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Cost related reliability evaluation of bulk power systems
06
Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts
02/00955 A multiple-block fuzzy logic-based electric water heater demand-side management strategy for leveling distribution feeder demand profile Nehrir, M.H. and LaMeres, B.J. Electric Poll,er S~~rems Res~crrch, 2000, 56, (3), 225-230. This paper describes a multiple-block fuzzy logic-based demand-side management (DSM) strategy to shift the peaks of the residential electric water-heater power demand component of a distribution area from periods of high demand for electricity to off-peak hours. This is achieved by dividing the distribution area into several blocks and, controlling each block by a different fuzzy controller. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed DSM strategy to shift the electric water-heater peak demand to off-peak periods and to level the utility distribution demand profile.
02/00956 Cost related reliability evaluation of bulk power systems Billinton, R. and Zhang, W. Elecrrical POIIW uru/ Energy S~SICIRS, 2001, 23, (2), 99-112. Economics plays a major role in the application of reliability concepts and the attainment of an acceptable level of reliability. Inadequate reliability of electric power supply ultimately costs the customers much more than good reliability. It is therefore important to determine the optimal reliability level at which the reliability investment achieves the best results in reducing the customer damage costs due to power supply interruptions. This paper presents a technique to calculate cost-related reliability indices of a composite system at the load points and for the overall system. These cost related reliability indices are calculated in the form of both annualized and annual values. System studies conducted on two reliability test systems are presented, which provide insight into the variation of the indices with different system factors.
02/00957 Energy technology portfolio analysis: an example of lighting for residential sector Balachandra, P. and Shekar, G.L. Energy Conwrsion cttd Munugmnent. 2001, 42, (7), 813-832. Lighting is one of the most important and high quality uses of electricity. Recent advances in lighting technologies have made it possible to use the precious electrical energy more efficiently. Even though efficient lighting devices are available in abundance, their performance in terms of penetrating the market is rather dismal. The main reasons for this are the high initial purchase costs, uncertainties in returns and the tendency of consumers to use high discount rates in investing in energy efficient devices. Therefore, there is a need to develop a portfolio of both inefficient and efficient lighting devices for better market penetration of the latter one, since total elimination of the use of inefficient devices is impossible. Further, it is interesting to study whether the energy efficient alternatives are attractive investments via-&vi.7 common stock options. This paper analyses the economics of such an issue before developing an optimal portfolio of these alternatives for a typical household in Karnataka State, India. A mixed integer programming model has been developed, and a comparison of returns is made. The results show that the optimal lighting portfolio provides a far higher return at a lower risk compared to the stock market. Overall results indicate a substantial savings both in terms of energy and peak demand.
02/00956 Financial appraisal of a combined heat and power system for a hotel in Cyprus Papamarcou, M. and Kalogirou, S. Energy Conversion and Muncrgement, 2001, 42, (6), 689-708. A combined heat and power (CHP) system can convert low cost fuel, such as gas or fuel oil, into high value electricity and heat. It can generate ‘home-made’ electricity more cheaply than it can be purchased. The term CHP is used to define the process of utilizing the plant to generate both electricity and heat simultaneously, thereby extracting a greater benefit from the fuel used. In this work, a feasibility study of a CHP system for a hotel application is presented. The Cyprus energy scene is presented, followed by an energy analysis of the hotel. A description of the CHP system is also presented. The method of economic analysis adopted in this study is the discounted cash flow method, which takes into account the time value of money. The analysis is conducted with the use of a spreadsheet program. The economic analysis of the CHP system shows that the annual net saving of the system is around Cyf26500, while the capital investment is Cyf85 000. The payback period of the system is found to be 3.2 years, which is very satisfactory. Based on the findings presented in this paper, it is believed that CHP is viable for the Cyprus hotel industry.
02/00959 Fossil fuel flexibility in west European power generation and the impact of system load factors Siiderholm, P. Energy Economics, 2001. 23. 77-97. This paper analysed short-run interfuel substitution in west European power generation, and the impact of system load factors on fossil fuel choice. The problems are studied withm a restricted translog cost share model, The paper concludes that interfuel substitution in existing power plants is substantial, especially that between oil and gas. This is consistent with the notion that short-run fuel substitution takes place m dual- or multi-fired plants, by switching load between different singlefired plants, and by some conversions of power plants to be able to burn alternate fuels. The empirical investigation also indicates that the system load factor is a notable determinant of fossil fuel choices in west and the paper ends with an assessment of the fuel Europe, consequences of some load management schemes in the region.
