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Coupled dynamic behaviour of realistic arch dams including hydrodynamic and foundation interaction
II8A
Dams and embankments
conditions. Finite element analyses for bearing capacity and earth pressure problems are performed using this relationship. The results explain various deformation and failure bahavlours of soil foundations. 83~19~ CONSTRUCTION OF SOFT SOIL: ESTIMATION AND BEHAV~OUR (~N ~RENCH ) Recordon, E; Despond, J M; Bourdeau, P Proc 10th International Conf~ence on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Er~ineering, Stockholm, 15-19 JUne i~81, V2, F239-2~5. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Bslkema, 1981 The results frc~ using models to estimate the behaviour of various surface structures are compared with site measurements. 834196 FUll SCALE TEST LOADING OF A BULKHEAD Thompson, C D; Stevenson, C A; Emery, J J Proc lOth Internatiomal Conference on Soil Mechar~ics and Fourdation Emgine~ing, Stockholm, 15-19 June 1981, V2, P281-285. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981
See also: 83~095, 83~302, 83~308 83~199 LEWISHAM ESTATE FJTS DOWN NEW ROOTS Dadson, J New Civ Engr, N529, 24 Feb 1983, P41-42 Root piles were used to stabilise an embarAkment in London, UK, which had become unstable due to the death of trees on the slope. 83~200 DRAINS STABILISE A38 EMBANKMENT New Civ Er~r, N526, 3 Feb 1983, P21 Plans to construct earth embankments to carry the Fcrder Valley interchamge of the %38, Devon, UK, over the weal silt alluvium include staged loading of the embar~ment and use of vertical wick drains to accelerate pore ~ater dissipation and thus settlement.
8S42Ol THREE-D]~ENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF INFIU~NILLO DAM D U R I ~ CONSTRUCTION AND FILLIP3 OF THE RESERVOIR Justo, J L; Saura, J Int J ~ Anal Meth Geomech, VT, N2, AprilJune 1983, P22~-2~3
Test loading was undertaken on an ore dock to determine the potential for increasing pile heights. Inclinumeters, piezcmeters, extensometers amd precise surveys were used to monitor the c o n t r o l l e d placirg of a 26m high limestone test loading. This generated pore pressures of up to 0.73 times the applied pressure, lateral movements of up to 13ram amd anchor rod relaxation. Effective stress stability ar~lyses indicated a minimmm safety factor of 1.2 for the test icadimg, that would decrease to less than unity for a full 20.7m h i ~ ore loading. Finite element analyses confirmed the elastic nature of observed movements, and anchor relaxation. ANALYSIS 83~197 NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL ~ Zhamg, C X; Zhang, N R; Z~amg, F L Proc lOth International Conference on Soil Mechanics ar~ Foundation Er~Ineerir~, Stockholm, 15-19 June 1981, V2, P~91-2~. Pt~l Rotterdam: ~. ~. Balk~na, 1981
A three-dimenslorml finite element program has been prepared to study the behavlour of Infier~illo dam durir~ construction and filling of the reservoir. A linear stress-strain behaviour of materials has been assumed. The parameters are ded~Iced from the movements measured during construction, checked with the results of oedometer tests at the laboratc~y. Collapse of the t~stream shell is ~ntroduced into the calculation in a simple way from the settlement observed upon flooding ~ c o n s t a n t stress at the oedometer. A good agre~m~ent is found between meas%~ed and calculated movements.
