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Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6: Chemical Engineering Design.
R prieri design of catalysts is the dream of practitioners
of catafytic procpssrs. Given a &aired actSty and product distributian (or s&ctivityj, a researcher wauld like to know what should be ihe chemical composition of the c&a&t, the spatial distribution of the chemical components, the pore size distribution ofthe active phase, the porosity, the particle size and shape of tht: catalyst p&et. and the de&able operating conditions such as process temperature, pressure, Row F&%5, as wei: as r&~tcW size and sham. The rapid expansion of computing power in recent years has made possible rmmerical evahiation of complex mod& that der;cribe the surface &em&d kin&c& ~~te~ti~~~ and intraparticle mass and heat transfer, and reactor by~r~ynami~, fur comparison with erperimimtal results. It is timely to summarize the recent success in such modeling efforts and to highlight the confribution of advances in computing power in this sufcgss. The objective of this edited volume is “to provide an updare on recent developments in computer-aided design
and modefing of catalysts for a variety of important Sndustrial appiications”. The material in the book is presented in the order according
to thy scale of the ~benorn~~on
being
treated by the model. After the introductory chapter, the book begins with two chapters that involve modeling at the molecular level. Ghapter 2 describes tha modeling of surface chemical kinetics usin microkinetic analysis &at makes use of ex~~men~ally determined rate parameters of elementary reaction steps and estimation of other rate parameters using molecular and bonding information. Chapter 3 describes the estimation of reaction rate constants using the group contribution method, and the application af this method to the hydrocarbon cracking reaction. The book then proce& to problems of macroscopic description of chemical kinetics. Methods to s&e for the time evolution of concentrations of various species in a coupkd reaction scheme in which the reaction rate ofa chemical species depends on the concentration of otker species is desctibed in Chap, 4; modeling of the pore structure in porous catalysts and the corresponding transport properties is discussed in Chap. 5; and modeling of catalytic properties in which the distribution ofcataly&icaIly active sites is controlled is described in Chap- 6. Two examples of ~ompreh~~~~ mirdclinp of catalytic processes taking into account of both surface reaction kinetics and catalyst transport properties are presented in Chaps 7 and 8. The former chapter describes models that explain the product distribution in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, and the latter chapter describes the conversion of hydrocarbons In an automobile catalytic converter. In bath cases, the behavior of the reactor is treated in a simple fashion. The next four chapters emphasize modeling OF reaction systems and reactors. The chemical reaction dynamics is ant described at the molecular level. However, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer properties of the reactor and catalyst are treated quite vigorously, Chapter 9 deals with the monolithic catalytic reactor, Chap. I0 with the polymerization reaction system, Chap. 11 with the multiphase reaction systems involving transport among liquid, gas, and solid phases, and Chap. 12 with the catalytic membrane reactor. The mathematical models for each of these systems are discussed in detail. The volume condudes with Chap. 13 that provides the perspective of the development of modeling in petrochemical processing. A brief history of the success, the current state-ofthe-art, and future prnmises are presented.
In many aspects, the volume is a success. All of the ~oRtrjb~tom are at the forefront of their respective &?kls.The writings of the corttritmtorswe rated high. The concepts, the mc&kz, the discussions, and repms~%~tative data at’e aft presented very clearly. With few exceptions, each topic @bapterJ bqins with a general discussion of the present state oftbe &id. This is fatlowed by description of various models. The assumptions involved are presented cfearl~, and so ore the sz.zcess and iimitations af the mud& in terms of comparison with experimental data. Every chapter proviiIe3 an extensive list of references, With only one exception (Chaps ciir,ea& cbapfw ends v&b eonctudina: remarks. E%-qt Chap, 3, a@ rnat~~a~~~l symbols are clearly defined in the text and in the list of symbols at the end of each chapter. Except Chap. 2, all models are presented with su&iettt detail that the readers could probably begin applyiag thexn a&r reading the chaptef. The anly shaftcoming of the book is that its contents fail
to deliver what the title seems to promjse: a priori design of catalysts This is mare a reflection afthe state-of-tfre-art timn the effort of the editors or contributors. predictive mod& of macroscopic behavior
By and large, such as b-anaport
properties and reactor h~drody~arn~~ are quite successful. However, modeling of the chemistry of catalytic reactian ia far from being compkte. This is recognized by the editors wha stab that, “Despite this progress, however, the CIpriori design of a catalytic surface is noi yet possibk?. Thus, readers who hope to Ieam computes-~ded design that predicts shape selectivity, enantioselectivity, zeulite growth and Zpolite StrWtUre, or shap of fi~bk tWtak er~St;ti&eS Will be djsa~~~nted. These important subjects we not dealt with in this book. In summary, this v&me presents a rather comprebensi~e treatment of the current state-of-the-art ofthe application of computers to designing catalytic procwses. It &i&y shows that modehg af catalytic rttaction engineering is maturing rapidly, whereas mod&fig
ofeat&&c chemistry
is stilI at
its
infancy. It should be a wry valuable reference for researchem in the fieId. The editors and the contributors shautd be congratulated for their fine ei%rt in producing this volume.
