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Crab-apple hedges
J,me, ! 884.]
Crab-Apple Jh~.dqes.
461
French Engineering Society, upon the employment of metallic architecture l)efore the Christian era. H e presents evidence of its use, not: only in the details of public and 1)rivate edifices, but also in the erectioll of" buildings in which nearly the entire structure was of metal. Cohnnus of' iron and bronze were used in many of the Assyrian and Jewish monuments, and some metallic beams of the Roman Pantheon were r(~maining in the sixteenth eenttu T. Metallic joists and terracotta I)anels were used in ceilings, in the same way as in many modern struetm'cs.--Chr(m. /ndus~r., March 9, 1884. C.
Modern European F l i n t W e a p o n s . - - T w o tumuli have lately been explored in Plat, C6tes du Nord. In the smaller there was a medal, with a portrait of Maximian, who shared the throne with Diocletian fi'om 284 A. D. to 305 A . D . It was placed under a flat stone, which was evidently designed fi)r its protection. Near it was an urn of gracefifl outline, containing bones and ashes. In the other tumulus, the explorers found a sword, a number of daggers, one of which was orlmmented with golden studs, and about rift), flint arrows. It appears, thereibre, that flint was employed, together with metal, as late as the third centu W of the Christian era.--Les Mondes, Feb. 16, 1884. C. Sinking Shafts in Quicksands.--M. ttaton de la Goupilli~re r~ad a paper before the French Soci6t6 d'Encouragement, upon the Poetsch method of sinking shafts in watery soils and quicksands. A se~:ies of hollow iron tubes, with cutting sabots, is sunk in a circle around the well. Within these, other smaller tubes, pierced with numerous holes, are placed. Through the inner tubes a refrigerating liquid is forced, in a continuous current, until the soil in the critical neighborhood is frozen, and the intrusion of the sand and water is prevented so as to allow the sinking of the main tubular shaft.--Uhron. I~tdustr., March 16, 1884. C. Crab-Apple Hedges.--A skillful French horticulturist writes to the Gazette des Campagnes, that nothing is more suitable ~br a living hedge, more vigorous, or of a more rapid growth, than the wild crabapple. Two-year old stocks should be set out, either in autumn or in • spring; a good spring ploughing enlivens the growth and checks the weeds. A second ploughing, in the month of August, is also necessa~7, and if there is garden mould or manure to be added, so much the better. The young plants should be allowed to grow, without prun-
462
Explosive Waves.
[Jour. Frank. Inst.,
ing, for two years. In the third year they should be cut down to al)out 10 centimetres (4 inches) fl'om the ground, aud then the shoots will (tevelop in all directions with remarkable vigo L the strongest growing straight upwards, the weakest creeping upon the ground and intertwining, so as to form a barrier, which will be impenetrable even by the smallest animals. When the hedge is once started, it will only be necessary to trim the top to the desired height as often as is needful, and to dig about the roots whenever weeds threaten to exhaust the soil.--Les Mondes, March 15, 1884. C.
Electric Equilibrium.--Gore has investigated the degree of force required in an electric current in order to hinder a chemical combination. To show that the chenfieal and electric fbrces can be balanced, he takes a solution of silver aud of cyanide of potassium and plunges into it two electrodes, one of silver the other of platinum. The silver electrode tends to dissolv% with an energy which depends upon the richness of the cyanide and its temperature. This tendency is counteracted by passing a current through the electrode, the intensity of which is measured by the ordinary methods. When the current arrests all chemical reaction the two forces are in equilibrium. This method, simple as it is and susceptible of a great w~riety of applications, is very fruitful in results and opens to science a new field for the measurement of chemical ibrees.--Les Mondes, April 21, 1883. :Frontal E l e c t r i c Photophore.--Messrs. ttSlot and Trouv6 have presented to the French Academy the description of a medical illuminating apparatus, to which they give tile above name. l~t is composed of an incandescent lamp, enclosed in a metalic cylinder, between a reflector and a converging lens. The apparatus, which is very light, is applied to the forehead, and furnishes an intense glow, the field of which can be varied by a slight displacement of the lens. A battery of bichromate of potash furnishes the electricity. The light can be used for illuminating the natural cavities or a deeply situated field of surgical operation.--Comi)tes Rendus, April 16, 1883.
Explosive Waves.--Berthelot and Vieille have investigated the enormous living tbrce and pressure which arc propagated in explosive waves by the change of chemical constitution. They observed in the oxyhydric mixture a velocity of 2,841 metres, while that of the sonorous wave is only 514 metres. With the oxycarbonlc mixture the
Crab-Apple Jh~.dqes.