834202 ~rmu-A'S OF FLUID RESISTANCE IN THE M I ~ WASTE D A M - ~ A E PROSU~ Je~almlan, J K Ixf@ J ~mn Anal Meth Geomech, V7, N1, JamMarch 1983, R~7-100
A one dimensional consolidation-sheer model based upon a broken-line relationship between shear modttlus and strain on a l o g - l ~ plot is proposed to explain the non-linear differential settlement behaviou~ observed durirg the construction of a building in BeiJing. 8 3 4 1 ~ TRIAL TRENCH CONSTRUCTION IN LONDON CIAY: A GROUND MOVEMENT STUDY AT BRACMNELL Chard, B M; Symons, I F Transport and Road Resesrch Laboratc~y relx~'t LR 1051, 1982, 14P A full scale field trial to determine the magnitude and distribution of groumd m ~ v e m ~ t s produced by deep trenchiDg was carried out in London Clay, at ~racknell, Be~kahlre, b~. The trench 5m deep, im wide and 25m long was constructed progressively in 5 bays of eqlml l e ~ to st~xly the influence of trench g e ~ on %he ground movement. Surface and s~su~f~ce movements and pare water pressure were monitored. The main cause of movement was found to be the excavation operation, and to a lesser extent backfillimg operations. Lateral movements wrote at all stages greater than vertical movements.
Liquefaction of mine tailings dams causes the tailimgs to flow over isrge distances. A l:rocedure for the flow analysis of these tailirgs is ;resented. This incorporates a laminar resistance term into the ~ a l l o w water theory. 83~203 DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRIFUGAL MCDELs TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF UPLIFT PRESSURES ON THE STABILITY OF A FLOOD BANK Padfield, C J; Schofield, A N Geotechnique, V33, N1, Msrch 1983, P57-66 Small-scalej two-dimensional models, representimg a clay flood embankment built on a clay foumdation layer overlying a pervious granular layer, were tested in a centrifuge. Results indicated that the uplift presst~es may modify the nature of the most critical failure mechanism, but do not a~pear %O &re~t!y affect s~fety factors against collapse. The study relates to fail~Tes of the Thames flood embankments.
8~.2~
COUPLED DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF REALISTIC ARCH DAMS INCLUDING HYDRODYNAMIC AND F~HDATI@N
IkL'~z~ACTION Avail: TRRL, Crowthorne, B ~ k s , UK
!'.ath, B; Potamitis, S G Inst Civ Engr Proc, vv3, Sept 1982, P587-607
LIgA
A study of T~e c o ~ e d ~ C 1 ~ a v i C ~ of realistic arch dam reservoir s~stems, i~cl1~ding both reservolr-dam and dam-foumdation interaction. The dam is assumed to be of circular cyli~Irical shape and located in a V-shaped valley. Novel mapping finite elements are used to req~esent the solid amd the fluid aspects of the system. Results show that, de!~erding on the overall stiffness of the dam, its coupled natural frequencies, mode shapes and response are influenced by h y d r o ~ m ~ c and foundation interaction. Also~ the effect of water ccm~essibility is fcurd to be sm~]~ ard may be neglected in most arch dam reservoir systems. 834205 CENTRIF[~AL MODELING OF TRANSIE~'9 WATER FLOW Cargill, K W; Ko, H Y J Geotech Er4~Ig Div ASCE, VI09, NG~, A!~r:LI
1983, ~3"~6-~5-555 It is hypothesised that centrifugal mod-111ng of transient flow of water through an earth e~anlunent Im~ovldes better solutions than ~ e vious theoretical formulations. Thecrstical scaling relations (in order to extrapolate to p~ototype situations) are developed. The results from centrifuge model tests verify these relations.
831~209 ESTIMATING FAILURE PROBABILITIES FOR CALIFORNIA LEVEES Duncan, J M; Houston, W N J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NGT2, Feb 1983, P260- 268 The probability of failure of California Delta levees was estimated using simple statistical l~ocedures, based heavily on empirical data. Forty-four islanls were included in the study, and it was found that the Irobability of failure was stror4DlY liraked to the thickness of peat beneath the levees. 83~210 KARSTIC LIMESTONE PROBLEM AT KAVSAK DAM SITE AND RES~WVOIE AREA Unay, G; Ertunc, A; Bulntlar, E Bull Int Assoc Engng Geol, N25, June 1982 , Pl~3-150 (Paper to Symposium on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, 14-18 Sept 1981) Geotechnical investigations were carried out at 2 sites to assess the foundation conditions for the Iroposed Kavsak Dam, Turkey. Exploratory boreholes ard field studies revealed that karstification had developed along Joints and faults, anl extended to 200m below river level. Grout curtains would have been necessary to Irevent leakage throu@h the limestone and such treatment was considered uneconomic. Both sites were rejected and alternative sites were selected for investigation.