02/00960 Incentive policies for natural gas-fired cogeneration in Brazil’s industrial sector - case studies: chemical plant and pulp mill Soares, J.B. ?I crl. EnrrgF Po/ic,v, 2001, 29. (3), 205-215. Although recent restructuring of Brazil’s power sector has increased the stakes held by private enterprise in the sector, the role of combined heat and power generation (CHP) is still undefined. Currently, this generation alternative is used only in a few industrial plants, being faced with an unfavourable institutional panorama. Issues related to the buyback rate, backup energy contracts and transmission rates are just some of the main barriers to cogeneration development in Brazil. This article assesses the economic performance of three natural gasfired cogeneration systems at two specific industrial plants, one in the chemical sector and the other in the pulp and paper sector. As shown by international experience, these two sectors make intensive use of self-produced power. The results show that small and medium-size units, less than 20 MWe, are feasible for electric-intensive industrial plants, due to the current high risk of power outages of the Brazilian electrical system. Large units are only feasible with the adoption of incentive policies for selling off surplus power generated by the selfproducer.
02/00961 Large-scale economic integration of electricity from short-rotation woody crops Varela, M. CI rrl. Solur Energy, 2001, 70. (2). 95-107. This paper presents an assessment of the installation of a large-scale biomass scheme for production of electricity for distribution via the national grid in Spain. The biomass scheme studied is based on woody biomass (eucalyptus, acacia and poplar) as short rotation crops in arable lands. The site selection process has been carried out with a Geographical Information System (GIS). The criteria applied in the selection, cultivation and location of the plantation as well as the biomass power plants have taken into account environmental aspects and the economic costs, always pursuing the lowest energy cost and environmental impacts. The size of each power plant has been calculated taking into account the annual productivity of biomass and the available surface of arable non-irrigated land. The costs of energy crop production in each area have been calculated as well as the storage and transport costs to supply the power plants. The technologies considered for generating electricity are fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and biomass gasification integrated into a combined cycle (BIGCC). The costs of electricity, considering also the connection costs to the electricity grid, have been calculated for all power plants. Cost figures along the fuel cycle have been obtained and a sensivity analysis of the most relevant variables has been made. The main conclusion of the analysis is that from an economic and environmental point of view, the scheme proposed is feasible.
02/00962 Norwegian residential electricity demand a microeconomic assessment of the growth from 1976 to 1993 Halvorsen, B. and Larsen, B.M. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (3), 227.-236. The Norwegian residential electricity consumption increased by an average of 3% annually during the period 1976-1993. Political signals indicate that the growth in Norwegian residential energy consumption should be reduced, and that it may be necessary to increase energy taxes. Based on data for the sample of households from the annual consumer expenditure survey, we study factors that are of importance explaining the growth in Norwegian residential electricity demand during this period. Nearly half of the growth is due to an increase in the number of households, while the rest reflects an increase in average consumption per household. The increase in average consumption per household is due to an increasing numher of households possessing electric household appliances such as dryers and dishwashers, an increase in real disposable household income and in the floor space of dwellings. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2002
117
Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts
02/00955 A multiple-block fuzzy logic-based electric water heater demand-side management strategy for leveling distribution feeder demand profile Nehrir, M.H. and LaMeres, B.J. Electric Poll,er S~~rems Res~crrch, 2000, 56, (3), 225-230. This paper describes a multiple-block fuzzy logic-based demand-side management (DSM) strategy to shift the peaks of the residential electric water-heater power demand component of a distribution area from periods of high demand for electricity to off-peak hours. This is achieved by dividing the distribution area into several blocks and, controlling each block by a different fuzzy controller. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed DSM strategy to shift the electric water-heater peak demand to off-peak periods and to level the utility distribution demand profile.
02/00956 Cost related reliability evaluation of bulk power systems Billinton, R. and Zhang, W. Elecrrical POIIW uru/ Energy S~SICIRS, 2001, 23, (2), 99-112. Economics plays a major role in the application of reliability concepts and the attainment of an acceptable level of reliability. Inadequate reliability of electric power supply ultimately costs the customers much more than good reliability. It is therefore important to determine the optimal reliability level at which the reliability investment achieves the best results in reducing the customer damage costs due to power supply interruptions. This paper presents a technique to calculate cost-related reliability indices of a composite system at the load points and for the overall system. These cost related reliability indices are calculated in the form of both annualized and annual values. System studies conducted on two reliability test systems are presented, which provide insight into the variation of the indices with different system factors.
02/00957 Energy technology portfolio analysis: an example of lighting for residential sector Balachandra, P. and Shekar, G.L. Energy Conwrsion cttd Munugmnent. 2001, 42, (7), 813-832. Lighting is one of the most important and high quality uses of electricity. Recent advances in lighting technologies have made it possible to use the precious electrical energy more efficiently. Even though efficient lighting devices are available in abundance, their performance in terms of penetrating the market is rather dismal. The main reasons for this are the high initial purchase costs, uncertainties in returns and the tendency of consumers to use high discount rates in investing in energy efficient devices. Therefore, there is a need to develop a portfolio of both inefficient and efficient lighting devices for better market penetration of the latter one, since total elimination of the use of inefficient devices is impossible. Further, it is interesting to study whether the energy efficient alternatives are attractive investments via-&vi.7 common stock options. This paper analyses the economics of such an issue before developing an optimal portfolio of these alternatives for a typical household in Karnataka State, India. A mixed integer programming model has been developed, and a comparison of returns is made. The results show that the optimal lighting portfolio provides a far higher return at a lower risk compared to the stock market. Overall results indicate a substantial savings both in terms of energy and peak demand.
