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Critical review of selected topics on biological effects of radiofrequency radiation
of an accident. r\ determination vvas made as to vvhether fatigue vvas a primary/probable cause, a contributory cause. or not a cause. If fatigue vvas not involved, specific causes of accidents were either safety/mechanical or DUI. This study found that 11% of heav) traffic accidents are due to fatigue. Recommendations are given for hours of service violations and enforcement.
Transport of Children in Cars and the Use of Child Restraints. ,Lf. Koicuroca and L. For.sten. Central 0rgani;ation for Traffic Safety, Re.search Department. Helsinki, Finland, 1985. This 1983 stud!. inv,estigates automobile child restraint usage and seating location in the car and adult seat belt use as well as knovvledge of how to transport children safely. Results indicate the greater majority of adults used seat belts in the front seat; the majorit! of children vvere seated unrestrained in the back seat - most of those in the front wore restraints. Child restraint usage vvas greatest during vveekend travel. ii high correlation vvas found between extent of the basic education of the driver, the length of the journey, and the use of restraints. Back seats vcere considered safer than front seats, and most drivers considered safety seats a must for children.
Vehicle Guidance by Delineation Night. G. /. BlaauG, Ergonomics, 1985, 28(12), 1601-1615.
Systems at December
Good car and road designs allow drivers the role of supervisory controller in dealing with normal multitask driving. Blaautv presents a study of various driving tasks performed more or less automatically by the driver using observation strateg),, control strategy, and comprehensive driver-vehicle system performance in regard to different types of configurations of delineation on wet roads at night. Both straight and curved roads using such delineation devices as profiled stripes, raised pavement markers in the center and/or on lane markings, or markers posted alongside the road were evaluated.
138
Occupational
Safety
An Approach to Hazard Analysis of LNG Spills. D. H. ./lapier and D. R. Roopchand. Journal of Occupational Accidents, February 1986, 7(4), 251-272. This paper investigates the hazardous properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and outlines an approach suitable to hazard analysis in terms of risk assessment. LSG is examined in respect to release, dispersion, combustion, and rapid phase transition (RPT) phenomena. rin overview of dispersion models concludes with a suggestion for an appropriate model choice. Thermal radiation models from pool fires are also discussed. Three methods for predicting radiant flux densities from these fires are compared to Canadian Standard Z2i6 and SFPA Standard 59A. The basis for establishing minimum values for thermal radiation for pilot and spontaneous combustion of cellulosic materials is discussed, and guidelines for safety analysis are established.
Asbestos Exposure, Smoking Habits, and Cancer Incidence Among Production and Maintenance VVorkers in an Electrochemical Plant. B. Hilt, S. Langard, and A. Andersen. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1.985. 8(6), 565-577. The incidence of cancer among asbestosexposed workers manufacturing nitric acid in an electrochemical plant vvas much higher than previously expected. Especially noted vvere increased cases of colon cancer, mesothelioma, and melanoma of the skin. The rate of lung cancer to smoking habits is clear, but there is no conclusive indication tvhether the interaction between asbestos exposure and smoking is additive or multiplicative.
Critical Review of Selected Topics on Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation. 1. H. Krzlpp, L. N. Heynick, and P. Poison, Proceedings of a Workshop on Radiofreqzrency Radiation Bioeffects, September 11-13. 1984. Wachtberg- Werthhot-en, Germany.
Journal of Safety Research
This paper reviews reports on sev.eral RFRbioeffects topics considered potentially hazardous to humans. RFR is a generic term for electromagnetic fields with frequencies up to 300 GHz, excluding those produced by highvoltage power-transmission lines. RFR-bioeffects topics discussed include: epidemioloa; mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cytogeneiic effects; teratogenesis and developmental abnormalities; and effects on the nervous system. Based on these reviews, the authors believe that chronic exposure to RFR at average potver densities belon lmW/cm” or at SARs belo~r 0.4 VVlkg are not hazardous to human health, but they also conclude that further research is needed.
Evaluation of Foot Swelling and LowerLimb Temperatures in Relation to Leg Activity During Long-Term Seated Office Work. ]. Winkel. Ergonomics. February 1986, 29(B), 313-328. Studies of foot s\velling and lovver leg skin temperature vvere made on seven female office workers at three le\.els of leg activity: inactive. semiactive, and acti1.e sitting. Results show that physiological stress and discomfort due to prolonged inactivity can be alleviated bv injecting a minor amount of leg kinematics as a part of sedentary vvork.