834206 ANALYSES OF FLCW FAILURES OF MINE TAILINGS DAMS Jeyapalan, J K; Duncan, J M; Seed, H B J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE~ VI09, NGT2, Feb
1983, ~50-1~ Presents analytical procedures to evaluate the characteristics of tailings flow in tailings dam failures. The behaviour of the railings material is re~esented by a Bimgham plastic rheologic model. From the anelyses~ flow of phosl~hate tailings is expected to be turbulent, and for other materials it is expected to be laminar. See also item 834207.
8~.211
The Keban Dam, Yugoslavia, was built on a llmestone ridge deeply karstified mainly by h~rlrothermal activity. Extensive, highly interconnected, percolation paths resulted in and below the dam foundation which convey impounded water below the 2~Om deep grouted cut-off t o sources downstream. The cut-off, the cavern discovered after filling the lake and its treatment, the leakages before ard after remedial measures were achieved, are ;resented.
834207 INVESTIGATION OF FLOW FAILURES OF TAILIR~S DAMS Jeyapalanj J K; Duncan, J M; Seed, H B J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE, V109, NGT2, Feb 1983, P172-189 A series of flmne tests was carried out in the laboratory to check the validity of analytical l~ocedures developed to evaluate the characteristics of railings flow (see item 83~206). Good agreement was founl between the experimental and analytical results, and so the amalytical results were compared with flow movements observed in several case sttrldes. 834208 FAIl/IRE OF AN EARTH DAM: A CASE STUDY Khan, I H J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NST2, Feb
KEBAN DAM FOUNDATION ON KARSTIFIED LIMESTONE A CASE HISTORY Bozovic~ A; Budanur, H; Nonveiller, E Bull Int Assoc Emgng Geol, N24, Dec 1981, P~5-51 (Paper to Symposium on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, l~-18 Sept 1981)
8:92z2
DESIGN CRA'±'z~IAFOR A DAM, RESERVOIR AND IRRIGATION SYST~4 ON A MIDDLE EAST EVA/K~ITE FC~MATION Calvino, F; Costantino, F; Mirri~ F Bull Int Assoc Ergrg Geol, N2~, Dec 1981 , P53-~5 (Paper to Symposit~n on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, i~-18 Sept 1981)
1983, I:'2i-I~.-259 An investigation was carried out to determine the causes of failure of one of two dams constructed in the Wadl ~attsrah area of Libya. As a result the following mechanism fer the failure was postulated: in semi-arid zones large variations in temperature aml soil moisture content induce severe cracking of the dam cc~ce. Winter rains often result in flash floods leading to a rapid build-up of reservoir level with consequent high velocities of water flowing in the core. Moderately dispersive soils, in such an environment, may become highly dispersive, leading to piping failure.
