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Crack cocaine use and perceived life chances
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e202–e284
confidence to employ each strategy listed on the scale might serve as a form of education by informing users of strategies of which they are otherwise unaware. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.169 Effects of family relationships quality on drug use: Mediating effects of moral conviction Alexandra N. Davis, Gustavo Carlo, Cara Streit University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States Aims: Previous research demonstrates the importance of both family relationships and moral development in predicting substance use. The present study will extend this literature by examining the mediating role of moral conviction (i.e., strength of moral motivation) in the associations between parent and sibling relationship positivity and substance use outcomes (i.e., tobacco use, alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use). We hypothesized that family positivity would be positively associated with moral conviction, and that moral conviction would be negatively associated with substance use. Methods: Participants were 303 college students (M age = 18.71; 62.7% female). Participants completed measures of mother, father, and sibling positivity, their moral convictions regarding substance use, and their frequency of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and binge drinking in the past year. Results: Structural path analysis was conducted to examine the relations among the study variables. The model displayed acceptable fit (2 = 2.74; CFI = .98; RMSEA = .08). The results demonstrated that sibling positivity was positively associated with moral conviction, which in turn, was negatively associated with the substance use. Parental positivity was also directly associated with substance use. These results provide support for partial mediation of moral conviction in the associations between relationship quality and substance use. Future analyses will examine potential gender differences. Conclusions: The findings address important gaps in the literature by demonstrating the importance of both parent and sibling relationship quality on substance use, as well as examining the strength of adolescents’ convictions in accounting for college students’ substance use. The discussion will focus on the influence of both family relationship quality and moral convictions in predicting substance use outcomes. Financial support: Mizzou Advantage Grant from the University of Missouri. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.170 Crack cocaine use and perceived life chances Jeffrey Davis, Dennis G. Fisher, Grace L. Reynolds, Lucy Napper, Stephanie A. Meyers Center for Behavioral Research and Services, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States Aims: Adolescents who perceive limited potential future success are at risk for substance use. This study investigates the utility of the Perceived Life Chances scale (PLCS) to model crack cocaine use with an adult (M age = 35.7 years, SD = 14.51 years) street population (N = 332) specifically, the association between the PLCS and whether participants have: ever used crack, age of first use of crack, and number of days used crack.
e259
Methods: In addition to the PLCS, the participants were administered the Risk Behavior Assessment. Results: The PLCS was negatively related to the decision to use or not use crack cocaine. In contrast to our hypotheses, greater pessimism was related to an older age of first use and not associated at all with the number of days using crack cocaine. The strong covariates of crack cocaine use included: sex trading for either drugs or money; use of other drugs such as opiates, powder cocaine, and marijuana; and history of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and Chlamydia. Conclusions: PLC has implications for the use of Decisional Balance in interventions with crack users in that those who predict a bleak future for themselves may only value immediate consequences of their drug use behavior and may not value long-term negative consequences given that they are pessimistic about their long-term opportunities. Financial support: The project described was supported by Award Numbers R01DA030234 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, P20MD003942 from the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, and ID10-CSULB-008 from the California HIV Research Program. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.171 Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure, childhood aggression and adolescent cigarette use Natacha De Genna 1,2 , Lidush Goldschmidt 2 , Marie Cornelius 1,2 1 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States 2 Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Aims: Studies have demonstrated a relation between prenatal cigarette smoke exposure (PCSE) and subsequent smoking among exposed offspring. There is also a relation between PCSE and child behavior problems. In this prospective study of teenage mothers, we examined a potential pathway to adolescent smoking in offspring via childhood aggressive behavior. Methods: Pregnant teenagers (n = 413) were recruited from an urban prenatal clinic and interviewed during pregnancy. Mothers and children were assessed at delivery and during follow-up visits when the children were 6, 10, 14, and 16 years old. The PCSE measure was maternal report of any cigarette use during the third trimester. Our outcome measure was self-reported current smoking in offspring at the age 16 follow-up. Child aggressive behavior was measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at age 6. Path analysis using Mplus evaluated proposed pathways and tested for an indirect effect of PCSE on adolescent cigarette use through childhood aggressive behavior. Results: Half of the offspring in this cohort had PCSE, and PCSE significantly predicted child aggression at age 6 (p = .011, onetailed). By the age 16 follow-up visit, 20% of the adolescents were smokers (14% of the non-exposed and 22% of the exposed offspring). Adolescent cigarette use was directly associated with age 6 aggression scores, less strict parenting during adolescence, and White race. There was also an indirect path between PCSE and adolescent cigarette use via age 6 aggression scores (p = .035, one-tailed). Conclusions: We found that childhood aggression was a significant pathway linking PCSE to adolescent cigarette use. These results suggest several opportunities for early intervention with mothers who smoke and exposed offspring. A two-pronged approach addressing both maternal and child behavior may help prevent cigarette use in the next generation. Future work should
