Culture of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater: Zootechnical performance, economics and nutritional quality

Journal Pre-proof Culture of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater: Zootechnical performance, economics and nutritional quality

Paulo Henrique Oliveira Pinto, João Lucas Rocha, Julianna Paula do Vale Figueiredo, Ramon Felipe Siqueira Carneiro, César Damian, Léo de Oliveira, Walter Quadros Seiffert PII:

S0044-8486(19)32339-7

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734960

Reference:

AQUA 734960

To appear in:

aquaculture

Received date:

10 September 2019

Revised date:

2 January 2020

Accepted date:

13 January 2020

Please cite this article as: P.H.O. Pinto, J.L. Rocha, J.P. do Vale Figueiredo, et al., Culture of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater: Zootechnical performance, economics and nutritional quality, aquaculture (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.734960

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© 2019 Published by Elsevier.

Journal Pre-proof Culture of marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater: zootechnical performance, economics and nutritional quality

Paulo Henrique Oliveira Pintoa, João Lucas Rochaa, Julianna Paula do Vale Figueiredoa, Ramon Felipe Siqueira Carneiro a, César Damianb, Léo de

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Oliveirac , Walter Quadros Seifferta

Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM – CCA – UFSC)

b

Laboratório de Química de Alimentos (LABCAL – CCA – UFSC)

c

Alfakit® Ltda

a

Address: Beco dos Coroas, 503 – Zip code: 88061-600. Barra da Lagoa.

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a

Florianópolis. Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Address: Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346 – Zip code: 88034-001. Itacorubi.

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b

Address: Rua João Sampaio da Silva, 128 – Zip code: 88090-820. Capoeiras.

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Florianópolis. Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Florianópolis. Santa Catarina. Brazil

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Journal Pre-proof Abstract

Marine shrimp farming traditionally occurs in coastal areas. Although inland farming represents only a small fraction of total Brazilian marine shrimp production, the culture in inland areas has some advantages which may contribute with economic, social and even environmental benefits. Combining zero water exchange technologies and ionic adequacy (or salinization) of

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freshwater, this study proposes a marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture model that do not depends on oceanic, estuarine or brackish well water

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sources. This study evaluated the zootechnical performance, economic viability

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and nutritional quality of the L. vannamei shrimp cultured in a biofloc technology (BFT) system using artificially salinized freshwater. The experimental design

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included three test treatments (T1, T2 and T3) and one control treatment (CT). The treatments involved different combinations of commercial (CS) and low-

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cost-prepared salt mixture (PS) at 20 g L-1: CT = 20:0, T1 = 10:10, T2 = 5:15,

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T3 = 0:20 (CS g L-1:PS g L-1). Twelve 1000 L circular tanks were used, with 1.1

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± 0.3 g juveniles, at a density of 250 shrimp m-3. Water quality and ionic balance data showed no considerable differences among treatments, and they remained within the limits considered appropriate for the species. Productivity was higher in treatment 1. Treatment 2 was more cost effective. Treatment 3 did not indicate zootechnical viability. The marine shrimp culture in the BFT system using salinized water (treatments 1 and 2) showed zootechnical and financial viability. Centesimal composition analysis showed that the proposed culture model did not reduce the nutritional quality of the shrimp.

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Journal Pre-proof Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, biofloc technology, salinized water, mixedion solution, shrimp performance

1. Introduction

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Marine shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming traditionally occurs in coastal areas, although inland farming represents only a small fraction of total

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Brazilian marine shrimp production (Miranda et al., 2008), continental cultures is

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an alternative to water use that can generate income for local communities

discuss

the

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while it alleviates the pressure on coastal resources. Boyd and Thunjai (2003) advantages

of delivering

fresh shrimp

to

major offshore

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consumption centers and highlight the economic importance of continental

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shrimp farming for China, Ecuador, Thailand and the United States.

