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Critical evaluation of aluminium dross composites and other potential building ceiling materials
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
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Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210
2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019)
Critical evaluation of aluminium dross composites and other Critical evaluation of aluminium dross composites and other potential building ceiling materials potential building ceiling materials
J. O Dirisua, O.S. I Fayomia,b*, S. O Oyedepoa, Jolayemi k.Ja, Moboluwarin D.Ma J. O Dirisua, O.S. I Fayomia,b*, S. O Oyedepoa, Jolayemi k.Ja, Moboluwarin D.Ma
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University. P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2* Department of CivilaaDepartment Engineering,ofCovenant University. P.M.BCovenant 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. Department of Chemical, Mechanical Engineering, University. P.M.B 1023,bOta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Metallurgical and b 2* b 2* Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Ota, Technology, P.M.B. X680,bPretoria, SouthofAfrica. Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University. P.M.B 1023, Ogun State, Nigeria. Department Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa. a
b
Abstract Abstract The development of an eco-friendly ceiling composites is worth pursuing to achieve a green environment. This can be obtained through observingof theanindividual material characteristics that makes up the to overall composite Hence there theobtained need to The development eco-friendly ceiling composites is worth pursuing achieve a greenstructure. environment. This canisbe through individual material characteristics makes upceilings. the overall composite structure. Hence the there is the need to evaluate observing critically the potential substance that can be used that as building This article seeks to harvest optimal ceiling potential that drive. can be used as building ceilings. will Thisbearticle seeks to harvest the optimal ceiling materials critically that can achieve thissubstance eco-friendly The outcome of the research relevant to building stakeholder which will evaluate materials thatceiling can achieve eco-friendly drive. The outcome of the research will be relevant to building stakeholder which will make future productthis sustainable. make future ceiling product sustainable. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 2019 The The Authors. Published B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier the organizing © Authors. Published by by Elsevier B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Keywords: ceiling; composites; eco-friendly; product; sustainable Keywords: ceiling; composites; eco-friendly; product; sustainable
1. Introduction 1. Introduction Composite is the admixture of more than one material [1] each having its unique desired physical, mechanical, Composite is theproperties admixturesuch of more thanstructural one material [1] each havingtoitsachieve uniqueits desired physical, mechanical, chemical and other that the composure is meant intended application [2][3]. chemical and other properties such that the structural composure is meant to achieve its intended application [2][3]. It is also made of polymer reinforced by fibre. The polymer can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Starch is It is also made of polymer reinforced by fibre. The polymer can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Starch is an example of polymer that is biodegradable [4]. The fibre can be natural, synthetic hybrid type. Fibre is the main an example of polymer that is biodegradable [4]. The fibre can be natural, synthetic or hybrid type. Fibre is the main component in composite [4]. It finds its application in all industries and we are surrounded with materials that are component in in structure composite[5][6][7][8][9]. [4]. It finds itsUnused application in all are industries andand wewill are surrounded with materials composite materials reusable eventually form a certain that typeare of composite in structure [5][6][7][8][9]. Unused materials are reusable and will eventually form a certain type of 2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review©under the organizing committee 2351-9789 2019responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. *Corresponding author: Tel: (+2348067017622) Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Tel: (+2348067017622) Email: [email protected]
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.078
J.O. Dirisu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
1206 2
composite. Composites are classified as metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composites and polymer matrix composites [10]. Nomenclature Wp Wps WA WB
1.