confidence to employ each strategy listed on the scale might serve as a form of education by informing users of strategies of which they are otherwise unaware. Financial support: None. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.169 Effects of family relationships quality on drug use: Mediating effects of moral conviction Alexandra N. Davis, Gustavo Carlo, Cara Streit University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States Aims: Previous research demonstrates the importance of both family relationships and moral development in predicting substance use. The present study will extend this literature by examining the mediating role of moral conviction (i.e., strength of moral motivation) in the associations between parent and sibling relationship positivity and substance use outcomes (i.e., tobacco use, alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use). We hypothesized that family positivity would be positively associated with moral conviction, and that moral conviction would be negatively associated with substance use. Methods: Participants were 303 college students (M age = 18.71; 62.7% female). Participants completed measures of mother, father, and sibling positivity, their moral convictions regarding substance use, and their frequency of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and binge drinking in the past year. Results: Structural path analysis was conducted to examine the relations among the study variables. The model displayed acceptable fit (2 = 2.74; CFI = .98; RMSEA = .08). The results demonstrated that sibling positivity was positively associated with moral conviction, which in turn, was negatively associated with the substance use. Parental positivity was also directly associated with substance use. These results provide support for partial mediation of moral conviction in the associations between relationship quality and substance use. Future analyses will examine potential gender differences. Conclusions: The findings address important gaps in the literature by demonstrating the importance of both parent and sibling relationship quality on substance use, as well as examining the strength of adolescents’ convictions in accounting for college students’ substance use. The discussion will focus on the influence of both family relationship quality and moral convictions in predicting substance use outcomes. Financial support: Mizzou Advantage Grant from the University of Missouri. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.170 Crack cocaine use and perceived life chances Jeffrey Davis, Dennis G. Fisher, Grace L. Reynolds, Lucy Napper, Stephanie A. Meyers Center for Behavioral Research and Services, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States Aims: Adolescents who perceive limited potential future success are at risk for substance use. This study investigates the utility of the Perceived Life Chances scale (PLCS) to model crack cocaine use with an adult (M age = 35.7 years, SD = 14.51 years) street population (N = 332) specifically, the association between the PLCS and whether participants have: ever used crack, age of first use of crack, and number of days used crack.
e259
Methods: In addition to the PLCS, the participants were administered the Risk Behavior Assessment. Results: The PLCS was negatively related to the decision to use or not use crack cocaine. In contrast to our hypotheses, greater pessimism was related to an older age of first use and not associated at all with the number of days using crack cocaine. The strong covariates of crack cocaine use included: sex trading for either drugs or money; use of other drugs such as opiates, powder cocaine, and marijuana; and history of sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and Chlamydia. Conclusions: PLC has implications for the use of Decisional Balance in interventions with crack users in that those who predict a bleak future for themselves may only value immediate consequences of their drug use behavior and may not value long-term negative consequences given that they are pessimistic about their long-term opportunities. Financial support: The project described was supported by Award Numbers R01DA030234 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, P20MD003942 from the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, and ID10-CSULB-008 from the California HIV Research Program. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.171 Prenatal cigarette smoke exposure, childhood aggression and adolescent cigarette use Natacha De Genna 1,2 , Lidush Goldschmidt 2 , Marie Cornelius 1,2 1 University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States 2 Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic (WPIC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Aims: Studies have demonstrated a relation between prenatal cigarette smoke exposure (PCSE) and subsequent smoking among exposed offspring. There is also a relation between PCSE and child behavior problems. In this prospective study of teenage mothers, we examined a potential pathway to adolescent smoking in offspring via childhood aggressive behavior. Methods: Pregnant teenagers (n = 413) were recruited from an urban prenatal clinic and interviewed during pregnancy. Mothers and children were assessed at delivery and during follow-up visits when the children were 6, 10, 14, and 16 years old. The PCSE measure was maternal report of any cigarette use during the third trimester. Our outcome measure was self-reported current smoking in offspring at the age 16 follow-up. Child aggressive behavior was measured with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at age 6. Path analysis using Mplus evaluated proposed pathways and tested for an indirect effect of PCSE on adolescent cigarette use through childhood aggressive behavior. Results: Half of the offspring in this cohort had PCSE, and PCSE significantly predicted child aggression at age 6 (p = .011, onetailed). By the age 16 follow-up visit, 20% of the adolescents were smokers (14% of the non-exposed and 22% of the exposed offspring). Adolescent cigarette use was directly associated with age 6 aggression scores, less strict parenting during adolescence, and White race. There was also an indirect path between PCSE and adolescent cigarette use via age 6 aggression scores (p = .035, one-tailed). Conclusions: We found that childhood aggression was a significant pathway linking PCSE to adolescent cigarette use. These results suggest several opportunities for early intervention with mothers who smoke and exposed offspring. A two-pronged approach addressing both maternal and child behavior may help prevent cigarette use in the next generation. Future work should