RMMS 20/4"--F
A dam designed in the Miocene ev~pcritic formations of the Middle East is to inclmde two thick gypsum layers in the dammed river section. To avoid solution of the deeper layerj the shallower layer will be excavated and the foundations will be isolated with a deep continuous diaphra~n. 834213 CON~I'RUCTION OF AN ~4BANKMENT FOUNDED ON SOFt SILT AND MUDDY CLAY IN THE TUNIS LAKE (IN FRENCH) Bcrdes, J L; Guellec, H Roy Fr Geotech, NIS, May 1981, P35-52 Hydraulic fill was placed along the edge of Lake Tunis for construction of a drainage canal. The fill was placed on a thick layer of soft
Dams and embankments
conditions. Finite element analyses for bearing capacity and earth pressure problems are performed using this relationship. The results explain various deformation and failure bahavlours of soil foundations. 83~19~ CONSTRUCTION OF SOFT SOIL: ESTIMATION AND BEHAV~OUR (~N ~RENCH ) Recordon, E; Despond, J M; Bourdeau, P Proc 10th International Conf~ence on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Er~ineering, Stockholm, 15-19 JUne i~81, V2, F239-2~5. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Bslkema, 1981 The results frc~ using models to estimate the behaviour of various surface structures are compared with site measurements. 834196 FUll SCALE TEST LOADING OF A BULKHEAD Thompson, C D; Stevenson, C A; Emery, J J Proc lOth Internatiomal Conference on Soil Mechar~ics and Fourdation Emgine~ing, Stockholm, 15-19 June 1981, V2, P281-285. Publ Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1981
See also: 83~095, 83~302, 83~308 83~199 LEWISHAM ESTATE FJTS DOWN NEW ROOTS Dadson, J New Civ Engr, N529, 24 Feb 1983, P41-42 Root piles were used to stabilise an embarAkment in London, UK, which had become unstable due to the death of trees on the slope. 83~200 DRAINS STABILISE A38 EMBANKMENT New Civ Er~r, N526, 3 Feb 1983, P21 Plans to construct earth embankments to carry the Fcrder Valley interchamge of the %38, Devon, UK, over the weal silt alluvium include staged loading of the embar~ment and use of vertical wick drains to accelerate pore ~ater dissipation and thus settlement.
8S42Ol THREE-D]~ENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF INFIU~NILLO DAM D U R I ~ CONSTRUCTION AND FILLIP3 OF THE RESERVOIR Justo, J L; Saura, J Int J ~ Anal Meth Geomech, VT, N2, AprilJune 1983, P22~-2~3
Test loading was undertaken on an ore dock to determine the potential for increasing pile heights. Inclinumeters, piezcmeters, extensometers amd precise surveys were used to monitor the c o n t r o l l e d placirg of a 26m high limestone test loading. This generated pore pressures of up to 0.73 times the applied pressure, lateral movements of up to 13ram amd anchor rod relaxation. Effective stress stability ar~lyses indicated a minimmm safety factor of 1.2 for the test icadimg, that would decrease to less than unity for a full 20.7m h i ~ ore loading. Finite element analyses confirmed the elastic nature of observed movements, and anchor relaxation. ANALYSIS 83~197 NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL ~ Zhamg, C X; Zhang, N R; Z~amg, F L Proc lOth International Conference on Soil Mechanics ar~ Foundation Er~Ineerir~, Stockholm, 15-19 June 1981, V2, P~91-2~. Pt~l Rotterdam: ~. ~. Balk~na, 1981
A three-dimenslorml finite element program has been prepared to study the behavlour of Infier~illo dam durir~ construction and filling of the reservoir. A linear stress-strain behaviour of materials has been assumed. The parameters are ded~Iced from the movements measured during construction, checked with the results of oedometer tests at the laboratc~y. Collapse of the t~stream shell is ~ntroduced into the calculation in a simple way from the settlement observed upon flooding ~ c o n s t a n t stress at the oedometer. A good agre~m~ent is found between meas%~ed and calculated movements.
