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Corrigendum to “Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment” by M. Clara et al. [Chemosphere 78(9) 1078–1084]
Chemosphere 79 (2010) 1017–1018
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemosphere journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere
Corrigendum
Corrigendum to ‘‘Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment” by M. Clara et al. [Chemosphere 78(9) 1078–1084] M. Clara a,*, G. Windhofer a, W. Hartl a, K. Braun a, M. Simon a, O. Gans a, C. Scheffknecht b, A. Chovanec a a b
Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria Environmental Institute of the State of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901 Bregenz, Austria
The authors regret that errors appear in their paper: – Table 2: all numbers refer to lg/l (and not ng/l for mean, min, max and median values). – Text chapter 3.1.1: all values in the 3rd paragraph refer to lg/l instead of ng/l. The corrected table and text are shown below. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. 3.1.1. Wastewater Detection frequency as well as a summary of the measured concentrations of the six analysed phthalates in untreated and treated sewage in 15 WWTPs is provided in Table 2. In the influent DEP, BBP and DEHP were found in all samples, whereas detection frequencies for DMP, DBP and DOP amounted to 87%, 53% and 80% respectively. In the effluent only BBP and DEHP were detected in all samples, whereas detection frequencies for DMP, DEP, DBP and DOP amounted to 60%, 80%, 53% and 7% respectively. Beside DOP the detection frequencies in influent and effluent are comparable, but the concentrations measured in the influent are notably higher than those in the effluent, highlighting the removal capacity of municipal WWTPs for phthalates. In the influent as well as in the effluent the concentrations of the various phthalates varied strongly. The most abundant compound in the influent was DEHP (3.4–34 lg L 1), followed by DEP (0.77–9.2 lg L 1) and DBP (n.d.–8.7 lg L 1). The remaining phthalates BBP, DMP and DOP were of minor importance with concentrations around or below 1 lg L 1. In the effluent notably lower concentrations than in the influent were observed, but the distribution more or less remained unchanged. Also in the effluent DEHP was the most abundant compound with concentrations ranging 0.083 up to 6.6 lg L 1, followed by DBP (n.d.–2.4 lg L 1) and BBP
DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.052 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 31304 5612; fax: +43 1 31304 5622. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Clara). 0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.006
(0.088–1.4 lg L 1). DMP (n.d.–0.19 lg L 1) is of minor importance and DOP was detected only in one of the analysed effluent samples. Comparable distributions and comparable concentrations in influent and effluent were reported by Gasperi et al. (2008) and Dargnat et al. (2009). Also Marttinen et al. (2003) and Roslev et al. (2007) observed a comparable distribution but slightly higher concentrations. Higher effluent concentrations are reported also by Fromme et al. (2002) with DEHP ranging 1.74–182 lg L 1 and DBP ranging 0.2–10.4 lg L 1 in treated sewage and also by Marttinen et al. (2003) observing 6 lg L 1 of DEHP. Those higher concentrations in former studies may at least be partially explained by the fact, that DEHP is continuously replaced by other phthalate plasticizers. Specific pe loads in the influents were determined and referred to the industrial wastewater proportion. The industrial influence in the drainage area is calculated by determining the COD mass flux deriving from inhabitants with a specific COD load of 120 g COD pe 1 d 1 and referring this COD load to the total measured COD load in the sampled WWTPs. The difference is attributed to commerce and industry. In order to account uncertainties three categories are defined. Category 1 is a domestic area with influence of industry below 25%, category 2 has a mixed drainage area with industrial/commercial influences between 25–75% and category 3 is dominated by industry (more than 75% of the COD flux in the influent attributed to industry). Results for DEP and DEHP as the dominant phthalates are shown in Fig. 1. The specific pe discharges vary within a wide range, but highest values are calculated for drainage areas dominated by households and low industrial/commercial influences. This observation corresponds to the results reported by Vethaak et al. (2005) observing the highest phthalate concentrations in wastewaters from residential areas.