mass of empty pycnometer mass of empty pycnometer plus sample mass of pycnometer plus water mass of pycnometer plus sample plus water
Organic eco-friendly composites Natural fibres are widely explored because they are nature friendly and sustainable[11][12]. More attention are given to natural fibre since fossil based composites are not biodegradable and fossil fuel are non-renewable[13].The combination of biomaterials to form biocomposites make up an eco-friendly product due to their biodegradability[14]. Biomaterials such as natural rubber, corn ,wheat , animal bone powder, fly ash, sisal fibre and barley waste are utilized as composites thus solving the problem of agricultural land fill waste[15][16][17]. Date palm fibre and gypsum-based materials were experimented for their thermal insulation properties and were recommended as building materials[18]. 1.1 Egg shell reinforced metal matrix Egg shell was used as a reinforcement to Al6061, it was reported that a good bonding was achieved and there was 14% hardness enhancement[19]. It was also attested to have a good compressive strength[20][21] and coconut fibre a good tensile strength. Egg shell showed uniform distribution in its microstructure when added to metal matrix[22][23]. It gave a good bonding to aluminium metal matrix, minimum corrosion rate[24] and probable bonding to other materials when reinforced with it[25]. Egg shell gives an improved mechanical properties as such serves as a filler[26]. 2. Palm kernel and coconut shell potentials Palm kernel shell(PKS) is a by-product of oil palm processing which is considered as a waste but with the potential of being converted to fuel and potential utility material[27]. It is considered as a potential replacement [28]to light weight concrete in the construction industry[29] this is with the view to reduce production cost of cement by introducing agro-waste[30]. The strength of PKS [31]was improved by admixture of mineral, sand and silica fume[32]. Similarly, coconut shell (CS) is being researched as a potential filler for the development of composites[33][34][35]. Coconut shell powder was used as a filler for polyvinylchloride(PVC) in automotive industries[36]. It was also used as filler for concrete[37].The particle sizes of the CS influences the mechanical properties, as observed that the mechanical properties decrease with weight of the particle[38][39]. The bond strength of coarse coconut shell was investigated using a pull out test and was observed to have bond strength higher than theoretical recommended standards[36]. 2.1 Kenaf fibre Kenaf fibre is a natural material that can be employed as a composite. It is an eco-friendly material that it replacing glass fibre reinforced composite[40]. It serves as a reinforcement medium to a base material such as plastic called kenaf fibre reinforced plastic (KFRP)[41]. It is economical with minimal waste disposal drawback, it has low density which makes it applicable for automobile and building construction use[42]. It is applauded for its low cost which makes it a driving force in the market of natural composite[43]. Epoxy resin stands out as a good bonding agent to various materials, as it bonds with kenaf fibre to improve the strength of the composite[42]. 3. Treatment of aluminium dross A waste is termed such word when there is no idea of its reusability. However, such word is abstract and in real sense, “nothing is a waste”. Waste doesn’t exist. No material is a waste to a scientist, even our human waste is an energy source. A waste becomes a mine of wealth to a wealth creator and a visionary. The waste in our environment is a potential product to solve human challenge (Olukokun, 2018 unpublished). This case is applicable to aluminium dross which currently in a production factory serve as an environmental nuisance and a dump hill. The
J.O. Dirisu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
1207 3
waste is usually dumped on untarred local roads to serve as a filler for pot holes and uneven road. There should be a more economical way of diversifying this dross. Attempt have been made to use it as cement aggregate and brick production. This article seeks to optimize this waste for building ceiling by reinforcing it with binder and fillers that are environmentally and humanly friendly. Aluminium dross is considered as the by-waste product of aluminium process[44] with minute aluminium constituents[45]. This waste has attracted researchers to seek its probable utilization. 20% of Al dross was introduced to concrete so as to reduce the consumption of cement, there was improved mechanical and durability characteristics[46][47]. Al dross with the combination of epoxy resin serve as a potential composite for materials requiring light weight and moderate thermal resistance, thus it finds its application as building ceilings[48] and brick making[49].Aluminium oxychloride solution was obtained from the treatment of aluminium dross which finds its application in paper making, water treatment [50]and as a binder[51]. Alkaline solutions of Na2SiO3 and NaOH are usually introduced for the treatment of Al dross[45] and other materials such as hibiscus cannabis[52]. 4.
