Coordination of SVC and TCSC for Management of Power Flow by Particle Swarm Optimization

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2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 2018 5th International Conference on Power 2018, and Energy Systems 19–21 September Nagoya, Japan Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan

Coordination of SVC and TCSC for Management of Power Flow by Coordination SVC and TCSC for on Management Theof 15th International District Heating of andPower Cooling Flow by Particle Symposium Swarm Optimization Particle Swarm Optimization b Assessing theJfeasibility using the heat G Jamnania,a, *of , Maulikkumar Pandyademand-outdoor b J G Jamnani * , Maulikkumar Pandya temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Associate Prof., Dept. of Elect. Engg., Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, 382421, India a a

b candidate, & Tech., Kadi Deendayal sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, 382015, India AssociatePhd Prof., Dept. of Engg. Elect. Engg., Pandit Petroleum University, Gandhinagar, 382421, India a,b,c a a b c b Phd candidate, Engg. & Tech., Kadi sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, 382015, India

I. Andrić a

*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc

IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

b Abstract Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Abstract The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) plays a vital role in power system performance enhancement. They attributes to faster and having an answer for plays many aissues in power system study. With regards to this, a They particle swarm Theaccomplish Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) vital role in power system performance enhancement. attributes of static compensator optimization implemented thatissues to design the coordinated to accomplish(PSO) faster algorithm and havingis an answer for so many in power system study.parameters With regards to this,VAR a particle swarm Abstract of the power system, methods (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled isSeries Capacitor so (TCSC). behavioral nonlinearities of static VARlinear compensator optimization (PSO) algorithm implemented that to With design the coordinated parameters cannot and be used to design coordinated controllers. carried out on 14 bus system withmethods help of of IEEEthe power system, linear (SVC) Thyristor Controlled Seriesparameters Capacitor of (TCSC). WithSimulation behavioralisnonlinearities District networks are iscommonly addressed in the literature of the most effective solutions for decreasing the MATLAB. PSOto applied here builtparameters on searching the values of L as andone Cis of SVC, then one can14 achieve desired cannot beheating used design coordinated of controllers. Simulation carried out on IEEEbus system withand helpfine of greenhousePSO gas emissions fromiswith the building sector. These systems high which areachieve returned throughand thefine heat coordination. PSO is available few change PSOC range & number, difference in selection criteria MATLAB. applied here built on modification, searching the as values of require Lin and of investments SVC, then one can desired sales. Duecontrol toPSO thetechnique climate building renovation policies, heat demand in found the future could decrease, compared and that coordination of technique, etc., withconditions due modification, respectand to normalize PSO.inThe results coordination. ischanged available with few as change PSO rangeare& number, difference in selection criteria prolonging the investment return period. suggested methodareforcompared revamping When function FACTS devices each other promises the efficiency of thePSO. technique, controlwith technique etc., with due respect to normalize The results andPower foundflows. that coordination of The main of this paper is topromises assess the ofofusing the heatsupport demand outdoor temperature function heatfunction demand of TCSC is scope impelled byeach some curb, adjustable SVC can apply additional to–upgrade the grossPower performance. the suggested method for revamping flows. for When FACTS devices with other thefeasibility efficiency district Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), wassupport used astoaupgrade case study. The performance. district is consisted of 665 offorecast. TCSC isThe impelled by of some curb, adjustable SVC can apply additional the gross vary in both construction ©buildings 2018 Thethat Authors. Published by Elsevierperiod Ltd. and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district © 2019 The Authors. by Ltd. scenarios were developed (shallow, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) ©renovation 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Elsevier Ltd. intermediate, This is an open access article under the heat CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) compared with results from a dynamic demand model, previously developed and validatedon by Power the authors. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference and Energy Systems This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference oncould Powerbeand Energy Systems The results showed that when only weather 2018, change is considered, the margin of error acceptable for Energy someEngineering, applications Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September Nagoya, Japan. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Systems CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. scenarios,Coordination; the error value up to 59.5% on the series weather and renovation scenarios Keywords: Staticincreased Var Compensator (SVC); (depending Thyristor controlled capacitor (TCSC); Particle Swarmcombination Optimization considered). (PSO) The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range 3.8% up to 8%Particle per decade, that corresponds Keywords: Coordination; Static Var Compensator (SVC); Thyristor controlled seriesofcapacitor (TCSC); Swarm Optimization (PSO) to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-98-24-336397 Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-98-24-336397 Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 2018, 19–21 2018, Nagoya, Japan. of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE Selection andSeptember peer-review under responsibility 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.149

