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Cross-section measurements for (n, 2n) and (n, α) reactions on yttrium at neutron energies from 13.5 to 14.6 MeV
ARTICLE IN PRESS Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66 (2008) 1898– 1900
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Radiation and Isotopes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apradiso
Cross-section measurements for (n, 2n) and (n, a) reactions on yttrium at neutron energies from 13.5 to 14.6 MeV$ Fengqun Zhou a,, Hongwei Zhang b, Hongchun Huang a, Kuohu Li a, Yanling Yi c, Fei Tuo c, Xiangzhong Kong c a
Electric and Information Engineering College, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan Province 467000, PR China Department of Physics, Zhengzhou Teachers’ College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450000, PR China c School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, PR China b
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 11 February 2008 Received in revised form 24 May 2008 Accepted 6 June 2008
The cross sections for the reactions 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRB induced by 14 MeV neutrons have been measured using the activation technique and a coaxial HPGe g-ray detector. Spectroscopically pure Y2O3 powder was used. Fast neutrons were produced by the T(d, n) 4He reaction. The neutron fluencies were determined using the monitor reaction 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb. & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Yttrium Activation cross sections Neutron-induced reactions HPGe detector
1. Introduction A lot of experimental data of the cross sections for yttrium have been reported at neutron energies around 14 MeV because it is an important fusion reactor material. It is, however, still important to measure them again, in order to further strengthen the database. In the present work, the cross sections for the reactions 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRb have been studied by the activation technique at neutron energies of 13.5–14.6 MeV, and the measured results are compared with published data. The reaction yields were obtained by absolute measurement of the g-ray activities of the residual nuclei, using a coaxial high-purity germanium detector.
2. Experimental Irradiation of the samples was carried out at the ZF-300-II Intense Neutron Generator at Lanzhou University. Neutrons with a yield of about 3 1010–4 1010 n/s were produced by the T(d, n) $ This work was supported by the Program for Science & Technology Innovation Talents in the Universities of Henan Province, China (2008 HASTIT032) and Scientific Research Start up Outlay of High-Position Talent in Pingdingshan University in Henan Province, China. Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (F. Zhou).
0969-8043/$ - see front matter & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.06.002
4
He reaction with an effective deuteron beam energy of 135 keV and a beam current of 500 mA. The thickness of the tritium–titanium (T–Ti) target used in the generator was 1.35 mg/cm2. The small variation of the neutron yield was monitored by the U-fission chamber so that correction could be made for the fluctuation of the neutron flux during the irradiation. The cross sections for the 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb reaction, 456.6713.7, 459.379.2 and 459.7713.8 mb at 13.570.3, 14.170.2 and 14.670.3 MeV incident neutron energies, respectively, were obtained by interpolating the values of Wagner et al. (1990) used as the monitor to measure the 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+g Rb reaction cross sections. Samples of 20 mm diameter were made of spectroscopically pure Y2O3 powder and 99.99% purity natural niobium metal foils. The groups of samples were irradiated at fixed positions about 2–5 cm away from the center of the T–Ti target and at angles of 01, 901and 1351 relative to the incident deuteron beam direction. The neutron energy in these positions was determined by the method of cross-section ratios for 90Zr(n, 2n) 89m+gZr and 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb reactions (Levis and Zieba, 1980). The g-ray activities of 92mNb, 88m+gY and 86m+gRb were determined by a CH8403 coaxial high-purity germanium detector (sensitive volume 110 cm3) (made in the People’s Republic of China) with a relative efficiency of 20% and an energy resolution of 3 keV at 1.332 MeV. The efficiency of the detector was calibrated using a standard gamma-ray source. An absolute efficiency calibration curve was obtained at 20 cm from the surface of the
ARTICLE IN PRESS F. Zhou et al. / Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66 (2008) 1898–1900
3. Results and discussion
germanium crystal. At this distance the coincidence summing effects can be considered to be negligible. In our situation, however, we needed to calibrate the efficiency at 2 cm, the actual counting position used because of the weak activity of the sample. Therefore, we selected a set of mono-energetic sources and placed them at two positions (20 and 2 cm) successively to measure their efficiency ratios so that we were able to evaluate the efficiency ratio curve as a function of energy. The absolute efficiency calibration curve at 2 cm was obtained from the calibrated curve at 20 cm and the efficiency ratio curve. The error in the absolute efficiency curve at 2 cm was estimated to be 1.5%, while the error of the activity of the standard source was 1%. The decay characteristics of the product radionuclides and the natural abundance of the target isotopes under investigation are summarized in Table 1 (Firestone and Shirley, 1996).