834202 ~rmu-A'S OF FLUID RESISTANCE IN THE M I ~ WASTE D A M - ~ A E PROSU~ Je~almlan, J K Ixf@ J ~mn Anal Meth Geomech, V7, N1, JamMarch 1983, R~7-100
A one dimensional consolidation-sheer model based upon a broken-line relationship between shear modttlus and strain on a l o g - l ~ plot is proposed to explain the non-linear differential settlement behaviou~ observed durirg the construction of a building in BeiJing. 8 3 4 1 ~ TRIAL TRENCH CONSTRUCTION IN LONDON CIAY: A GROUND MOVEMENT STUDY AT BRACMNELL Chard, B M; Symons, I F Transport and Road Resesrch Laboratc~y relx~'t LR 1051, 1982, 14P A full scale field trial to determine the magnitude and distribution of groumd m ~ v e m ~ t s produced by deep trenchiDg was carried out in London Clay, at ~racknell, Be~kahlre, b~. The trench 5m deep, im wide and 25m long was constructed progressively in 5 bays of eqlml l e ~ to st~xly the influence of trench g e ~ on %he ground movement. Surface and s~su~f~ce movements and pare water pressure were monitored. The main cause of movement was found to be the excavation operation, and to a lesser extent backfillimg operations. Lateral movements wrote at all stages greater than vertical movements.
Liquefaction of mine tailings dams causes the tailimgs to flow over isrge distances. A l:rocedure for the flow analysis of these tailirgs is ;resented. This incorporates a laminar resistance term into the ~ a l l o w water theory. 83~203 DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRIFUGAL MCDELs TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF UPLIFT PRESSURES ON THE STABILITY OF A FLOOD BANK Padfield, C J; Schofield, A N Geotechnique, V33, N1, Msrch 1983, P57-66 Small-scalej two-dimensional models, representimg a clay flood embankment built on a clay foumdation layer overlying a pervious granular layer, were tested in a centrifuge. Results indicated that the uplift presst~es may modify the nature of the most critical failure mechanism, but do not a~pear %O &re~t!y affect s~fety factors against collapse. The study relates to fail~Tes of the Thames flood embankments.
8~.2~
COUPLED DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF REALISTIC ARCH DAMS INCLUDING HYDRODYNAMIC AND F~HDATI@N
IkL'~z~ACTION Avail: TRRL, Crowthorne, B ~ k s , UK
!'.ath, B; Potamitis, S G Inst Civ Engr Proc, vv3, Sept 1982, P587-607
LIgA
A study of T~e c o ~ e d ~ C 1 ~ a v i C ~ of realistic arch dam reservoir s~stems, i~cl1~ding both reservolr-dam and dam-foumdation interaction. The dam is assumed to be of circular cyli~Irical shape and located in a V-shaped valley. Novel mapping finite elements are used to req~esent the solid amd the fluid aspects of the system. Results show that, de!~erding on the overall stiffness of the dam, its coupled natural frequencies, mode shapes and response are influenced by h y d r o ~ m ~ c and foundation interaction. Also~ the effect of water ccm~essibility is fcurd to be sm~]~ ard may be neglected in most arch dam reservoir systems. 834205 CENTRIF[~AL MODELING OF TRANSIE~'9 WATER FLOW Cargill, K W; Ko, H Y J Geotech Er4~Ig Div ASCE, VI09, NG~, A!~r:LI
1983, ~3"~6-~5-555 It is hypothesised that centrifugal mod-111ng of transient flow of water through an earth e~anlunent Im~ovldes better solutions than ~ e vious theoretical formulations. Thecrstical scaling relations (in order to extrapolate to p~ototype situations) are developed. The results from centrifuge model tests verify these relations.
831~209 ESTIMATING FAILURE PROBABILITIES FOR CALIFORNIA LEVEES Duncan, J M; Houston, W N J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NGT2, Feb 1983, P260- 268 The probability of failure of California Delta levees was estimated using simple statistical l~ocedures, based heavily on empirical data. Forty-four islanls were included in the study, and it was found that the Irobability of failure was stror4DlY liraked to the thickness of peat beneath the levees. 83~210 KARSTIC LIMESTONE PROBLEM AT KAVSAK DAM SITE AND RES~WVOIE AREA Unay, G; Ertunc, A; Bulntlar, E Bull Int Assoc Engng Geol, N25, June 1982 , Pl~3-150 (Paper to Symposium on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, 14-18 Sept 1981) Geotechnical investigations were carried out at 2 sites to assess the foundation conditions for the Iroposed Kavsak Dam, Turkey. Exploratory boreholes ard field studies revealed that karstification had developed along Joints and faults, anl extended to 200m below river level. Grout curtains would have been necessary to Irevent leakage throu@h the limestone and such treatment was considered uneconomic. Both sites were rejected and alternative sites were selected for investigation.
