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Course holding by cyclists and moped riders
mine the extent, the level, and the comparability of neck injuries in automotive accidents as reported in the National Crash Severity Study (NCSS), and the Association of German Automobile Insurers (HUK-Verband) files. To determine the comparability of the two data sets, three primary evaluation criteria were used: (1) the distribution of overall injuries by AIS level by various occupant parameters, (2) the risk of occupant AIS injury vs. delta V, and (3) the distribution of neck injuries by AIS for restrained vs. unrestrained occupants. Frequencies and severities of neck injuries in car accidents were compared in parallel layouts between the two data sets in frontal, side, and rear impact modes, In further breakdown the frontal impact file was separated into driver/passenger and male/female categories. Accident direction and intensity as well as occupant parameters were investigated for their effects on neck injury severity. Neck injury severity distributions and types of injuries were compared with and without head contact for belted and unbelted occupants. Vehicle body components responsible for neck injuries were identified. Special cases were selected from the accident files of both data sets to illustrate the effects of the dominant accident injury modes resulting from inertial and direct contact loads. Countermeasures to minimize neck injuries were hypothesized.
Course Holding by Cyclists and Moped Riders. J. Godthelp and P. I. Wouters, Applied Ergonomics, 1980, U(4), 227-235. Course holding by cyclists and moped riders includes both steering alongside a course and stabilizing the vehicles. Inability to hold course may lead to conflicts with other road users. To design safe bicycle and moped facilities, and to consider the safety of those existing, knowledge about performance during course holding is necessary. Based on a literature survey, the article discusses how course holding will be influenced by characteristics of the course, the vehicle, and the rider. Effects of disturbing factors such as side-wind and road-surface unevenness are also described. In a field study, subjects carried out riding tests with 178
various models of bicycles and mopeds on three courses. Speed, riding with one hand on the handlebars, side-wind, and road-surface unevenness were included as independent variables. Results indicate that cyclists and moped riders need a width of at least 1 m (3.3 ft) on straight roads. At intersections this width should be at least 1.25 m (4.1 ft). Performance on the tests also showed differences between vehicles and models and modes of riding.
Discomfort Glare from Highway Lighting. P. K. Kaiser, D. Bodinger, D. Homey, and F. W. lung, .lournal of Illuminating Engineering Society, 1980, 10(l), 17-23. The question addressed in this report is whether the subjective appraisal of discomfort glare caused by highway lighting can be reasonably predicted from a photometrically based formula. The photometric measurements required for the Adrian-Schreuder glare control mark formula were made on four Toronto installations. Then observers were driven along these roads and asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their opinion of the highway lighting conditions. The condition of major interest was discomfort due to glare. The data do not permit us to reject the Adrian-Schreuder formula as a measure of the discomfort due to glare experienced by Ontario drivers.
An Experimental Study on Hepatic Injury from Belt-Restraint Loading. V. K. Lau and D. C. Viano, Aviation Space and Enuironmental Medicine, 1981, 52(1 O), 61 f-61 7. The potential for nonpenetrating hepatic injury was investigated by simulated beltrestraint loading to the thoracic and abdominal areas in a supine, rigidly supported, anesthetized beagle. The impact was delivered through a belt interface oriented either transversely or diagonally over the thorax and upper abdomen. Four types of hepatic injury were identified by the following gross characteristics: linear surface laceration, subcapsular hematoma, stellate surface laceration, and hilus laceration. Pressure acting on the organ surface, bending moment Journal
ofSafety Research
Course Holding by Cyclists and Moped Riders. J. Godthelp and P. I. Wouters, Applied Ergonomics, 1980, U(4), 227-235. Course holding by cyclists and moped riders includes both steering alongside a course and stabilizing the vehicles. Inability to hold course may lead to conflicts with other road users. To design safe bicycle and moped facilities, and to consider the safety of those existing, knowledge about performance during course holding is necessary. Based on a literature survey, the article discusses how course holding will be influenced by characteristics of the course, the vehicle, and the rider. Effects of disturbing factors such as side-wind and road-surface unevenness are also described. In a field study, subjects carried out riding tests with 178
various models of bicycles and mopeds on three courses. Speed, riding with one hand on the handlebars, side-wind, and road-surface unevenness were included as independent variables. Results indicate that cyclists and moped riders need a width of at least 1 m (3.3 ft) on straight roads. At intersections this width should be at least 1.25 m (4.1 ft). Performance on the tests also showed differences between vehicles and models and modes of riding.
Discomfort Glare from Highway Lighting. P. K. Kaiser, D. Bodinger, D. Homey, and F. W. lung, .lournal of Illuminating Engineering Society, 1980, 10(l), 17-23. The question addressed in this report is whether the subjective appraisal of discomfort glare caused by highway lighting can be reasonably predicted from a photometrically based formula. The photometric measurements required for the Adrian-Schreuder glare control mark formula were made on four Toronto installations. Then observers were driven along these roads and asked to complete a questionnaire assessing their opinion of the highway lighting conditions. The condition of major interest was discomfort due to glare. The data do not permit us to reject the Adrian-Schreuder formula as a measure of the discomfort due to glare experienced by Ontario drivers.
An Experimental Study on Hepatic Injury from Belt-Restraint Loading. V. K. Lau and D. C. Viano, Aviation Space and Enuironmental Medicine, 1981, 52(1 O), 61 f-61 7. The potential for nonpenetrating hepatic injury was investigated by simulated beltrestraint loading to the thoracic and abdominal areas in a supine, rigidly supported, anesthetized beagle. The impact was delivered through a belt interface oriented either transversely or diagonally over the thorax and upper abdomen. Four types of hepatic injury were identified by the following gross characteristics: linear surface laceration, subcapsular hematoma, stellate surface laceration, and hilus laceration. Pressure acting on the organ surface, bending moment Journal
ofSafety Research