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Although it has economic, social and even environmental benefits, continental culturing is dependent on an adequate water source that ensures shrimp growth and survival. In Thailand, marine shrimp is grown by transporting hypersaline water from coastal evaporation lagoons to continental ponds (Roy et al., 2010). In Alabama (United States), as well as Northeastern Brazil, continental cultures occur in some regions where hard and carbonate-rich well water, called oligohaline water is available (Cavalheiro et al., 2016). Combining zero exchange culture technologies and the ionic adequacy of water (salinization process), the present work proposes a culture model that is

not

dependent

on

oceanic,

estuarine

or

brackish water. Through

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Journal Pre-proof experimentation, the objective of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance, economic viability and nutritional quality of L. vannamei shrimp cultivated in a biofloc (BFT) technology system with artificially salinized freshwater using three different combinations of commercial salt and low-cost prepared salt mixture. The commercial salt may be expensive and economically enviable for shrimp production. Thus, the search for cheaper ways to achieve water

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salinization is necessary to guarantee economic viability. Marine shrimp, besides being rich in proteins, releases a series of fatty acids, vitamins and

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minerals that are essential for human health (Sriket et al., 2007). It is important

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to evaluate nutritional quality from shrimp produced in salinized water to

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compare with seawater-farmed shrimp. The proposed model is justified by the supply of fresh marine shrimp in inland consumer centers, where the offered

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2. Material and methods

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marine shrimp only comes processed and/or frozen and is well valued.

2.1 Experimental systems and design The experiment was performed for 93 days (30 days fertilization and 63 days fattening) at the Laboratório de Camarões Marinhos (LCM) of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Twelve circular, 1000 L (800 L working volume) tanks were used, each equipped with a thermostat and heater (800 W), aerator (blower + microperforated hose), two plates (50 x 50 cm) of artificial substrate (high density 100 % polyester, Needlona®), a feed tray and decanter.

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Journal Pre-proof The experimental design included three test treatments (T1, T2 and T3) and one control treatment (CT), all in triplicate. The treatments involved different combinations of commercial (CS) and low-cost prepared salt mixture (PS), at 20 g L-1 salinity: CT = 20:0, T1 = 10:10, T2 = 5:15, T3 = 0:20 (CS g L-1:PS g L-1). All treatments were developed in the BFT system at 20 g L -1 salinity. A study developed by Gao et al. (2016) that compared different salinities showed that 20 g L-1 salinity was physiologically comfortable for L. vannamei shrimp and it

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has a positive relationship to growth rate and survival.

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2.2 Water salinization

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The utilized commercial salt mixture was Instant Ocean® brand. The prepared salt mixture was formulated to supply the main minerals found in

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seawater, namely the macro constituents (chlorine, sodium, calcium, potassium,

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magnesium and sulfate). Those minerals make up 99.28% of seawater (Segar,

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2006). The prepared salt mixture (20 g L-1) comprised 15.48 kg of coarse salt (sodium chloride), 3.92 kg magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (9% magnesium

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guarantee), 6.42 kg granulated calcium chloride dihydrate (27% calcium guarantee) and 4.08 kg potassium chloride (60% potassium guarantee). The quantity of each component was calculated in order to maintain the same ionic balance of seawater (Boyd et al., 2002). The experimental units were filled with domestic freshwater, supplied by the local water company. The items that comprised the salt mixture were weighed according to the values calculated for each treatment (Table 1) and dissolved in the respective experimental unit. Table 1

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Journal Pre-proof 2.3 Biofloc fertilization and shrimp stocking Post-larvae

(speedline

genetics

and

specific-pathogen-free)

were

purchased from a commercial laboratory and kept in a biofloc nursery tank at a density of 2000 post-larvae m-3 until they reached the appropriate size to commence the experiment (fattening phase). Biofloc fertilization is the process of initializing a microbiological community (mainly heterotrophic bacteria) in the culture water. The fertilization

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process started 30 days before settlement through the single addition of 50 g powdered feed (40% crude protein) to 1000 L water. Subsequently, 4 g

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molasses was added daily, divided into two applications, with the aim of

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obtaining 200 mg L-1 or more total suspended solids (TSS) before beginning the

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experiment (Avnimelech, 2009; Vilani et al., 2016). Five days before settlement, 3000 shrimp were acclimatized from 35 g L(seawater salinity) to 20 g L -1 (experimental salinity) in isolated tanks (5000 L),

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1

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following the protocol established by Van Wyk et al. (1999). Each experimental

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unit was stocked with 200 juveniles (1.1 ± 0.3 g), which corresponded to a density of 250 shrimp m-3.