834206 ANALYSES OF FLCW FAILURES OF MINE TAILINGS DAMS Jeyapalan, J K; Duncan, J M; Seed, H B J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE~ VI09, NGT2, Feb
1983, ~50-1~ Presents analytical procedures to evaluate the characteristics of tailings flow in tailings dam failures. The behaviour of the railings material is re~esented by a Bimgham plastic rheologic model. From the anelyses~ flow of phosl~hate tailings is expected to be turbulent, and for other materials it is expected to be laminar. See also item 834207.
8~.211
The Keban Dam, Yugoslavia, was built on a llmestone ridge deeply karstified mainly by h~rlrothermal activity. Extensive, highly interconnected, percolation paths resulted in and below the dam foundation which convey impounded water below the 2~Om deep grouted cut-off t o sources downstream. The cut-off, the cavern discovered after filling the lake and its treatment, the leakages before ard after remedial measures were achieved, are ;resented.
834207 INVESTIGATION OF FLOW FAILURES OF TAILIR~S DAMS Jeyapalanj J K; Duncan, J M; Seed, H B J Geotech Emgng Div ASCE, V109, NGT2, Feb 1983, P172-189 A series of flmne tests was carried out in the laboratory to check the validity of analytical l~ocedures developed to evaluate the characteristics of railings flow (see item 83~206). Good agreement was founl between the experimental and analytical results, and so the amalytical results were compared with flow movements observed in several case sttrldes. 834208 FAIl/IRE OF AN EARTH DAM: A CASE STUDY Khan, I H J Geotech Engng Div ASCE, VI09, NST2, Feb
KEBAN DAM FOUNDATION ON KARSTIFIED LIMESTONE A CASE HISTORY Bozovic~ A; Budanur, H; Nonveiller, E Bull Int Assoc Emgng Geol, N24, Dec 1981, P~5-51 (Paper to Symposium on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, l~-18 Sept 1981)
8:92z2
DESIGN CRA'±'z~IAFOR A DAM, RESERVOIR AND IRRIGATION SYST~4 ON A MIDDLE EAST EVA/K~ITE FC~MATION Calvino, F; Costantino, F; Mirri~ F Bull Int Assoc Ergrg Geol, N2~, Dec 1981 , P53-~5 (Paper to Symposit~n on Engineering Geological Problems of Construction on Soluble Rocks, Istanbul, i~-18 Sept 1981)
1983, I:'2i-I~.-259 An investigation was carried out to determine the causes of failure of one of two dams constructed in the Wadl ~attsrah area of Libya. As a result the following mechanism fer the failure was postulated: in semi-arid zones large variations in temperature aml soil moisture content induce severe cracking of the dam cc~ce. Winter rains often result in flash floods leading to a rapid build-up of reservoir level with consequent high velocities of water flowing in the core. Moderately dispersive soils, in such an environment, may become highly dispersive, leading to piping failure.
RMMS 20/4"--F
A dam designed in the Miocene ev~pcritic formations of the Middle East is to inclmde two thick gypsum layers in the dammed river section. To avoid solution of the deeper layerj the shallower layer will be excavated and the foundations will be isolated with a deep continuous diaphra~n. 834213 CON~I'RUCTION OF AN ~4BANKMENT FOUNDED ON SOFt SILT AND MUDDY CLAY IN THE TUNIS LAKE (IN FRENCH) Bcrdes, J L; Guellec, H Roy Fr Geotech, NIS, May 1981, P35-52 Hydraulic fill was placed along the edge of Lake Tunis for construction of a drainage canal. The fill was placed on a thick layer of soft