The cross sections were calculated using the equation proposed by Xiangzhong et al. (1999). The cross sections measured in the present work are summarized in Table 2 and plotted in Figs. 1and 2, together with the values given in the literatures for comparison. But when Fig. 2 was plotted, the results from both Paul and Clarke (1953), 69.774.2 mb at 14.570.12 MeV, and Strohal et al. (1962), 96724 mb at 14.670.2 MeV, were not adopted because their numerical values were too large to show clearly the relations of the other data near 14 MeV. Corrections were made for g-ray self-absorption in the sample, for g g coincidence summing effects, for fluctuation of the neutron flux during the irradiation and for sample geometry. The major errors in our work result from the errors of counting statistics, detector efficiency, monitor reaction cross sections, weight of samples, self-absorption of g-rays, coincidence summing effect of cascade g-rays, sample geometry and the effect of the scattering neutrons. In the case of the 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY reaction, it can be seen from Fig. 1 and Table 2 that our results are in agreement, within experimental error, with those of Veeser et al. (1977), Bayhurst et al. (1975), Qaim et al. (1974) and Jianzhou et al. (1980). They also agree, within experimental error, with those of Bormann et al. (1976), Rieder and Muenzer (1966), Nethaway (1972), Ghorai et al. (1976), Raics et al. (1981), Filatenkov et al. (1999), Molla et al. (1998), Klopries et al. (1997) and Wagner et al. (1989) at some experimental energy point or value on their excitation curves. The 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRb reaction cross-section values presented in Table 2 and Fig. 2 show that the measurements of the present work increase with increasing neutron energy around 14 MeV and our results lie between those of Paul and Clarke (1953) and Strohal et al. (1962) and those of Bayhurst and Prestwood (1961), Grallert et al. (1993) and Filatenkov et al. (1999). At about 13.5 MeV energy point they agree, within experimental error, with those of Klopries et al. (1997) and the excitation curves of Filatenkov et al. (1999). Furthermore, the cross sections of Paul and Clarke (1953) and Strohal et al. (1962) are much higher than those of the others.
Table 1 Reactions and associated decay data of activation products Abundance of target isotope (%)
Reaction
T1/2 (d)
Eg (keV)
Ig (%)
100 100 100
89
106.65 18.631 10.15
898.042 1077.0 934.44
93.68 8.64 99.07
Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY Y(n, a) 86m+gRb 93 Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb 89
Table 2 Summary of the cross-sections measurements Reaction
Neutron energy (MeV)
Cross sections (mb) 89 Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY 89 Y(n, a) 86m+gRb
13.570.3
14.170.2
14.670.3
762736 5.970.9
840735 8.170.9
962745 10.671.2
1899
1200 1150
89Y(n, 2n) 88m+g Y
1100 1050 1000
Cross section (mb)
950 900 This work Nethaway (1972) Veeser et al. (1977) Ghorai et al. (1976) Bayhurst et al. (1975) Qaim and Stocklin (1974) Bormann et al. (1976) Raics et al. (1981) Huang Jianzhou et al. (1980)
850 800 750 700 650 600
Filatenkov et al. (1999) Molla et al. (1998) Wagner et al. (1989) Klopries et al. (1997) Riedr and Muenze (1966)
550 500 450 400 13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 Neutron energy (MeV)
Fig. 1. Cross section of
89
Y(n, 2n)
88m+g
Y reaction.