02/00956 Financial appraisal of a combined heat and power system for a hotel in Cyprus Papamarcou, M. and Kalogirou, S. Energy Conversion and Muncrgement, 2001, 42, (6), 689-708. A combined heat and power (CHP) system can convert low cost fuel, such as gas or fuel oil, into high value electricity and heat. It can generate ‘home-made’ electricity more cheaply than it can be purchased. The term CHP is used to define the process of utilizing the plant to generate both electricity and heat simultaneously, thereby extracting a greater benefit from the fuel used. In this work, a feasibility study of a CHP system for a hotel application is presented. The Cyprus energy scene is presented, followed by an energy analysis of the hotel. A description of the CHP system is also presented. The method of economic analysis adopted in this study is the discounted cash flow method, which takes into account the time value of money. The analysis is conducted with the use of a spreadsheet program. The economic analysis of the CHP system shows that the annual net saving of the system is around Cyf26500, while the capital investment is Cyf85 000. The payback period of the system is found to be 3.2 years, which is very satisfactory. Based on the findings presented in this paper, it is believed that CHP is viable for the Cyprus hotel industry.
02/00959 Fossil fuel flexibility in west European power generation and the impact of system load factors Siiderholm, P. Energy Economics, 2001. 23. 77-97. This paper analysed short-run interfuel substitution in west European power generation, and the impact of system load factors on fossil fuel choice. The problems are studied withm a restricted translog cost share model, The paper concludes that interfuel substitution in existing power plants is substantial, especially that between oil and gas. This is consistent with the notion that short-run fuel substitution takes place m dual- or multi-fired plants, by switching load between different singlefired plants, and by some conversions of power plants to be able to burn alternate fuels. The empirical investigation also indicates that the system load factor is a notable determinant of fossil fuel choices in west and the paper ends with an assessment of the fuel Europe, consequences of some load management schemes in the region.
02/00960 Incentive policies for natural gas-fired cogeneration in Brazil’s industrial sector - case studies: chemical plant and pulp mill Soares, J.B. ?I crl. EnrrgF Po/ic,v, 2001, 29. (3), 205-215. Although recent restructuring of Brazil’s power sector has increased the stakes held by private enterprise in the sector, the role of combined heat and power generation (CHP) is still undefined. Currently, this generation alternative is used only in a few industrial plants, being faced with an unfavourable institutional panorama. Issues related to the buyback rate, backup energy contracts and transmission rates are just some of the main barriers to cogeneration development in Brazil. This article assesses the economic performance of three natural gasfired cogeneration systems at two specific industrial plants, one in the chemical sector and the other in the pulp and paper sector. As shown by international experience, these two sectors make intensive use of self-produced power. The results show that small and medium-size units, less than 20 MWe, are feasible for electric-intensive industrial plants, due to the current high risk of power outages of the Brazilian electrical system. Large units are only feasible with the adoption of incentive policies for selling off surplus power generated by the selfproducer.
02/00961 Large-scale economic integration of electricity from short-rotation woody crops Varela, M. CI rrl. Solur Energy, 2001, 70. (2). 95-107. This paper presents an assessment of the installation of a large-scale biomass scheme for production of electricity for distribution via the national grid in Spain. The biomass scheme studied is based on woody biomass (eucalyptus, acacia and poplar) as short rotation crops in arable lands. The site selection process has been carried out with a Geographical Information System (GIS). The criteria applied in the selection, cultivation and location of the plantation as well as the biomass power plants have taken into account environmental aspects and the economic costs, always pursuing the lowest energy cost and environmental impacts. The size of each power plant has been calculated taking into account the annual productivity of biomass and the available surface of arable non-irrigated land. The costs of energy crop production in each area have been calculated as well as the storage and transport costs to supply the power plants. The technologies considered for generating electricity are fluidized bed combustion (FBC) and biomass gasification integrated into a combined cycle (BIGCC). The costs of electricity, considering also the connection costs to the electricity grid, have been calculated for all power plants. Cost figures along the fuel cycle have been obtained and a sensivity analysis of the most relevant variables has been made. The main conclusion of the analysis is that from an economic and environmental point of view, the scheme proposed is feasible.
02/00962 Norwegian residential electricity demand a microeconomic assessment of the growth from 1976 to 1993 Halvorsen, B. and Larsen, B.M. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, (3), 227.-236. The Norwegian residential electricity consumption increased by an average of 3% annually during the period 1976-1993. Political signals indicate that the growth in Norwegian residential energy consumption should be reduced, and that it may be necessary to increase energy taxes. Based on data for the sample of households from the annual consumer expenditure survey, we study factors that are of importance explaining the growth in Norwegian residential electricity demand during this period. Nearly half of the growth is due to an increase in the number of households, while the rest reflects an increase in average consumption per household. The increase in average consumption per household is due to an increasing numher of households possessing electric household appliances such as dryers and dishwashers, an increase in real disposable household income and in the floor space of dwellings. Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2002
117