This is the second edition
of a text which has been well
received since origina publication in 19X1,and it is the sixth volume in the widely accepted Co&on and Richardson series. It is written primarily for undergraduates with particular relevance to design courses, but mu&h of the ttlateF&d is suitabb as a reference for unit operations courses as well. No problems are included for individual sections, but eight unworked design projects are &en in an appendix. The elements of an acceptable answer are clearly spelled out in each, and pfesumalrly all the requited ix~~o~ation is avail;able in the text proper. The text attempts something approaching encyclopedic coverage of all material needed for process design, but not true optimization, from fundamentals of material balances through unit operations to mechanical design and siting cot&-kratigns.
2532
Book Reviews The first four chapters are devoted to a general introduction, the fundamentals of material and energy balances and Aowsheeting. Chapter 5 covers piping and instrumentation, and Chap. 6 is devoted to costing and project evaluation. Chapters 7 and 8 provide specihc information needed for design purposes: description of materials of construction and prediction of physic0 chemical properties. Chapter 9 deals with safety and loss prevention, a topic covered much better in the United Kingdom than the United States. Chapters 10-12 cover the description of individual pieces of process equipment, somewhat arbitrarily divided into separation columns (distillation and adsorption), heat transfer equipment and everything else. The catchall chapter includes a heterogeneous grouping: separation processes, solid-solid separations, liquid-solid separations, separation of dissolved solids, liquid-liquid separation, separation of dissolved liquids, gas-solid separations, gas-liquid separations, crushing and grinding, mixing transport and storage-and finally reactors. It contains 87 pp. compared to 126 for columns and 138 for heat transfer. The last two chapters cover mechanical design and siting considerations. Extensive appendices provide additional information on graphical symbols and flowsheeting, corrosion and physical property data, conversion factors, flange standards, heat exchanger layouts and computer programs in GWBASIC for mass and energy balances. This is a useful, if rather old fashioned, text which provides a wealth of information for the intended audience and which can also he helpful to the industrial process engineer. It includes some very practical insights missing in most textbooks, for example, emphasizing the problem of flow-inducted vibration in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, and it does give a good many helpful rules of thumb as to typical operating rates. It should bc possible to give a useful senior design course with this text supplying almost all the background information needed by the student, and this is probably its greatest strength.
2033
It is in many ways competitive with Walas’ Chemical Process Equipment at the unit operations level, but it covers a much wider range of material. However, these two books are comparable in size, and Prof. Sinnott has had to make some major compromises. Only the chapters on columns and heat exchangers are detailed enough to be truly useful for describing process equipment, except for preliminary orientation, and these two chapters include more detail on design of weirs, tube. layouts, etc., than is deserved in a book of this length and attempted coverage. It would have been better in this reviewer’s opinion, to leave mechanical design details and property predictions to more specialized references, available in almost all academic and industrial libraries, and give more space to many types of equipment which get very short shrift. It is particularly unfortunate that increasingly important devices such as membrane filters and extruders are neglected. My most serious criticism is, in fact, about the lack of balance. Some topics are discussed in great detail while others which are of comparable importance are brushed 08 with a few general comments. It appears from the limited perusal time available to the reviewer that the author has tried for too much in too short a space. The classic division of this material into at least three texts, on material and energy balances, unit operations and process design makes more sense to me than an attempt to include all of these topics within one pair of covers. However, Prof Sinnott has made a serious honest effort, and I am glad to add this volume to my collection. It should prove useful. E. N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wisconsin 1415 Johnson Drive Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A.