14.8
15.0
15.2
15.4
ARTICLE IN PRESS 1900
F. Zhou et al. / Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66 (2008) 1898–1900
Cross section (mb)
12 11
This work Bayhurst and Prestwood (1961) Grallert et al. (1993)
10
Filatenkov et al. (1999) Klopries et al. (1997)
89
Y (n,α)
86m+g
Rb
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0 14.2 Neutron energy (MeV)
Fig. 2. Cross section of
Acknowledgment We would like to thank the group of the Intense Neutron Generator at Lanzhou University for performing irradiation work. References Bayhurst, B.P., Prestwood, R.J., 1961. (n, p) and (n, alpha) excitation functions of several nuclei from 7.0 to 19.8 MeV. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 23, 173. Bayhurst, B.P., Gilmore, J.S., Prestwood, R.J., Wilhelmy, J.B., Jarmie, N., Erkkila, B.H., Hardekopf, R.A., 1975. Cross sections for (n, xn) reactions between 7.5 and 28 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 12, 451. Bormann, M., Feddersen, H.K., Holscher, H.H., Scobel, W., Wagner, H., 1976. (n, 2n) excitation functions for Fe-54, Ge-70, Se-74, Rb-85, Sr-86, 88, Y-89, Mo-92 and Hg-204 in the neutron energy region 13–18 MeV. Z. Phys. A 277, 203. Filatenkov, A.A., Chuvaev, S.V., Aksenov, V.N., Yakovlev, V.A., Malyshenkov, A.V., Vasil’ev, S.k., Avrigeanu, M., Avrigeanu, V., Smith, D.L., Ikeda, Y., Wallner, A., Kutschera, W., Priller, A., Steier, P., Vonach, H., Mertens, G., Rochow, W., 1999. Systematic measurement of activation cross sections at neutron energies from 13.4 to 14.9 MeV. Khlopin Radiev. Inst. Leningrad Report 252. Firestone, R.B., Shirley, V.S., 1996. Table of Isotopes. Wiley, New York. Ghorai, S.K., Hudson, C.G., Alford, W.L., 1976. The excitation function for the 89 Y(n, 2n) 88Y reaction. Nucl. Phys. A 266, 53. Grallert, A., Csikai, J., Buczko, Cs.M., Shaddad, I., 1993. Investigations on the systematics in (n, alpha) cross sections at 14.6 MeV. Report: INDC(NDS)-286, IAEA, Vienna. Jianzhou, H., Hanlin, L., Jizhou, L., Peiguo, F., 1980. Excitation curve measurement for the reaction Y-89 (n, 2n) Y-88. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys. (Beijing) 2 (3), 213. Klopries, R.M., Doczi, R., Sudar, S., Csikai, J., Qaim, S.M., 1997. Excitation functions of some neutron threshold reactions on 89Y in the energy range of 7.8–14.7 MeV. Radiochim. Acta 76, 3.
89
Y(n, a)
86m+g
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
Rb reaction.
Levis, V.E., Zieba, K.J., 1980. A transfer standard for d+T neutron fluence and energy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods 174, 141. Molla, N.I., Basunia, S., Miah, R.U., Hossain, S.M., Rahman, M., Spellerberg, S., Qaim, S.M., 1998. Radiochemical study of the Sc-45(n, p)Ca-45 and Y-89(n, p)Sr-89 reactions in the neutron energy range of 13.9–14.7 MeV. Radiochim. Acta 80, 189. Nethaway, D.R., 1972. Cross sections for several (n, 2n)reactions at 14 MeV. Nucl. Phys. A 190, 635. Paul, E.B., Clarke, R.L., 1953. Cross section measurements of reactions induced by neutrons of 14.5 MeV energy. Can. J. Phys. 31, 267. Qaim, S.M., Sto¨cklin, G., 1974. Measurement and systematics of cross sections for common and low yield 14 MeV neutron induced nuclear reactions on structural Fr-material and transmuted species. