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Cooling underground cables
Nov.,
IgI7.]
CUKIIENT
‘I’oI~Ics.
741
The term Z&VZC~ should be more strictly defined, and negative and A proposed practical unit for zero valences should be included. The ioniscd state should be mea_;uring electrons should be used. considered as differing in kind from either the free or the combined Reductiox should include all and only cases of reductions in state. valence, and oxidatiolz all and only cases of an increase in valence, The significance of the gaining and hence the new term adducfiopl. losing of electrons should be more clearly understood; the sign of electrode potentials is then more easily understood. As sometimes ,statetl. Faraday’s law is not a universal one; it is a corollary to a nlore basic one. (Elccfricnl TVoyld, vol. Cooling Underground Cables. ANON. 70. No. 15, p. 720, October 13, IgI7.)-During the last summer a central station company iri the Middle West which operates a rather extensive underground cable system made several experiments with the hope of discovering an effective means of reducing the operating temperature of its lead-covered cables. While none of the experiments developed any particularly successful method, the results of the experiments may be of some value to other companies The first experiment, in which an contemplating similar tests. attempt was made to cool the manholes and conduits by placing ice in the holes, was a failure. Each day for three days 200 pounds The centre manhole of ice was placed in each of three manholes. \\-as on the top of a hill, and at that point a recording thermometer The ice seemed to have no effect on the temperature, \\;as stationed. This did not so the quantity of ice in each manhole was doubled. affect the temperature, and the experiment was discontinued. A forge blower fan was then placed in the previously mentioned middle manhole and was connected to a e-inch sewer tile vent, which extended a distance of about IO feet to the inside of the street curb. approximatel! This fan was kept running 24 hours a day, exhausting Although the fan exhausted a 300 culjic feet of air per minute. considerable quantity of warm air, the recording thermometers did not show any appreciable effect on the temperature of the manhole. Following these experiments, it was decided to try cooling the It was found that with a stream of water at 82O F.. cables l)y water. flowing at the rate of one gallon per minute, the temperature at the tlischargc end, which was 251 feet distant, wa.c 108” I?. On account of the condition of the cable in the district where this experiment \z’as made, further investigation was considered unwise. It was therefore impossible to follow this apparently most successful investigation to a point that would give definite results.
by Centrifugal Force. ANON. (Scientific No. 13. p. 232, September 29, IgI7.)-Palm oil and palm-nut kernels to the value of about $7,ooo,ooo are imported annually by the United States, the bulk ‘of which come from Cracking
Nuts
AIIWY~CU~Z,vol. cxvii,
IgI7.]
CUKIIENT
‘I’oI~Ics.
741
The term Z&VZC~ should be more strictly defined, and negative and A proposed practical unit for zero valences should be included. The ioniscd state should be mea_;uring electrons should be used. considered as differing in kind from either the free or the combined Reductiox should include all and only cases of reductions in state. valence, and oxidatiolz all and only cases of an increase in valence, The significance of the gaining and hence the new term adducfiopl. losing of electrons should be more clearly understood; the sign of electrode potentials is then more easily understood. As sometimes ,statetl. Faraday’s law is not a universal one; it is a corollary to a nlore basic one. (Elccfricnl TVoyld, vol. Cooling Underground Cables. ANON. 70. No. 15, p. 720, October 13, IgI7.)-During the last summer a central station company iri the Middle West which operates a rather extensive underground cable system made several experiments with the hope of discovering an effective means of reducing the operating temperature of its lead-covered cables. While none of the experiments developed any particularly successful method, the results of the experiments may be of some value to other companies The first experiment, in which an contemplating similar tests. attempt was made to cool the manholes and conduits by placing ice in the holes, was a failure. Each day for three days 200 pounds The centre manhole of ice was placed in each of three manholes. \\-as on the top of a hill, and at that point a recording thermometer The ice seemed to have no effect on the temperature, \\;as stationed. This did not so the quantity of ice in each manhole was doubled. affect the temperature, and the experiment was discontinued. A forge blower fan was then placed in the previously mentioned middle manhole and was connected to a e-inch sewer tile vent, which extended a distance of about IO feet to the inside of the street curb. approximatel! This fan was kept running 24 hours a day, exhausting Although the fan exhausted a 300 culjic feet of air per minute. considerable quantity of warm air, the recording thermometers did not show any appreciable effect on the temperature of the manhole. Following these experiments, it was decided to try cooling the It was found that with a stream of water at 82O F.. cables l)y water. flowing at the rate of one gallon per minute, the temperature at the tlischargc end, which was 251 feet distant, wa.c 108” I?. On account of the condition of the cable in the district where this experiment \z’as made, further investigation was considered unwise. It was therefore impossible to follow this apparently most successful investigation to a point that would give definite results.
by Centrifugal Force. ANON. (Scientific No. 13. p. 232, September 29, IgI7.)-Palm oil and palm-nut kernels to the value of about $7,ooo,ooo are imported annually by the United States, the bulk ‘of which come from Cracking
Nuts
AIIWY~CU~Z,vol. cxvii,