2.4 Systems management The daily feed ration was calculated following the relationships proposed by Van Wyk et al. (1999). The shrimp were fed four times a day with 35% crude protein commercial feed. Sugarcane molasses was added twice a day, calculated according to the daily feed ration and ammonia levels, using the ratio of 6 g carbon (C) to 1 g ammonia (N-NH4+; Samocha et al., 2017). During the fourth week of shrimp fattening, the molasses supply was halved and there was

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Journal Pre-proof no observed increase in ammonia. In the fifth week, molasses addition was suspended. The added calcium hydroxide was calculated according to the difference between the measured and the desired alkalinity (150 mg L -1) multiplied by the water volume (Samocha et al., 2017). Alkalinity correction was required after the seventh week of cultivation (Avnimelech, 2009). When TSS reached 500 mg L -1, the excess particulate matter was

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removed using decanters (Samocha et al., 2017). Each tank was decanted at least twice throughout the experiment. Temperature (°C) and dissolved oxygen

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(D.O.) were measured twice daily using an YSI model Pro20 oximeter. Salinity

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(YSI model EC300A digital salinometer) was measured every week, and fresh

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water was added when salinity exceeded 21 g L -1.

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2.5 Water quality

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Twice a week, water quality analyses were performed. The examined parameters were settleable solids (SS; Avnimelech, 2009), TSS, alkalinity

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(Apha, 2005), total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite (Strickland & Parsons, 1972). At day 1, 34 and 63 of the experiment, nitrate, chlorine, sodium, magnesium, calcium (Apha, 2005) and potassium (Fries et al., 1977) were analyzed. 2.6 Zootechnical performance To correct the feed supply throughout the fattening process, weekly biometric analyses were performed using samples of 20 shrimp from each experimental unit. After harvesting, the following measures were calculated: survival (%), final mean weight (g), weekly growth (g), yield (kg m -3) and apparent feed conversion ratio (FCR).

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Journal Pre-proof 2.7 Centesimal composition A 300 g sample of shrimp from each treatment was collected for centesimal composition analysis. Shrimp cultivated in seawater (external tanks) from the same post-larval lot were also collected. The samples were frozen and taken to the laboratory for protein, carbohydrate plus fiber, cholesterol, ash and lipid analyses.

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2.8 Production cost Salinization cost value was projected for the production capacity limit,

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using the same water in subsequent crops. Cost data were calculated through

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the relationship between yield, dissolved nitrate at harvest, salt mixture cost per m-3 and maximum recommended nitrate concentration.

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The total production cost (R$ kg-1) was calculated by summing the

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salinization and BFT system production costs, calculated by Rego et al. (2017).

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and other factors.

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These values include labor, post-larvae, feed, inputs, electricity, depreciation

2.9 Statistical analysis The

Levene

and

Shapiro-Wilk

tests

were used to check data

homoscedasticity and normality, respectively. The media were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. KruskalWallis ANOVA was used for nonparametric data. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed with STATISTICA version 8.0 software.

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Journal Pre-proof 3. Results

3.1 Water quality The pH and ammonia (TA-N) were slightly higher in treatments 2 and 3. Salinity, alkalinity, TSS, SS, nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) did not differ among treatments (Table 2). Ammonia levels remained below 0.8 mg L-1 and no significant peaks were observed. Nitrite levels increased in the first four weeks

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and the peak occurred at approximately 3.5 mg L-1 (TC and T2) and 2.5 mg L-1 (T1 and T3). Nitrate accumulated throughout the crop reaching values between

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28 (T3) and 34 mg L-1 (T1) (Figure 1).

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Table 2

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Figure 1 3.2 Ionic composition

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There were no differences among treatments with regards to the

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evaluated ions (Table 3). For all treatments, hardness and the magnesium

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concentration were higher at the end of experiment, while pH and sodium were lower. The sodium:potassium (Na:K) ratio was slightly higher in the control treatment and 1, and the calcium:magnesium:potassium (Ca:Mg:K) ratio was slightly higher in the control treatment. Table 3 3.3 Zootechnical performance Treatment 1 yielded higher productivity and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) (Table 4). Although treatment 2 had a higher final average weight and greater weekly growth, survival was lower, a result that negatively affected the yield and FCR. Treatment 3 underperformed in all parameters.