1018
Substance
Influent LOQ (lg L
DMP DEP DBP BBP DEHP DOP
0.26–1.5 0.41–0.75 0.29–14 0.25–1 0.23–0.28 0.48–0.95
n.d. – not detected. a Detection frequency.
Effluent 1
)
LOD (lg L
1
)
0.073–0.74 0.12–0.21 0.083–6.8 0.066–0.28 0.061–0.075 0.13–0.26
n < LOD (–)
n > LOD (–)
DFa (%)
Mean (min–max) (lg L 1)
Median (lg L 1)
LOQ (lg L
2 0 7 0 0 3
13 15 8 15 15 12
87 100 53 100 100 80
0.95 (n.d.–2.4) 4.1 (0.77–9.2) 2.2 (n.d.–8.7) 0.95 (0.31–3.2) 18 (3.4–34) 0.49 (n.d.–1.1)
0.88 3.9 0.76 0.9 18 0.54
0.14–0.81 0.23–0.4 0.15–9.6 0.13–0.56 0.12–0.26 0.24–0.51
1
)
LOD (lg L 0.04–0.4 0.065–0.11 0.044–4.8 0.033–0.15 0.032–0.07 0.067–0.14
1
)
n < LOD (–)
n > LOD (–)
DFa (%)
Mean (min–max) (lg L 1)
Median (lg L
6 3 7 0 0 14
9 12 8 15 15 1
60 80 53 100 100 7
0.062 (n.d.–0.19) 0.20 (n.d.–1.1) 0.54 (n.d.–2.4) 0.36 (0.088–1.4) 1.6 (0.083–6.6) 0.017 (n.d.–0.26)
0.090 0.15 0.34 0.31 0.50 n.d.
1
)
Corrigendum / Chemosphere 79 (2010) 1017–1018
Table 2 Occurrence of the six analysed phthalates in raw and treated wastewater (n = 15).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Chemosphere journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere
Corrigendum
Corrigendum to ‘‘Occurrence of phthalates in surface runoff, untreated and treated wastewater and fate during wastewater treatment” by M. Clara et al. [Chemosphere 78(9) 1078–1084] M. Clara a,*, G. Windhofer a, W. Hartl a, K. Braun a, M. Simon a, O. Gans a, C. Scheffknecht b, A. Chovanec a a b
Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria Environmental Institute of the State of Vorarlberg, Montfortstraße 4, 6901 Bregenz, Austria
The authors regret that errors appear in their paper: – Table 2: all numbers refer to lg/l (and not ng/l for mean, min, max and median values). – Text chapter 3.1.1: all values in the 3rd paragraph refer to lg/l instead of ng/l. The corrected table and text are shown below. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused. 3.1.1. Wastewater Detection frequency as well as a summary of the measured concentrations of the six analysed phthalates in untreated and treated sewage in 15 WWTPs is provided in Table 2. In the influent DEP, BBP and DEHP were found in all samples, whereas detection frequencies for DMP, DBP and DOP amounted to 87%, 53% and 80% respectively. In the effluent only BBP and DEHP were detected in all samples, whereas detection frequencies for DMP, DEP, DBP and DOP amounted to 60%, 80%, 53% and 7% respectively. Beside DOP the detection frequencies in influent and effluent are comparable, but the concentrations measured in the influent are notably higher than those in the effluent, highlighting the removal capacity of municipal WWTPs for phthalates. In the influent as well as in the effluent the concentrations of the various phthalates varied strongly. The most abundant compound in the influent was DEHP (3.4–34 lg L 1), followed by DEP (0.77–9.2 lg L 1) and DBP (n.d.–8.7 lg L 1). The remaining phthalates BBP, DMP and DOP were of minor importance with concentrations around or below 1 lg L 1. In the effluent notably lower concentrations than in the influent were observed, but the distribution more or less remained unchanged. Also in the effluent DEHP was the most abundant compound with concentrations ranging 0.083 up to 6.6 lg L 1, followed by DBP (n.d.–2.4 lg L 1) and BBP
