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Correlation of slaking with the unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized clayey admixtures
242A 914338 M40 motorway Banbury IV contract - lime stabilisation Snedker, E A: Temporal, J Highways Transp V37. NI2. Dec 1990. P7-8
Soil compaction
The use of lime stabilisation of roadway subbase capping layers in place of crushed stone is widely practiced. This construction was successfully used on stretches of the M40 north of Banbury, but problems arose in the Banbury IV contract, where carriageway uplift of up to 150mm was discovered. Trench excavation revealed the lime stabilised layer had softened and grown in thickness. Subsequent investigation suggested the heave was the result of reaction between lime, soil (Lower Lias), and groundwater resulting in ettringite/thumasite formation. Careful consideration of soil/groundwater chemistry when lime stabilisation is used in future contracts is therefore necessary.
914342 Study on the fimit of compactness and the difficulty of compaction of aggregate mixes using the controlled parameter vibrocompressor (VCPC) (In French) Nguyen, D C; Mulders, J Bull Liaison Labs Ponts Chaussees N169, Sept-Oct 1990, P49-63
914339 Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilisation Kamon, M; Nontananandh, S J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VIIT, NI. Jan 1991, PI-17 The potential for burning various industrial wastes with lime to produce a product with similar cementing properties to ordinary portland cement is investigated. Sludge or cakes from the rubber, sugar, and brewing industries and steelworks slag were the wastes used in the experiments. Percentages of the main cementitious compounds in the new stabiliser are similar to those of OPC. and it shows promise for stabilisation of loamy subgrades. Thc role of Ettringite in the stabilisation of looms is discussed.
914340 Improvements of the properties of clay soil by the addition of cement Bell. F G; Trycr, M J Proc 2nd International Conference on Foundations and Tunnels, London, 19-21 September 1989 VI, P341-349, Publ Edinburgh. Engineering Technics Press. 1989 Heavy clay soils which present difficulties in construction can generally be improved by additions of cement. The effect on the engineering properties of the soils depends on clay mineralogy, curing time, and curing environment, as well as amount of cement. These effects have been studied in simulated high plasticity clays, prepared by mixing kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz, in an attempt to optimise stabilisation treatment.
914341 Correlation of slaking with the unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized clayey admixtures Stavridakis, E I; Demiris, K A; Hatzigogos, T N Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 VI, P473-480. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Erosion problems due to slaking of clay soils in earth dams may not be immediately evident, but must be guarded against. Cement stabilisation is one method for this. To quantify the erodibility of cement stabilised clay soils, slaking and unconfined compression tests were carried out on a series of artifical soil specimens with varying cement content, compaction, and curing times. A correlation is developed between compressive strength and slaking, which may be used empirically as a predictive tool.
See also: 914191
The degree of compaction achieved for continuously graded aggregates in base courses has great bearing on pavement performance. The controlled-parameter vibrocompressor is presented as an improvement to the Proctor test for characterising these materials. The sample is subjected to simultaneous circular horizontal vibration and vertical pressure, and density/compaction-time curves are recorded. Granular rearrangement is more homogeneous than in conventional compaction tests. Application of the VCPC to examine influences of water content, grading, fines content, and nature of the binder for 13 aggregates is described. 914343 Measurement of reinstatement backfill quality by means of the Clegg meter Winter, M G; Selby, A R Proc 2nd International Conference on Foundations and Tunnels, London, 19-21 September 1989 VI, P367-372. Publ Edinburgh: Engineering Technics Press. 1989 Repair and replacement of road bases require compaction to a high and consistent standard, to protect underlying layers and buried utilities. A method of in situ assessment of unbound reinstatement material has been developed at Durham University. It uses the Clegg meter, consisting of a standard Proctor hammer with an integral accelerometer. Design of the instrumentation, correlation with other test methods, and results of laboratory and field trials are described. 914344 Influence delay time on the quality of a compacted soil-cement De Toledo, P E C Proc 12th International Conference on Soil Atechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, 13-18 August 1989 VI, P511-514. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1989 Influence of time between addition of cement and end of compaction process on the properties of lateritic soil-cement mixtures has been investigated. Several series of samples were prepared in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were carried out on these and on samples taken after compaction in the field. Quality loss with time was greater for the laboratory samples. This may be explained by greater inhomogeneity of the field mixed soils. 914345 Small diameter reinforced stone columns in soft clay De, P K; Ray, S Proc Indian Geotechnical Conference, 1989, Geotechniques o f Problematic Soils and Rocks, Visakhapatnam,14-16 December 1989 VI. P91-94. Publ New Delhi: Sarita Prakashan, 1989 At a construction site in India which has been treated with small diameter rammed stone columns, initial column foundations showed unacceptable settlement or tilt. Site investigations showed a filled-in pond containing very soft muck was present, and the stone columns failed by bulging below the skirt in this muck stratum. Tests were carried out using layers
~, 1991 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted
Soil compaction
The use of lime stabilisation of roadway subbase capping layers in place of crushed stone is widely practiced. This construction was successfully used on stretches of the M40 north of Banbury, but problems arose in the Banbury IV contract, where carriageway uplift of up to 150mm was discovered. Trench excavation revealed the lime stabilised layer had softened and grown in thickness. Subsequent investigation suggested the heave was the result of reaction between lime, soil (Lower Lias), and groundwater resulting in ettringite/thumasite formation. Careful consideration of soil/groundwater chemistry when lime stabilisation is used in future contracts is therefore necessary.