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1. Introduction Flexible ac transmission system controllers have ability to extend the power transfer capability and also to enhance the stability within given limits, along with improvements in power system operation [1]. Voltage stability has been seen as a steady state problem involving static power flow studies for analysis. The voltage at various buses, the flow of active and reactive power, etc. keep on changing. It can be interpreted that the FACTS controller will normally be furnished with higher order controllers like power swing damping controller, Sub Synchronous Resonance (SSR) damping controller etc. Still to enlarge the awareness, the FACTS controllers are presumed to be furnished with basic PI controller only [2]. For improvement in operation of power system kind of interaction can occur amongst different types of FACTS controllers, which may include the interaction of stabilizers and High voltage DC (HVDC) controllers, too. It is categorized on the base of different values of frequency. The label coordination doesn’t mean a centralized control; in lieu, it is recognized that the tuning of the FACTS controllers will be done together for ensuring the promising, pragmatic improvement of the overall control scheme. It is suggested that the each controller rests mainly with measure of current useable quantity. It will act separately on connected FACTS devices. The TCSC is a prime element of FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices. With the firing control of the thyristors, it can change its apparent reactance smoothly and rapidly [3]. The TCSC is able to directly schedule power flow along required trails and allow the network to run near to the line limits. The SVC is a shunt compensation component. It is actually drafted for voltage maintenance in power structures. Ample as the TCSC, the SVC is also capable of flexible adjustment. In conventional methods, when performance of power system is normally linear, it is designed and engaged cautiously. On the event of large deviation, power system operating point alters substantially. Nevertheless, in such conditions, nonlinearities of power system have substantial effects and linear methods can’t be capable of endure its stability. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of nonlinearities of power system. Now a time, intelligent optimization algorithm is being widely used to design power system stabilizers. With this all circumstances, tabu search algorithm [4], genetic algorithm [5], simulate anealing, bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) and small population based PSO are applied as intelligent algorithms for one to one coordination of stabilizer in power system. In number of literatures numerous researchers suggested for coordination betwixt Power system stabilizer and FACTS devices for encircling the vigorous presentation of the power network. The integral of squared error process is utilised for global attuning in the stabilizers by taking the multimachine power area containing SVC and TCSC besides PSS to manifest the efficient and hardiness of the proposed tuning method is also considered. In [6] combined performance of SVC-TCSC along with UPFC has been simulated under EUROSTAG environment for Voltage stability improvement. Power transfer capability enhancement with IEEE-118 bus system by four types of FACTS controllers has been presented in [7]. Hybrid Particle swarm optimization was used for the same. Recently, quasi-oppositional chemical reaction optimization [8] was used for optimal reactive power dispatch problem for multi FACTS device. Non-linear control scheme for Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) has been presented [9] to analyze transient stability of a multimachine power system with non-linear control scheme. To increase the transmission capacity and enhancement of the power system stability, UPFC was proposed in [10]. There is simultaneous application of thyristor controlled series capacitor based damping controller and power system stabilizer for stability improvement of dynamic power system in [11]. Voltage stability assessment with appropriate representation of SVC and TCSC is investigated and compared in the IEEE 6-bus system [12]. 2. SVC and TCSC According to IEEE definition, SVC, known as a shunt connected static var generator; capable of stepless adjustment of reactive power over an unlimited range i.e. lagging or leading without any time delay. These will draw reactive power from the line and thereby regulating voltage, improve both steady-state and dynamic stability and reduce voltage flicker. Hence it will drastically improve the voltage profile [13]. Their primary purpose is to supply a fast-acting, precise, and adjustable amount of reactive power to the system to which they are connected. SVCs achieve this by switching in or out one or more thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs), and by adjusting the firing angle of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR). Some SVCs also comprise a number of fixed capacitors (FCs) which supply a steady amount of reactive power. One of the firing angle mode is as per Fig. 1. SVCs can be used for



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voltage compensation at the receiver end of ac transmission lines, thus replacing banks of shunt capacitors. When used for this purpose, SVCs offer a number of advantages over banks of shunt capacitors, such as much tighter control of the voltage compensation at the receiver end of the ac transmission line and increased line stability during load variations.