of catafytic procpssrs. Given a &aired actSty and product distributian (or s&ctivityj, a researcher wauld like to know what should be ihe chemical composition of the c&a&t, the spatial distribution of the chemical components, the pore size distribution ofthe active phase, the porosity, the particle size and shape of tht: catalyst p&et. and the de&able operating conditions such as process temperature, pressure, Row F&%5, as wei: as r&~tcW size and sham. The rapid expansion of computing power in recent years has made possible rmmerical evahiation of complex mod& that der;cribe the surface &em&d kin&c& ~~te~ti~~~ and intraparticle mass and heat transfer, and reactor by~r~ynami~, fur comparison with erperimimtal results. It is timely to summarize the recent success in such modeling efforts and to highlight the confribution of advances in computing power in this sufcgss. The objective of this edited volume is “to provide an updare on recent developments in computer-aided design
and modefing of catalysts for a variety of important Sndustrial appiications”. The material in the book is presented in the order according
to thy scale of the ~benorn~~on
being
treated by the model. After the introductory chapter, the book begins with two chapters that involve modeling at the molecular level. Ghapter 2 describes tha modeling of surface chemical kinetics usin microkinetic analysis &at makes use of ex~~men~ally determined rate parameters of elementary reaction steps and estimation of other rate parameters using molecular and bonding information. Chapter 3 describes the estimation of reaction rate constants using the group contribution method, and the application af this method to the hydrocarbon cracking reaction. The book then proce& to problems of macroscopic description of chemical kinetics. Methods to s&e for the time evolution of concentrations of various species in a coupkd reaction scheme in which the reaction rate ofa chemical species depends on the concentration of otker species is desctibed in Chap, 4; modeling of the pore structure in porous catalysts and the corresponding transport properties is discussed in Chap. 5; and modeling of catalytic properties in which the distribution ofcataly&icaIly active sites is controlled is described in Chap- 6. Two examples of ~ompreh~~~~ mirdclinp of catalytic processes taking into account of both surface reaction kinetics and catalyst transport properties are presented in Chaps 7 and 8. The former chapter describes models that explain the product distribution in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, and the latter chapter describes the conversion of hydrocarbons In an automobile catalytic converter. In bath cases, the behavior of the reactor is treated in a simple fashion. The next four chapters emphasize modeling OF reaction systems and reactors. The chemical reaction dynamics is ant described at the molecular level. However, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer properties of the reactor and catalyst are treated quite vigorously, Chapter 9 deals with the monolithic catalytic reactor, Chap. I0 with the polymerization reaction system, Chap. 11 with the multiphase reaction systems involving transport among liquid, gas, and solid phases, and Chap. 12 with the catalytic membrane reactor. The mathematical models for each of these systems are discussed in detail. The volume condudes with Chap. 13 that provides the perspective of the development of modeling in petrochemical processing. A brief history of the success, the current state-ofthe-art, and future prnmises are presented.
In many aspects, the volume is a success. All of the ~oRtrjb~tom are at the forefront of their respective &?kls.The writings of the corttritmtorswe rated high. The concepts, the mc&kz, the discussions, and repms~%~tative data at’e aft presented very clearly. With few exceptions, each topic @bapterJ bqins with a general discussion of the present state oftbe &id. This is fatlowed by description of various models. The assumptions involved are presented cfearl~, and so ore the sz.zcess and iimitations af the mud& in terms of comparison with experimental data. Every chapter proviiIe3 an extensive list of references, With only one exception (Chaps ciir,ea& cbapfw ends v&b eonctudina: remarks. E%-qt Chap, 3, a@ rnat~~a~~~l symbols are clearly defined in the text and in the list of symbols at the end of each chapter. Except Chap. 2, all models are presented with su&iettt detail that the readers could probably begin applyiag thexn a&r reading the chaptef. The anly shaftcoming of the book is that its contents fail
to deliver what the title seems to promjse: a priori design of catalysts This is mare a reflection afthe state-of-tfre-art timn the effort of the editors or contributors. predictive mod& of macroscopic behavior
By and large, such as b-anaport
properties and reactor h~drody~arn~~ are quite successful. However, modeling of the chemistry of catalytic reactian ia far from being compkte. This is recognized by the editors wha stab that, “Despite this progress, however, the CIpriori design of a catalytic surface is noi yet possibk?. Thus, readers who hope to Ieam computes-~ded design that predicts shape selectivity, enantioselectivity, zeulite growth and Zpolite StrWtUre, or shap of fi~bk tWtak er~St;ti&eS Will be djsa~~~nted. These important subjects we not dealt with in this book. In summary, this v&me presents a rather comprebensi~e treatment of the current state-of-the-art ofthe application of computers to designing catalytic procwses. It &i&y shows that modehg af catalytic rttaction engineering is maturing rapidly, whereas mod&fig
ofeat&&c chemistry
is stilI at
its
infancy. It should be a wry valuable reference for researchem in the fieId. The editors and the contributors shautd be congratulated for their fine ei%rt in producing this volume.