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Fusion Technology, EUR 5182e, p. 939. Raics, P., Paszti, F., Daroczy, S., Nagy, S., 1981. Measurement of the cross sections for the Ni-58(n, 2n), Ni-58(n, p), Ni-58(n, d) and Y-89(n, 2n) reactions around 14 MeV. Atomki Kozl. 23, 45. Rieder, R., Muenzer, H., 1966. (n, 2n) cross sections for some nuclei with n about the magic number 50, with 14 MeV neutrons. Acta Phys. Austriaca 23, 42. Strohal, P., Cindro, N., Eman, B., 1962. Reaction mechanism and shell effects from the interaction of 14.6 MeV neutrons with nuclei. Nucl. Phys. 30, 49. Veeser, L.R., Arthur, E.D., Young, P.G., 1977. Cross sections for (n, 2n) and (n, 3n) reactions above 14 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 16, 1792. Wagner, M., Winkler, G., Vonach, H., Buczko, CS.M., Csikai, J., 1989. Measurement of the cross sections for the reactions Cr-52(n, 2n)Cr-51, Zn-66(n, 2n)Zn-65, Y-89(n, 2n)Y-88 and Zr-96(n, 2Nn)Zr-95 from 13.5 to 14.8 MeV. Ann. Nucl. Energy 16 (12), 623. Wagner, M., Vonach, H., Pavlik, A., Strohmaier, B., Tagesen, S., Martinez-Rico, J., 1990. Evaluation of cross sections for 14 important neutron-dosimetry reactions. Phys. Data 13 (5), 183. Xiangzhong, K., Rong, W., Yongchang, W., Jingkang, Y., 1999. Cross sections for 13.5–14.7 MeV neutron induced reactions on palladium isotopes. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 50 (2), 361.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Applied Radiation and Isotopes journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apradiso
Cross-section measurements for (n, 2n) and (n, a) reactions on yttrium at neutron energies from 13.5 to 14.6 MeV$ Fengqun Zhou a,, Hongwei Zhang b, Hongchun Huang a, Kuohu Li a, Yanling Yi c, Fei Tuo c, Xiangzhong Kong c a
Electric and Information Engineering College, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan Province 467000, PR China Department of Physics, Zhengzhou Teachers’ College, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450000, PR China c School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, PR China b
a r t i c l e in f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 11 February 2008 Received in revised form 24 May 2008 Accepted 6 June 2008
The cross sections for the reactions 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRB induced by 14 MeV neutrons have been measured using the activation technique and a coaxial HPGe g-ray detector. Spectroscopically pure Y2O3 powder was used. Fast neutrons were produced by the T(d, n) 4He reaction. The neutron fluencies were determined using the monitor reaction 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb. & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Yttrium Activation cross sections Neutron-induced reactions HPGe detector
1. Introduction A lot of experimental data of the cross sections for yttrium have been reported at neutron energies around 14 MeV because it is an important fusion reactor material. It is, however, still important to measure them again, in order to further strengthen the database. In the present work, the cross sections for the reactions 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRb have been studied by the activation technique at neutron energies of 13.5–14.6 MeV, and the measured results are compared with published data. The reaction yields were obtained by absolute measurement of the g-ray activities of the residual nuclei, using a coaxial high-purity germanium detector.
2. Experimental Irradiation of the samples was carried out at the ZF-300-II Intense Neutron Generator at Lanzhou University. Neutrons with a yield of about 3 1010–4 1010 n/s were produced by the T(d, n) $ This work was supported by the Program for Science & Technology Innovation Talents in the Universities of Henan Province, China (2008 HASTIT032) and Scientific Research Start up Outlay of High-Position Talent in Pingdingshan University in Henan Province, China. Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (F. Zhou).
