cor rect other dental conditions. The Class I type 1 cases— those se verely crowded dentitions that, in many instances, generally require ex tra ctio n s and th erap y w ith full a p p lia n ce s— and C lass II or III malocclusions should be treated by specialists.
Summary The first specialty board in dentistry has been celebrating its 50th an niversary. The need for the specialty
and for presenting orthodontic diag nosis and classification at the under graduate level remains. The or thodontic specialty has contributed an active source of leadership to all of dentistry and is proud to share in the common heritage of service to the public and in responsibility to the patient.
T h is paper was presented in part in a speech under the auspices of the Texas State Orthodon tic Society to the T ri State m eeting in New Or leans, celebrating the 100th anniversary of or ganized dentistry in Louisiana, May 12, 1978. T h e author thanks M rs. C h ristin e D olan, former assistant archives librarian, Am erican Dental Association, and Dr. W. M. Shankland, librarian and archivist of the Am erican Associa tion of Orthodontists, for furnishing reference material. Address requests for reprints to Dr. Hitch cock, professor and chairman, department of o rth o d o n tics, U n iv e rsity of T e x a s D en tal School at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, Tex 78229. 1. O bituary. George W. Keely. D ent Rev 2(10):560-562, 1888. 2. Obituary. Henry J. M cKellops. Int Dent J 22(5):437-439, 1901. 3. In memoriam. Dr. H. J. M cKellops. Dent Cosmos 43(7):1042-1054, 1901. 4. Salzm ann, J.A. Historical portraits in den tal culture— Martin Dewey (1881-1933). NY J Dent 31(10):356-357, 1961. 5. Baker, C.R. In memoriam— Frank Monroe Casto (1875-1965). Am J Orthod 51(10):787-789, 1965. 6. Obituary. Oren A. Oliver. JADA 70(4):950, 1965. 7. In memoriam— Oren A. Oliver. Am J Or thod 51(7):545, 1965. 8. Official program. Chicago, A m erican Den tal Association, 1950. 9. Official program. Chicago, Am erican Den tal Association, 1953. 10. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1958. 11. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1961. 12. O fficial program . Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1962. 13. O fficial program. Chicago, A m erican Dental Association, 1972. 14. Biography of Dr. Frank P. Bowyer, Jr. Chicago, Am erican Dental Association, 1976.