This is the second edition
of a text which has been well
received since origina publication in 19X1,and it is the sixth volume in the widely accepted Co&on and Richardson series. It is written primarily for undergraduates with particular relevance to design courses, but mu&h of the ttlateF&d is suitabb as a reference for unit operations courses as well. No problems are included for individual sections, but eight unworked design projects are &en in an appendix. The elements of an acceptable answer are clearly spelled out in each, and pfesumalrly all the requited ix~~o~ation is avail;able in the text proper. The text attempts something approaching encyclopedic coverage of all material needed for process design, but not true optimization, from fundamentals of material balances through unit operations to mechanical design and siting cot&-kratigns.
2532
Book Reviews The first four chapters are devoted to a general introduction, the fundamentals of material and energy balances and Aowsheeting. Chapter 5 covers piping and instrumentation, and Chap. 6 is devoted to costing and project evaluation. Chapters 7 and 8 provide specihc information needed for design purposes: description of materials of construction and prediction of physic0 chemical properties. Chapter 9 deals with safety and loss prevention, a topic covered much better in the United Kingdom than the United States. Chapters 10-12 cover the description of individual pieces of process equipment, somewhat arbitrarily divided into separation columns (distillation and adsorption), heat transfer equipment and everything else. The catchall chapter includes a heterogeneous grouping: separation processes, solid-solid separations, liquid-solid separations, separation of dissolved solids, liquid-liquid separation, separation of dissolved liquids, gas-solid separations, gas-liquid separations, crushing and grinding, mixing transport and storage-and finally reactors. It contains 87 pp. compared to 126 for columns and 138 for heat transfer. The last two chapters cover mechanical design and siting considerations. Extensive appendices provide additional information on graphical symbols and flowsheeting, corrosion and physical property data, conversion factors, flange standards, heat exchanger layouts and computer programs in GWBASIC for mass and energy balances. This is a useful, if rather old fashioned, text which provides a wealth of information for the intended audience and which can also he helpful to the industrial process engineer. It includes some very practical insights missing in most textbooks, for example, emphasizing the problem of flow-inducted vibration in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, and it does give a good many helpful rules of thumb as to typical operating rates. It should bc possible to give a useful senior design course with this text supplying almost all the background information needed by the student, and this is probably its greatest strength.
2033
It is in many ways competitive with Walas’ Chemical Process Equipment at the unit operations level, but it covers a much wider range of material. However, these two books are comparable in size, and Prof. Sinnott has had to make some major compromises. Only the chapters on columns and heat exchangers are detailed enough to be truly useful for describing process equipment, except for preliminary orientation, and these two chapters include more detail on design of weirs, tube. layouts, etc., than is deserved in a book of this length and attempted coverage. It would have been better in this reviewer’s opinion, to leave mechanical design details and property predictions to more specialized references, available in almost all academic and industrial libraries, and give more space to many types of equipment which get very short shrift. It is particularly unfortunate that increasingly important devices such as membrane filters and extruders are neglected. My most serious criticism is, in fact, about the lack of balance. Some topics are discussed in great detail while others which are of comparable importance are brushed 08 with a few general comments. It appears from the limited perusal time available to the reviewer that the author has tried for too much in too short a space. The classic division of this material into at least three texts, on material and energy balances, unit operations and process design makes more sense to me than an attempt to include all of these topics within one pair of covers. However, Prof Sinnott has made a serious honest effort, and I am glad to add this volume to my collection. It should prove useful. E. N. LIGHTFOOT Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wisconsin 1415 Johnson Drive Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A.