0969-8043/$ - see front matter & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.06.002
4
He reaction with an effective deuteron beam energy of 135 keV and a beam current of 500 mA. The thickness of the tritium–titanium (T–Ti) target used in the generator was 1.35 mg/cm2. The small variation of the neutron yield was monitored by the U-fission chamber so that correction could be made for the fluctuation of the neutron flux during the irradiation. The cross sections for the 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb reaction, 456.6713.7, 459.379.2 and 459.7713.8 mb at 13.570.3, 14.170.2 and 14.670.3 MeV incident neutron energies, respectively, were obtained by interpolating the values of Wagner et al. (1990) used as the monitor to measure the 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY and 89Y(n, a) 86m+g Rb reaction cross sections. Samples of 20 mm diameter were made of spectroscopically pure Y2O3 powder and 99.99% purity natural niobium metal foils. The groups of samples were irradiated at fixed positions about 2–5 cm away from the center of the T–Ti target and at angles of 01, 901and 1351 relative to the incident deuteron beam direction. The neutron energy in these positions was determined by the method of cross-section ratios for 90Zr(n, 2n) 89m+gZr and 93Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb reactions (Levis and Zieba, 1980). The g-ray activities of 92mNb, 88m+gY and 86m+gRb were determined by a CH8403 coaxial high-purity germanium detector (sensitive volume 110 cm3) (made in the People’s Republic of China) with a relative efficiency of 20% and an energy resolution of 3 keV at 1.332 MeV. The efficiency of the detector was calibrated using a standard gamma-ray source. An absolute efficiency calibration curve was obtained at 20 cm from the surface of the
ARTICLE IN PRESS F. Zhou et al. / Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66 (2008) 1898–1900
3. Results and discussion
germanium crystal. At this distance the coincidence summing effects can be considered to be negligible. In our situation, however, we needed to calibrate the efficiency at 2 cm, the actual counting position used because of the weak activity of the sample. Therefore, we selected a set of mono-energetic sources and placed them at two positions (20 and 2 cm) successively to measure their efficiency ratios so that we were able to evaluate the efficiency ratio curve as a function of energy. The absolute efficiency calibration curve at 2 cm was obtained from the calibrated curve at 20 cm and the efficiency ratio curve. The error in the absolute efficiency curve at 2 cm was estimated to be 1.5%, while the error of the activity of the standard source was 1%. The decay characteristics of the product radionuclides and the natural abundance of the target isotopes under investigation are summarized in Table 1 (Firestone and Shirley, 1996).
The cross sections were calculated using the equation proposed by Xiangzhong et al. (1999). The cross sections measured in the present work are summarized in Table 2 and plotted in Figs. 1and 2, together with the values given in the literatures for comparison. But when Fig. 2 was plotted, the results from both Paul and Clarke (1953), 69.774.2 mb at 14.570.12 MeV, and Strohal et al. (1962), 96724 mb at 14.670.2 MeV, were not adopted because their numerical values were too large to show clearly the relations of the other data near 14 MeV. Corrections were made for g-ray self-absorption in the sample, for g g coincidence summing effects, for fluctuation of the neutron flux during the irradiation and for sample geometry. The major errors in our work result from the errors of counting statistics, detector efficiency, monitor reaction cross sections, weight of samples, self-absorption of g-rays, coincidence summing effect of cascade g-rays, sample geometry and the effect of the scattering neutrons. In the case of the 89Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY reaction, it can be seen from Fig. 1 and Table 2 that our results are in agreement, within experimental error, with those of Veeser et al. (1977), Bayhurst et al. (1975), Qaim et al. (1974) and Jianzhou et al. (1980). They also agree, within experimental error, with those of Bormann et al. (1976), Rieder and Muenzer (1966), Nethaway (1972), Ghorai et al. (1976), Raics et al. (1981), Filatenkov et al. (1999), Molla et al. (1998), Klopries et al. (1997) and Wagner et al. (1989) at some experimental energy point or value on their excitation curves. The 89Y(n, a) 86m+gRb reaction cross-section values presented in Table 2 and Fig. 2 show that the measurements of the present work increase with increasing neutron energy around 14 MeV and our results lie between those of Paul and Clarke (1953) and Strohal et al. (1962) and those of Bayhurst and Prestwood (1961), Grallert et al. (1993) and Filatenkov et al. (1999). At about 13.5 MeV energy point they agree, within experimental error, with those of Klopries et al. (1997) and the excitation curves of Filatenkov et al. (1999). Furthermore, the cross sections of Paul and Clarke (1953) and Strohal et al. (1962) are much higher than those of the others.