Specific gravity of Prospective ceiling materials Table: Specific Gravity Test on Potential Building Materials (75µm) Dross DUAL TEST
Bentonite
Cement
A
B
A
B
A
B
Wp= mass of empty pycnometer(g)
150.9
127.7
141.4
130
151
127.8
Wps= mass of empty pycnometer+ the
234.1
211.1
227.5
216.1
237.1
213.9
431
420.9
452.7
444.7
492.3
478.3
WA=mass of pycnometer+ water(g)
434.2
423.3
431.4
430.6
436.7
424.7
Wo=Wps-Wp
83.2
83.4
86.1
86.1
86.1
86.1
WA-WB
3.2
2.4
-21.3
-14.1
-55.6
-53.6
Wo+(WA-WB)
86.4
85.8
64.8
72
30.5
32.5
Specific gravity=Wo/((Wo+(WA+WB))
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.0
2.8
2.7
sample(g) WB=mass of pycnometer+the sample+water(g)
Aluminium dross will float as its specific gravity is less dense than water. It can perform better as a composite with other materials. Its combination with bentonite and cement which are denser than water will achieve its potentials. It is necessary to investigate their elemental compositions to check for their flame properties and ecofriendliness [53-55]. 5. Conclusion Egg shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell, kenaf and aluminium dross show a promising material that can achieve ceiling composite. The combination of these materials at different aggregates taking into cognizance their individual characteristics and strength will go a long way in achieving a sustainable ceiling product that will give thermal comfort, flame retardant edge and an eco-friendly environment. Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank covenant university for their research grant assistance. Reference [1] M. K. S. Sai, “Review of Composite Materials and Applications,” Int. J. Latest Trends Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 129–135, 2016. [2] S. ing. Dusan, “Application Potential of Composite Materials in Automotive Industry,” Transf. inovacii, pp. 216–218, 2015. [3] Z. Rao, B. Chen, and J. Zhao, “A series of generalized correlations for predicting the thermal conductivity of composite materials packing with artificially designed filler shapes,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 120, pp. 444–452, 2017.
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[49] N. G. Ozerkan, O. L. Maki, M. W. Anayeh, S. Tangen, and A. M. Abdullah, “The Effect of Aluminium Dross on Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of Concrete,” vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 9912–9922, 2014. [50] N. S. A. Zauzi, M. Z. H. Zakaria, R. Baini, M. R. Rahman, N. M. Sutan, and S. Hamdan, “Influence of Alkali Treatment on the Surface Area of Aluminium Dross,” Hindawi, vol. 2016, pp. 1–5, 2016. [51] A. P. B. Lucheva, A. P. R. Petkov, A. Prof, and T. Tzonev, “METHOD FOR ALUMINUM DROSS UTILIZATION,” in 3rd BMC-2003-Ohrid, 2003, pp. 259–264. [52] N. A. B. C. A. A, “Mechanical Performance of Kenaf Fibre Reinforced,” University Malaysia Pahang, 2011. [53] Dirisu, J. F., Asere, A. A., Oyekunle, J. A., Ajayi, O. O., Afolalu, S. A., Joseph, O. O., & Abioye, A. A. (2017). Comparison of the elemental structure and emission characteristics of selected PVC and non PVC ceiling materials available in Nigerian markets. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(23), 14755-14758. [54] Dirisu, J. O., Oyedepo, S. O., Fayomi, O. S. I., Okokpujie, I. P., Asere, A. A., Oyekunle, J. A., ... & Abioye, A. A. (2018). Effects of Emission Characteristics on Elemental Composition of Selected PVC Ceiling Materials. Materials Focus, 7(4), 566-572. [54] Oyekunle, J. A. O., Dirisu, J. O., Okokpujie, I. P., & Asere, A. A. (2018). Determination of Heat Transfer Properties of Various PVC and Non-PVC Ceiling Materials Available in Nigerian Markets. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), 9(8), 963-973
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000 Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210
2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Materials Processing and Manufacturing (SMPM 2019) (SMPM 2019)
Critical evaluation of aluminium dross composites and other Critical evaluation of aluminium dross composites and other potential building ceiling materials potential building ceiling materials
J. O Dirisua, O.S. I Fayomia,b*, S. O Oyedepoa, Jolayemi k.Ja, Moboluwarin D.Ma J. O Dirisua, O.S. I Fayomia,b*, S. O Oyedepoa, Jolayemi k.Ja, Moboluwarin D.Ma
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University. P.M.B 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2* Department of CivilaaDepartment Engineering,ofCovenant University. P.M.BCovenant 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria. Department of Chemical, Mechanical Engineering, University. P.M.B 1023,bOta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Metallurgical and b 2* b 2* Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Ota, Technology, P.M.B. X680,bPretoria, SouthofAfrica. Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University. P.M.B 1023, Ogun State, Nigeria. Department Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa. a
b