Farming, Pesticides and Occupational Health. A. 0. Carter, Occupational Health in Ontario, Winter 1986, 7(l), 19-37. Mortality and morbidity rates are rising in the agricultural industry because of the increased use of machines and pesticides. The greatest concern regarding pesticides is for potential chronic effects resulting from exposure. Preliminary research indicates a possibility that some pesticides are carcinogenic and farmers have a higher risk for certain types of cancer. Recommendations include improving materials handling, developing safer pesticides, and decreasing the amount used. This can be accomplished by means of better education, legislation,
Fall 1986/Volume
1 i/Number
3
better cooperation between the government and the agricultural community, and especially, a global focus similar to Integrated Pest hlanagement vvhich tries to curtail pesticide use.
Fiber Size and Number in Workers Exposed to Processed Chrysotile Asbestos, Chrysotile Miners, and the General Population. A. Churg and B. Wiggs, American /ournal of Industrial Medicine, 1986, 9(Z): 143-152. Chrysotile and chrysotile-associated amphibole (tremolite) asbestos fibers found in 21 millers, 20 miners, and 20 members of the public (controls) were analyzed. Fiber size and concentration data clearly identified those workers exposed to processed ores. The authors concluded that longer fibers nere found in the lungs of processedore users and chrysotile miners: the longer fibers found in the processed-ore users might correlate with certain higher disease rates among them; tremolite has been shown to be a potential cause for the development of mesothelioma; and despite various types of fibers, concentrations, sizes, and the inability to be retained for very long in the lung, exposure to chrysotile can be determined by means of mineralogic analysis.
Field Study: U.S. Farmworkers and Pesticide Safety. R. F. Wasserstrom and R. Wiles, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, July 1985. The authors discuss both the scientific and the policy issues regarding pesticide use and agricultural safety. Pesticide registration, chlorobenzilate, applicator training and field worker protection, research needs and data requirements, and strengthening the EPA’s Regulatory Program are among the topics discussed.
Job Load and Hazard Analysis: A .Method for the Analysis of Workplace Conditions for Occupational Health Care. M. K. iLfattila, Brit-
139
Transport of Children in Cars and the Use of Child Restraints. ,Lf. Koicuroca and L. For.sten. Central 0rgani;ation for Traffic Safety, Re.search Department. Helsinki, Finland, 1985. This 1983 stud!. inv,estigates automobile child restraint usage and seating location in the car and adult seat belt use as well as knovvledge of how to transport children safely. Results indicate the greater majority of adults used seat belts in the front seat; the majorit! of children vvere seated unrestrained in the back seat - most of those in the front wore restraints. Child restraint usage vvas greatest during vveekend travel. ii high correlation vvas found between extent of the basic education of the driver, the length of the journey, and the use of restraints. Back seats vcere considered safer than front seats, and most drivers considered safety seats a must for children.
Vehicle Guidance by Delineation Night. G. /. BlaauG, Ergonomics, 1985, 28(12), 1601-1615.
Systems at December
Good car and road designs allow drivers the role of supervisory controller in dealing with normal multitask driving. Blaautv presents a study of various driving tasks performed more or less automatically by the driver using observation strateg),, control strategy, and comprehensive driver-vehicle system performance in regard to different types of configurations of delineation on wet roads at night. Both straight and curved roads using such delineation devices as profiled stripes, raised pavement markers in the center and/or on lane markings, or markers posted alongside the road were evaluated.
138
Occupational
Safety
An Approach to Hazard Analysis of LNG Spills. D. H. ./lapier and D. R. Roopchand. Journal of Occupational Accidents, February 1986, 7(4), 251-272. This paper investigates the hazardous properties of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and outlines an approach suitable to hazard analysis in terms of risk assessment. LSG is examined in respect to release, dispersion, combustion, and rapid phase transition (RPT) phenomena. rin overview of dispersion models concludes with a suggestion for an appropriate model choice. Thermal radiation models from pool fires are also discussed. Three methods for predicting radiant flux densities from these fires are compared to Canadian Standard Z2i6 and SFPA Standard 59A. The basis for establishing minimum values for thermal radiation for pilot and spontaneous combustion of cellulosic materials is discussed, and guidelines for safety analysis are established.