461
French Engineering Society, upon the employment of metallic architecture l)efore the Christian era. H e presents evidence of its use, not: only in the details of public and 1)rivate edifices, but also in the erectioll of" buildings in which nearly the entire structure was of metal. Cohnnus of' iron and bronze were used in many of the Assyrian and Jewish monuments, and some metallic beams of the Roman Pantheon were r(~maining in the sixteenth eenttu T. Metallic joists and terracotta I)anels were used in ceilings, in the same way as in many modern struetm'cs.--Chr(m. /ndus~r., March 9, 1884. C.
Modern European F l i n t W e a p o n s . - - T w o tumuli have lately been explored in Plat, C6tes du Nord. In the smaller there was a medal, with a portrait of Maximian, who shared the throne with Diocletian fi'om 284 A. D. to 305 A . D . It was placed under a flat stone, which was evidently designed fi)r its protection. Near it was an urn of gracefifl outline, containing bones and ashes. In the other tumulus, the explorers found a sword, a number of daggers, one of which was orlmmented with golden studs, and about rift), flint arrows. It appears, thereibre, that flint was employed, together with metal, as late as the third centu W of the Christian era.--Les Mondes, Feb. 16, 1884. C. Sinking Shafts in Quicksands.--M. ttaton de la Goupilli~re r~ad a paper before the French Soci6t6 d'Encouragement, upon the Poetsch method of sinking shafts in watery soils and quicksands. A se~:ies of hollow iron tubes, with cutting sabots, is sunk in a circle around the well. Within these, other smaller tubes, pierced with numerous holes, are placed. Through the inner tubes a refrigerating liquid is forced, in a continuous current, until the soil in the critical neighborhood is frozen, and the intrusion of the sand and water is prevented so as to allow the sinking of the main tubular shaft.--Uhron. I~tdustr., March 16, 1884. C. Crab-Apple Hedges.--A skillful French horticulturist writes to the Gazette des Campagnes, that nothing is more suitable ~br a living hedge, more vigorous, or of a more rapid growth, than the wild crabapple. Two-year old stocks should be set out, either in autumn or in • spring; a good spring ploughing enlivens the growth and checks the weeds. A second ploughing, in the month of August, is also necessa~7, and if there is garden mould or manure to be added, so much the better. The young plants should be allowed to grow, without prun-
462
Explosive Waves.
[Jour. Frank. Inst.,
ing, for two years. In the third year they should be cut down to al)out 10 centimetres (4 inches) fl'om the ground, aud then the shoots will (tevelop in all directions with remarkable vigo L the strongest growing straight upwards, the weakest creeping upon the ground and intertwining, so as to form a barrier, which will be impenetrable even by the smallest animals. When the hedge is once started, it will only be necessary to trim the top to the desired height as often as is needful, and to dig about the roots whenever weeds threaten to exhaust the soil.--Les Mondes, March 15, 1884. C.
Electric Equilibrium.--Gore has investigated the degree of force required in an electric current in order to hinder a chemical combination. To show that the chenfieal and electric fbrces can be balanced, he takes a solution of silver aud of cyanide of potassium and plunges into it two electrodes, one of silver the other of platinum. The silver electrode tends to dissolv% with an energy which depends upon the richness of the cyanide and its temperature. This tendency is counteracted by passing a current through the electrode, the intensity of which is measured by the ordinary methods. When the current arrests all chemical reaction the two forces are in equilibrium. This method, simple as it is and susceptible of a great w~riety of applications, is very fruitful in results and opens to science a new field for the measurement of chemical ibrees.--Les Mondes, April 21, 1883. :Frontal E l e c t r i c Photophore.--Messrs. ttSlot and Trouv6 have presented to the French Academy the description of a medical illuminating apparatus, to which they give tile above name. l~t is composed of an incandescent lamp, enclosed in a metalic cylinder, between a reflector and a converging lens. The apparatus, which is very light, is applied to the forehead, and furnishes an intense glow, the field of which can be varied by a slight displacement of the lens. A battery of bichromate of potash furnishes the electricity. The light can be used for illuminating the natural cavities or a deeply situated field of surgical operation.--Comi)tes Rendus, April 16, 1883.
Explosive Waves.--Berthelot and Vieille have investigated the enormous living tbrce and pressure which arc propagated in explosive waves by the change of chemical constitution. They observed in the oxyhydric mixture a velocity of 2,841 metres, while that of the sonorous wave is only 514 metres. With the oxycarbonlc mixture the