Abstract Abstract The development of an eco-friendly ceiling composites is worth pursuing to achieve a green environment. This can be obtained through observingof theanindividual material characteristics that makes up the to overall composite Hence there theobtained need to The development eco-friendly ceiling composites is worth pursuing achieve a greenstructure. environment. This canisbe through individual material characteristics makes upceilings. the overall composite structure. Hence the there is the need to evaluate observing critically the potential substance that can be used that as building This article seeks to harvest optimal ceiling potential that drive. can be used as building ceilings. will Thisbearticle seeks to harvest the optimal ceiling materials critically that can achieve thissubstance eco-friendly The outcome of the research relevant to building stakeholder which will evaluate materials thatceiling can achieve eco-friendly drive. The outcome of the research will be relevant to building stakeholder which will make future productthis sustainable. make future ceiling product sustainable. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 2019 The The Authors. Published B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of Elsevier the organizing © Authors. Published by by Elsevier B.V. committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. Keywords: ceiling; composites; eco-friendly; product; sustainable Keywords: ceiling; composites; eco-friendly; product; sustainable
1. Introduction 1. Introduction Composite is the admixture of more than one material [1] each having its unique desired physical, mechanical, Composite is theproperties admixturesuch of more thanstructural one material [1] each havingtoitsachieve uniqueits desired physical, mechanical, chemical and other that the composure is meant intended application [2][3]. chemical and other properties such that the structural composure is meant to achieve its intended application [2][3]. It is also made of polymer reinforced by fibre. The polymer can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Starch is It is also made of polymer reinforced by fibre. The polymer can be biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Starch is an example of polymer that is biodegradable [4]. The fibre can be natural, synthetic hybrid type. Fibre is the main an example of polymer that is biodegradable [4]. The fibre can be natural, synthetic or hybrid type. Fibre is the main component in composite [4]. It finds its application in all industries and we are surrounded with materials that are component in in structure composite[5][6][7][8][9]. [4]. It finds itsUnused application in all are industries andand wewill are surrounded with materials composite materials reusable eventually form a certain that typeare of composite in structure [5][6][7][8][9]. Unused materials are reusable and will eventually form a certain type of 2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review©under the organizing committee 2351-9789 2019responsibility The Authors. of Published by Elsevier B.V. of SMPM 2019. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. *Corresponding author: Tel: (+2348067017622) Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author: Tel: (+2348067017622) Email: [email protected]
2351-9789 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SMPM 2019. 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.078
J.O. Dirisu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
1206 2
composite. Composites are classified as metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composites and polymer matrix composites [10]. Nomenclature Wp Wps WA WB
1.
mass of empty pycnometer mass of empty pycnometer plus sample mass of pycnometer plus water mass of pycnometer plus sample plus water
Organic eco-friendly composites Natural fibres are widely explored because they are nature friendly and sustainable[11][12]. More attention are given to natural fibre since fossil based composites are not biodegradable and fossil fuel are non-renewable[13].The combination of biomaterials to form biocomposites make up an eco-friendly product due to their biodegradability[14]. Biomaterials such as natural rubber, corn ,wheat , animal bone powder, fly ash, sisal fibre and barley waste are utilized as composites thus solving the problem of agricultural land fill waste[15][16][17]. Date palm fibre and gypsum-based materials were experimented for their thermal insulation properties and were recommended as building materials[18]. 1.1 Egg shell reinforced metal matrix Egg shell was used as a reinforcement to Al6061, it was reported that a good bonding was achieved and there was 14% hardness enhancement[19]. It was also attested to have a good compressive strength[20][21] and coconut fibre a good tensile strength. Egg shell showed uniform distribution in its microstructure when added to metal matrix[22][23]. It gave a good bonding to aluminium metal matrix, minimum corrosion rate[24] and probable bonding to other materials when reinforced with it[25]. Egg shell gives an improved mechanical properties as such serves as a filler[26]. 2. Palm kernel and coconut shell potentials Palm kernel shell(PKS) is a by-product of oil palm processing which is considered as a waste but with the potential of being converted to fuel and potential utility material[27]. It is considered as a potential replacement [28]to light weight concrete in the construction industry[29] this is with the view to reduce production cost of cement by introducing agro-waste[30]. The strength of PKS [31]was improved by admixture of mineral, sand and silica fume[32]. Similarly, coconut shell (CS) is being researched as a potential filler for the development of composites[33][34][35]. Coconut shell powder was used as a filler for polyvinylchloride(PVC) in automotive industries[36]. It was also used as filler for concrete[37].The particle sizes of the CS influences the mechanical properties, as observed that the mechanical properties decrease with weight of the particle[38][39]. The bond strength of coarse coconut shell was investigated using a pull out test and was observed to have bond strength higher than theoretical recommended standards[36]. 