DOI of original article: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.052 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 31304 5612; fax: +43 1 31304 5622. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Clara). 0045-6535/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.006
(0.088–1.4 lg L 1). DMP (n.d.–0.19 lg L 1) is of minor importance and DOP was detected only in one of the analysed effluent samples. Comparable distributions and comparable concentrations in influent and effluent were reported by Gasperi et al. (2008) and Dargnat et al. (2009). Also Marttinen et al. (2003) and Roslev et al. (2007) observed a comparable distribution but slightly higher concentrations. Higher effluent concentrations are reported also by Fromme et al. (2002) with DEHP ranging 1.74–182 lg L 1 and DBP ranging 0.2–10.4 lg L 1 in treated sewage and also by Marttinen et al. (2003) observing 6 lg L 1 of DEHP. Those higher concentrations in former studies may at least be partially explained by the fact, that DEHP is continuously replaced by other phthalate plasticizers. Specific pe loads in the influents were determined and referred to the industrial wastewater proportion. The industrial influence in the drainage area is calculated by determining the COD mass flux deriving from inhabitants with a specific COD load of 120 g COD pe 1 d 1 and referring this COD load to the total measured COD load in the sampled WWTPs. The difference is attributed to commerce and industry. In order to account uncertainties three categories are defined. Category 1 is a domestic area with influence of industry below 25%, category 2 has a mixed drainage area with industrial/commercial influences between 25–75% and category 3 is dominated by industry (more than 75% of the COD flux in the influent attributed to industry). Results for DEP and DEHP as the dominant phthalates are shown in Fig. 1. The specific pe discharges vary within a wide range, but highest values are calculated for drainage areas dominated by households and low industrial/commercial influences. This observation corresponds to the results reported by Vethaak et al. (2005) observing the highest phthalate concentrations in wastewaters from residential areas.
1018
Substance
Influent LOQ (lg L
DMP DEP DBP BBP DEHP DOP
0.26–1.5 0.41–0.75 0.29–14 0.25–1 0.23–0.28 0.48–0.95
n.d. – not detected. a Detection frequency.
Effluent 1
)
LOD (lg L
1
)
0.073–0.74 0.12–0.21 0.083–6.8 0.066–0.28 0.061–0.075 0.13–0.26
n < LOD (–)
n > LOD (–)
DFa (%)
Mean (min–max) (lg L 1)
Median (lg L 1)
LOQ (lg L
2 0 7 0 0 3
13 15 8 15 15 12
87 100 53 100 100 80
0.95 (n.d.–2.4) 4.1 (0.77–9.2) 2.2 (n.d.–8.7) 0.95 (0.31–3.2) 18 (3.4–34) 0.49 (n.d.–1.1)
0.88 3.9 0.76 0.9 18 0.54
0.14–0.81 0.23–0.4 0.15–9.6 0.13–0.56 0.12–0.26 0.24–0.51
1
)
LOD (lg L 0.04–0.4 0.065–0.11 0.044–4.8 0.033–0.15 0.032–0.07 0.067–0.14
1
)
n < LOD (–)
n > LOD (–)
DFa (%)
Mean (min–max) (lg L 1)
Median (lg L
6 3 7 0 0 14
9 12 8 15 15 1
60 80 53 100 100 7
0.062 (n.d.–0.19) 0.20 (n.d.–1.1) 0.54 (n.d.–2.4) 0.36 (0.088–1.4) 1.6 (0.083–6.6) 0.017 (n.d.–0.26)
0.090 0.15 0.34 0.31 0.50 n.d.
1
)
Corrigendum / Chemosphere 79 (2010) 1017–1018
Table 2 Occurrence of the six analysed phthalates in raw and treated wastewater (n = 15).