914342 Study on the fimit of compactness and the difficulty of compaction of aggregate mixes using the controlled parameter vibrocompressor (VCPC) (In French) Nguyen, D C; Mulders, J Bull Liaison Labs Ponts Chaussees N169, Sept-Oct 1990, P49-63
914339 Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil stabilisation Kamon, M; Nontananandh, S J Geotech Engng Div ASCE VIIT, NI. Jan 1991, PI-17 The potential for burning various industrial wastes with lime to produce a product with similar cementing properties to ordinary portland cement is investigated. Sludge or cakes from the rubber, sugar, and brewing industries and steelworks slag were the wastes used in the experiments. Percentages of the main cementitious compounds in the new stabiliser are similar to those of OPC. and it shows promise for stabilisation of loamy subgrades. Thc role of Ettringite in the stabilisation of looms is discussed.
914340 Improvements of the properties of clay soil by the addition of cement Bell. F G; Trycr, M J Proc 2nd International Conference on Foundations and Tunnels, London, 19-21 September 1989 VI, P341-349, Publ Edinburgh. Engineering Technics Press. 1989 Heavy clay soils which present difficulties in construction can generally be improved by additions of cement. The effect on the engineering properties of the soils depends on clay mineralogy, curing time, and curing environment, as well as amount of cement. These effects have been studied in simulated high plasticity clays, prepared by mixing kaolinite, montmorillonite and quartz, in an attempt to optimise stabilisation treatment.
914341 Correlation of slaking with the unconfined compressive strength of cement stabilized clayey admixtures Stavridakis, E I; Demiris, K A; Hatzigogos, T N Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 VI, P473-480. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Erosion problems due to slaking of clay soils in earth dams may not be immediately evident, but must be guarded against. Cement stabilisation is one method for this. To quantify the erodibility of cement stabilised clay soils, slaking and unconfined compression tests were carried out on a series of artifical soil specimens with varying cement content, compaction, and curing times. A correlation is developed between compressive strength and slaking, which may be used empirically as a predictive tool.
See also: 914191
The degree of compaction achieved for continuously graded aggregates in base courses has great bearing on pavement performance. The controlled-parameter vibrocompressor is presented as an improvement to the Proctor test for characterising these materials. The sample is subjected to simultaneous circular horizontal vibration and vertical pressure, and density/compaction-time curves are recorded. Granular rearrangement is more homogeneous than in conventional compaction tests. Application of the VCPC to examine influences of water content, grading, fines content, and nature of the binder for 13 aggregates is described. 914343 Measurement of reinstatement backfill quality by means of the Clegg meter Winter, M G; Selby, A R Proc 2nd International Conference on Foundations and Tunnels, London, 19-21 September 1989 VI, P367-372. Publ Edinburgh: Engineering Technics Press. 1989 Repair and replacement of road bases require compaction to a high and consistent standard, to protect underlying layers and buried utilities. A method of in situ assessment of unbound reinstatement material has been developed at Durham University. It uses the Clegg meter, consisting of a standard Proctor hammer with an integral accelerometer. Design of the instrumentation, correlation with other test methods, and results of laboratory and field trials are described. 914344 Influence delay time on the quality of a compacted soil-cement De Toledo, P E C Proc 12th International Conference on Soil Atechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, 13-18 August 1989 VI, P511-514. Publ Rotterdam." A A Balkema, 1989 Influence of time between addition of cement and end of compaction process on the properties of lateritic soil-cement mixtures has been investigated. Several series of samples were prepared in the laboratory. Unconfined compression tests were carried out on these and on samples taken after compaction in the field. Quality loss with time was greater for the laboratory samples. This may be explained by greater inhomogeneity of the field mixed soils. 914345 Small diameter reinforced stone columns in soft clay De, P K; Ray, S Proc Indian Geotechnical Conference, 1989, Geotechniques o f Problematic Soils and Rocks, Visakhapatnam,14-16 December 1989 VI. P91-94. Publ New Delhi: Sarita Prakashan, 1989 At a construction site in India which has been treated with small diameter rammed stone columns, initial column foundations showed unacceptable settlement or tilt. Site investigations showed a filled-in pond containing very soft muck was present, and the stone columns failed by bulging below the skirt in this muck stratum. Tests were carried out using layers
~, 1991 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction not permitted