Fig.1 SVC firing angle mode

Fig.2 Layout of TCSC

The fundamental arrangement the TCSC is as per Fig.2. In the same, one may found restriction in limit of firing angles, safety measure of voltage in MOV as well as the harmonic current (I), resting on line current. Consequently, the span of Reactance is further little. Potential of TCSC may be elucidated with regard to their reactance against the line current. The TCSC furnishes muscular meaning of commanding and enlarging power transferal level of the system by differing the noticeable impedance of a determined transmission line. A TCSC is exploited in a drafted way for contingency to escalate power system stability [14]. 3. Particle Swarm Optimization 3.1 Primary Goal Particle swarm optimization is a robust technical optimization technique based on the movement and intelligence of swarms. PSO applies the concept of social interaction to problem solving. It is applying a various agents (particles) which represents a swarm travelling in the search margin, focusing for the best solution. Each particle is viewed as a spot in an N-dimensional space, which calibrates its “flying” in fulfilment of its own flying occurrence besides the “flying” occurrence of additional agents. The agents in the optimization formulation contribute its data with one and all & run so as to approach the foremost flight for detecting optimal result by number of iterations. In particular iteration, agents will revise belonging velocity and position with operating given equation. (1) 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 ��� � ���� � �� ������… �� ��������� � � �� ������… � � ��������� � �

where, Velocity of agent i at iteration k, w Vik Ci weighting factor, rand k current position of agent i at iteration k, Pbest i gbest global best of the group.

��

�

�

Weighting function, uniformly distributed number b/w 0 and 1, personal best position of agent i,

���� ��������

�������

���

�������

(2)

The PSO iteration is carried out to obtain the smooth voltage profile according to the algorithm of it, which is described in section 5.The optimization issue considered in this occasion is to curtail the cost. Target in this optimization issue is to operate as a fitness function in the problem. 3.2 why PSO?

With the perspective of an advancement, functioning of the PSO is wagerer with respect to Genetic Algorithm & then it was found that PSO appears with its terminal parameter data in very lesser number of generations than the GA. With balancing to GA, PSO was gentle to enact and it comprises of very less variables to adapt [15]. PSO is the sole algorism that will not execute the existence of the fittest. Apart from all, PSO came with many variants like

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discrete PSO, MINLP PSO, Hybrid PSO etc. Ordinary PSO have disadvantage of the short of convergence directed to global optima. 4. Problem Formulation To examine the problem, standard IEEE 14-bus system as shown in Figure (3) is depicted. It is a one line diagram representation. Base MVA of the system is 100 MVA, Base kV will be 230 V with frequency of system as 50 Hertz. System parameters related to transmission lines, transformers, synchronous generators etc is according to [12]. According to Fig. (3) Bus numbers are visible as 1,2,3,…,14. The placement of two of the FACTS devices is decided on Load flow analysis of this particular bus system. Normally, Real rating of the SVC and TCSC can be determined by various sizing methods. SVC of 391 MVA is considered with its both mode. By analyzing the normal load flow of the system by G-S method and uncompensated power system; Bus 14 is the weakest bus of system and line loss between line 9-14 is moderate, respectively. Accordingly SVC is placed at Bus-8 and TCSC is connected in series betwixt line 9 and 14, which is also shown in fig. (3).These are preliminary selection for problem formulation. Table 1 PSO Parameters