Asbestos Exposure, Smoking Habits, and Cancer Incidence Among Production and Maintenance VVorkers in an Electrochemical Plant. B. Hilt, S. Langard, and A. Andersen. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1.985. 8(6), 565-577. The incidence of cancer among asbestosexposed workers manufacturing nitric acid in an electrochemical plant vvas much higher than previously expected. Especially noted vvere increased cases of colon cancer, mesothelioma, and melanoma of the skin. The rate of lung cancer to smoking habits is clear, but there is no conclusive indication tvhether the interaction between asbestos exposure and smoking is additive or multiplicative.
Critical Review of Selected Topics on Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation. 1. H. Krzlpp, L. N. Heynick, and P. Poison, Proceedings of a Workshop on Radiofreqzrency Radiation Bioeffects, September 11-13. 1984. Wachtberg- Werthhot-en, Germany.
Journal of Safety Research
This paper reviews reports on sev.eral RFRbioeffects topics considered potentially hazardous to humans. RFR is a generic term for electromagnetic fields with frequencies up to 300 GHz, excluding those produced by highvoltage power-transmission lines. RFR-bioeffects topics discussed include: epidemioloa; mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, and cytogeneiic effects; teratogenesis and developmental abnormalities; and effects on the nervous system. Based on these reviews, the authors believe that chronic exposure to RFR at average potver densities belon lmW/cm” or at SARs belo~r 0.4 VVlkg are not hazardous to human health, but they also conclude that further research is needed.
Evaluation of Foot Swelling and LowerLimb Temperatures in Relation to Leg Activity During Long-Term Seated Office Work. ]. Winkel. Ergonomics. February 1986, 29(B), 313-328. Studies of foot s\velling and lovver leg skin temperature vvere made on seven female office workers at three le\.els of leg activity: inactive. semiactive, and acti1.e sitting. Results show that physiological stress and discomfort due to prolonged inactivity can be alleviated bv injecting a minor amount of leg kinematics as a part of sedentary vvork.
Farming, Pesticides and Occupational Health. A. 0. Carter, Occupational Health in Ontario, Winter 1986, 7(l), 19-37. Mortality and morbidity rates are rising in the agricultural industry because of the increased use of machines and pesticides. The greatest concern regarding pesticides is for potential chronic effects resulting from exposure. Preliminary research indicates a possibility that some pesticides are carcinogenic and farmers have a higher risk for certain types of cancer. Recommendations include improving materials handling, developing safer pesticides, and decreasing the amount used. This can be accomplished by means of better education, legislation,
Fall 1986/Volume
1 i/Number
3
better cooperation between the government and the agricultural community, and especially, a global focus similar to Integrated Pest hlanagement vvhich tries to curtail pesticide use.
Fiber Size and Number in Workers Exposed to Processed Chrysotile Asbestos, Chrysotile Miners, and the General Population. A. Churg and B. Wiggs, American /ournal of Industrial Medicine, 1986, 9(Z): 143-152. Chrysotile and chrysotile-associated amphibole (tremolite) asbestos fibers found in 21 millers, 20 miners, and 20 members of the public (controls) were analyzed. Fiber size and concentration data clearly identified those workers exposed to processed ores. The authors concluded that longer fibers nere found in the lungs of processedore users and chrysotile miners: the longer fibers found in the processed-ore users might correlate with certain higher disease rates among them; tremolite has been shown to be a potential cause for the development of mesothelioma; and despite various types of fibers, concentrations, sizes, and the inability to be retained for very long in the lung, exposure to chrysotile can be determined by means of mineralogic analysis.
Field Study: U.S. Farmworkers and Pesticide Safety. R. F. Wasserstrom and R. Wiles, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, July 1985. The authors discuss both the scientific and the policy issues regarding pesticide use and agricultural safety. Pesticide registration, chlorobenzilate, applicator training and field worker protection, research needs and data requirements, and strengthening the EPA’s Regulatory Program are among the topics discussed.
Job Load and Hazard Analysis: A .Method for the Analysis of Workplace Conditions for Occupational Health Care. M. K. iLfattila, Brit-
139