2.1 Kenaf fibre Kenaf fibre is a natural material that can be employed as a composite. It is an eco-friendly material that it replacing glass fibre reinforced composite[40]. It serves as a reinforcement medium to a base material such as plastic called kenaf fibre reinforced plastic (KFRP)[41]. It is economical with minimal waste disposal drawback, it has low density which makes it applicable for automobile and building construction use[42]. It is applauded for its low cost which makes it a driving force in the market of natural composite[43]. Epoxy resin stands out as a good bonding agent to various materials, as it bonds with kenaf fibre to improve the strength of the composite[42]. 3. Treatment of aluminium dross A waste is termed such word when there is no idea of its reusability. However, such word is abstract and in real sense, “nothing is a waste”. Waste doesn’t exist. No material is a waste to a scientist, even our human waste is an energy source. A waste becomes a mine of wealth to a wealth creator and a visionary. The waste in our environment is a potential product to solve human challenge (Olukokun, 2018 unpublished). This case is applicable to aluminium dross which currently in a production factory serve as an environmental nuisance and a dump hill. The
J.O. Dirisu et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 35 (2019) 1205–1210 Author name / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2016) 000–000
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waste is usually dumped on untarred local roads to serve as a filler for pot holes and uneven road. There should be a more economical way of diversifying this dross. Attempt have been made to use it as cement aggregate and brick production. This article seeks to optimize this waste for building ceiling by reinforcing it with binder and fillers that are environmentally and humanly friendly. Aluminium dross is considered as the by-waste product of aluminium process[44] with minute aluminium constituents[45]. This waste has attracted researchers to seek its probable utilization. 20% of Al dross was introduced to concrete so as to reduce the consumption of cement, there was improved mechanical and durability characteristics[46][47]. Al dross with the combination of epoxy resin serve as a potential composite for materials requiring light weight and moderate thermal resistance, thus it finds its application as building ceilings[48] and brick making[49].Aluminium oxychloride solution was obtained from the treatment of aluminium dross which finds its application in paper making, water treatment [50]and as a binder[51]. Alkaline solutions of Na2SiO3 and NaOH are usually introduced for the treatment of Al dross[45] and other materials such as hibiscus cannabis[52]. 4.
Specific gravity of Prospective ceiling materials Table: Specific Gravity Test on Potential Building Materials (75µm) Dross DUAL TEST
Bentonite
Cement
A
B
A
B
A
B
Wp= mass of empty pycnometer(g)
150.9
127.7
141.4
130
151
127.8
Wps= mass of empty pycnometer+ the
234.1
211.1
227.5
216.1
237.1
213.9
431
420.9
452.7
444.7
492.3
478.3
WA=mass of pycnometer+ water(g)
434.2
423.3
431.4
430.6
436.7
424.7
Wo=Wps-Wp
83.2
83.4
86.1
86.1
86.1
86.1
WA-WB
3.2
2.4
-21.3
-14.1
-55.6
-53.6
Wo+(WA-WB)
86.4
85.8
64.8
72
30.5
32.5
Specific gravity=Wo/((Wo+(WA+WB))
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.0
2.8
2.7
sample(g) WB=mass of pycnometer+the sample+water(g)
Aluminium dross will float as its specific gravity is less dense than water. It can perform better as a composite with other materials. Its combination with bentonite and cement which are denser than water will achieve its potentials. It is necessary to investigate their elemental compositions to check for their flame properties and ecofriendliness [53-55]. 5. Conclusion Egg shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell, kenaf and aluminium dross show a promising material that can achieve ceiling composite. The combination of these materials at different aggregates taking into cognizance their individual characteristics and strength will go a long way in achieving a sustainable ceiling product that will give thermal comfort, flame retardant edge and an eco-friendly environment. Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank covenant university for their research grant assistance. Reference [1] M. K. S. Sai, “Review of Composite Materials and Applications,” Int. J. Latest Trends Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 129–135, 2016. [2] S. ing. Dusan, “Application Potential of Composite Materials in Automotive Industry,” Transf. inovacii, pp. 216–218, 2015. [3] Z. Rao, B. Chen, and J. Zhao, “A series of generalized correlations for predicting the thermal conductivity of composite materials packing with artificially designed filler shapes,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 120, pp. 444–452, 2017.
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