Table 1 Reactions and associated decay data of activation products Abundance of target isotope (%)
Reaction
T1/2 (d)
Eg (keV)
Ig (%)
100 100 100
89
106.65 18.631 10.15
898.042 1077.0 934.44
93.68 8.64 99.07
Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY Y(n, a) 86m+gRb 93 Nb(n, 2n) 92mNb 89
Table 2 Summary of the cross-sections measurements Reaction
Neutron energy (MeV)
Cross sections (mb) 89 Y(n, 2n) 88m+gY 89 Y(n, a) 86m+gRb
13.570.3
14.170.2
14.670.3
762736 5.970.9
840735 8.170.9
962745 10.671.2
1899
1200 1150
89Y(n, 2n) 88m+g Y
1100 1050 1000
Cross section (mb)
950 900 This work Nethaway (1972) Veeser et al. (1977) Ghorai et al. (1976) Bayhurst et al. (1975) Qaim and Stocklin (1974) Bormann et al. (1976) Raics et al. (1981) Huang Jianzhou et al. (1980)
850 800 750 700 650 600
Filatenkov et al. (1999) Molla et al. (1998) Wagner et al. (1989) Klopries et al. (1997) Riedr and Muenze (1966)
550 500 450 400 13.0
13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0 14.2 14.4 14.6 Neutron energy (MeV)
Fig. 1. Cross section of
89
Y(n, 2n)
88m+g
Y reaction.
14.8
15.0
15.2
15.4
ARTICLE IN PRESS 1900
F. Zhou et al. / Applied Radiation and Isotopes 66 (2008) 1898–1900
Cross section (mb)
12 11
This work Bayhurst and Prestwood (1961) Grallert et al. (1993)
10
Filatenkov et al. (1999) Klopries et al. (1997)
89
Y (n,α)
86m+g
Rb
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 13.2
13.4
13.6
13.8
14.0 14.2 Neutron energy (MeV)
Fig. 2. Cross section of
Acknowledgment We would like to thank the group of the Intense Neutron Generator at Lanzhou University for performing irradiation work. References Bayhurst, B.P., Prestwood, R.J., 1961. (n, p) and (n, alpha) excitation functions of several nuclei from 7.0 to 19.8 MeV. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 23, 173. Bayhurst, B.P., Gilmore, J.S., Prestwood, R.J., Wilhelmy, J.B., Jarmie, N., Erkkila, B.H., Hardekopf, R.A., 1975. Cross sections for (n, xn) reactions between 7.5 and 28 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 12, 451. Bormann, M., Feddersen, H.K., Holscher, H.H., Scobel, W., Wagner, H., 1976. (n, 2n) excitation functions for Fe-54, Ge-70, Se-74, Rb-85, Sr-86, 88, Y-89, Mo-92 and Hg-204 in the neutron energy region 13–18 MeV. Z. Phys. A 277, 203. Filatenkov, A.A., Chuvaev, S.V., Aksenov, V.N., Yakovlev, V.A., Malyshenkov, A.V., Vasil’ev, S.k., Avrigeanu, M., Avrigeanu, V., Smith, D.L., Ikeda, Y., Wallner, A., Kutschera, W., Priller, A., Steier, P., Vonach, H., Mertens, G., Rochow, W., 1999. Systematic measurement of activation cross sections at neutron energies from 13.4 to 14.9 MeV. Khlopin Radiev. Inst. Leningrad Report 252. Firestone, R.B., Shirley, V.S., 1996. Table of Isotopes. Wiley, New York. Ghorai, S.K., Hudson, C.G., Alford, W.L., 1976. The excitation function for the 89 Y(n, 2n) 88Y reaction. Nucl. Phys. A 266, 53. Grallert, A., Csikai, J., Buczko, Cs.M., Shaddad, I., 1993. Investigations on the systematics in (n, alpha) cross sections at 14.6 MeV. Report: INDC(NDS)-286, IAEA, Vienna. Jianzhou, H., Hanlin, L., Jizhou, L., Peiguo, F., 1980. Excitation curve measurement for the reaction Y-89 (n, 2n) Y-88. Chin. J. Nucl. Phys. (Beijing) 2 (3), 213. Klopries, R.M., Doczi, R., Sudar, S., Csikai, J., Qaim, S.M., 1997. Excitation functions of some neutron threshold reactions on 89Y in the energy range of 7.8–14.7 MeV. Radiochim. Acta 76, 3.
89
Y(n, a)
86m+g
14.4
14.6
14.8
15.0
Rb reaction.
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