No. of Particles

10

Max. Inertia weight

0.9

Min. Inertia weight

0.4

C1, C2

0.5, 3.5

No. of Iterations

10

Fig.3 IEEE 14 Bus System

5. Result and Discussion While investigating the problem, PSO algorism is exploited for navigation of datas of SVC and TCSC controller coordinately w i t h h e l p o f eq.(1). In accordance with the present procedure, simulation is put through the multimachine system in MATLAB with toolbox. PSO used here is built on searching the values of L and C of SVC, then one can achieve desired and fine coordination. PSO taken here is available with few modification, as change in PSO range & number, difference in selection criteria technique, control technique etc, with due respect to normalize PSO. Accordingly, in PSO algorithm, initially we have to Set L, C, L1, C1 from input variables. At the end of Simulation, we check the Voltage Difference of RMS Value of Voltage to 1 pu, which give minimum value, which we have to maintain minimum as possible. Regards PSO function, step by step, we will initialize Function Variables, Set PSO Fitness Function Variables’ Boundary. Generate Different Variables Combination Sets within Boundary which equal to number of Population Size. In One Iteration, will Set 1st Variables Combination and give to PSO Fitness Function. After Completion of PSO Fitness Function, it will give its return Cost value (which is equal to minimum value of voltage variation). Then Save Input Variable Combination, Cost value. Repeat the same procedure with other Variable Combinations. After Completion of All Variable Combinations, will find better Cost. From Better Cost, will find Local Cost & Its Parameter. Regenerate 2nd Variables Combination Sets from last Global & local Parameters. Repeat PSO function for Remaining Iteration. At Completion of each Iteration find Global cost & Its Parameter (which minimum in all time) from previous Global Cost & Its Parameter and Current Local Cost & Its Parameter. After Completion of all



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Iteration we get Final Global Cost & Its Parameter. Next, the implementation of said projected coordinated act is reviewed with a multimachine system as per Fig (3). For the validation, too, a 3-phase line to ground fault at Bus-9 (fig. 4), is simulated for 300 ms. This fault has been occurred in 0.035 s and it is disappeared in 0.103 s. Hence identified the weakest Bus of the system, selection of FACTS device location is easy as a primary selection point of view. As a result, according to fig. (4) and (6), an excellent enhancement in the active power flow between line 9-14 and electrical Power transferred at Bus-8 has been observed with the action of TCSC. Similarly, a 1-phase to ground Fault at Bus-9 is also created, for 450 ms. Effect can be observed from fig. (5) and fig. (7). The important thing here is that SVC-TCSC coordination have better result than alone TCSC or SVC. On the same note, for the reactive power flow [16], it encountered a small decrease too, by using coordinated control. The amount of active and reactive power can be observed from Table 2.

Fig. 4 Active and Reactive Power (pu) (LLLG)

Fig.6 Electrical Power Exchanged (Pe) (pu)

Fig.5 Active and Reactive Power (LG fault) (pu)

Fig. 7 Elect. Power (Pe) (LG Fault) (pu) Table 2. Power Flows Case (Line 9-14)

Active Power (pu)

Reactive Power (pu)

Without FACTS

0.84

0.092

Electrical Power (Pe) 1.5

With coordination

0.985

0.084

1.89

Fig. 8 Voltage (pu) at Bus-14

At Bus 14, magnitude of voltage has been changed from 0.96 pu to 0.98 pu by coordinating both the FACTS devices. From fig.(8) it can be seen that during fault condition no any voltage has been appeared. Also, TCSC generates reactive power and thus improving the Voltage Stability of the System. From the table, it is verified that as SVC and TCSC with proper condition, are positioned in the network, voltage profile of various bus for other

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fault conditions may be upgraded substantially. 6. Conclusion This paper furnish a crisp thought on outcome of coordination. Their separate donation i n d i r e c t i o n t o the improvement of Power flow which have experimented on a 14 bus system. The composite, SVC and TCSC has been examined, as a multitype FACTS device effect, for preservation of the voltage profile, too. The proper tuning optimizes the parameters of the controllers. Also, results of simulation clearly validating that Power flows and stability is effectively improved with coordinated control technique. This approach can be supported by identifying the proper location of the FACTS. The heart of the paper was SVC-TCSC combination, which have given dynamic performance under three phase short circuit fault with the ground. On the other hand, parameters like active power, reactive power (limit) and damping of oscillations can also be verified, by same coordination and with interaction of SVC & TCSC. In conclusion, appropriate coordination of FACTS devices can fruitfully refine the performance of power system. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

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