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Journal Pre-proof Table 4 3.4 Production cost The commercial salt mixture was the most expensive component; it representing 100%, 53%, 25% of the salinization cost for control and treatments 1 and 2, respectively. Sodium chloride was the lowest-priced item, followed by magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride and calcium chloride. The salinization

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cost was highest in the control treatment and lowest in treatment 3 (Table 5). Even with lower survival, treatment 2 was more cost effective, followed by

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treatment 1, control and 3.

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3.5 Centesimal composition

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Table 5

Control and treatments 1 and 2 showed similar values in all parameters

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(Table 6). Carbohydrates and fiber were considerably higher for treatment 3.

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Cholesterol and lipids were higher in shrimp grown in salinized water. Moisture

seawater. Table 6

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and ash exhibited no appreciable variations among shrimp from salinized and

4. Discussion

4.1 Water quality and ionic balance Temperature,

dissolved

oxygen

(D.O.),

pH,

alkalinity, TSS, SS,

ammonia, nitrite and nitrate were within the range considered suitable for L. vannamei shrimp farming (Samocha et al., 2017; Van Wyk et al., 1999; Kuhn et al., 2010).

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Journal Pre-proof The SS and TSS averages were slightly higher than the ideal values for L. vannamei culturing in a BFT system: 10 to 14 ml L -1 and 250 350 mg L-1 respectively (Samocha et al., 2017; Schveitzer et al., 2013). Pérri et al. (2015) verified a decrease in the pH in the treatments with lower alkalinity. The slight pH decrease in the control and treatment 1 was probably related to alkalinity. Although this measure was not statistically different from the other treatment, its value was lower for control and treatment

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1.

The organic material present in the feed remains as substrate for

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heterotrophic bacteria, which metabolize the protein into ammonia nitrogen

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(Van Wyk et al., 1999). The slight difference in ammonia between control and

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treatment 1 and treatments 2 and 3 was due to the higher mortality rate in the latter treatments, and the consequent dietary leftovers throughout the crop.

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Water hardness is defined by the presence of alkaline earth salts,

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predominantly calcium and magnesium cations (Szikszay, 1993). The control

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treatment exhibited greater hardness, which is related to the higher magnesium concentration found in this treatment. In all treatments, the Na:K ratio was slightly above and Ca:Mg:K ratio was slightly below those found in seawater (28:1 and 1:3:1, respectively). Zhu et al. (2004) compared the Na:K ratio and Sowers et al. (2005) the Ca:K ratio on L. vannamei growth and survival. Although there were slightly differences in ionic relationships comparing to seawater, differences in shrimp performance were not verified by Zhu et al. (2004) and Sowers et al. (2005) for the relationships found in this study compared of shrimp farmed in the seawater.

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Journal Pre-proof The ions present in water show variation in solubility, which is controlled by temperature, pressure and pH. The amount of dissolved sodium tended to decrease over time and may be related to pH reduction or some microbiological activity (Szikszay, 1993; Madigan et al., 2016). 4.3 Zootechnical performance Regarding survival rate and weekly growth, the results obtained in this

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study were not inferior to those reported by Gao et al. (2012), Krummenauer et al. (2011), Wasielesky et al. (2013), Rego et al. (2017) and Rodrigues et al.

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(2018).

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Pinheiro et al. (2017), using the same structures, genetics, system and density and farming in seawater, obtained: 72% survival, 1.0 g weekly average

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growth, 2.1 kg m-3 yield and 1.7 FCR. The results in this study are close to

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those values (specifically for control and treatments 1 and 2).

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The decrease in survival and yield observed in treatments 2 and 3 was closely related to the decrease in the amount of commercial salt. The ionic

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balance and water quality results demonstrated that in all treatments the analyzed parameters were within or close to the adequate range for L. vannamei shrimp farming in a BFT system. The low-cost prepared salt, which comprised 50% of treatment 1, 75% of treatment 2 and 100% of treatment 3, supplied the macro minerals that comprise 99.28% of seawater. The other 0.72% comes from micro-constituent minerals (1 to 100 mg L -1) and trace elements (less than 1 mg L -1; Segar, 2006). Instant Ocean® commercial salt mixture provides a number of micro-constituent and traces minerals (Atkinson and Bingman, 1996) that were not included in the prepared salt mixture formulation. The lack of these elements is probably related to the drop in

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Journal Pre-proof treatment 2 survival rates and treatment 3 zootechnical performance (Van Wyk et al., 1999; Samocha et al., 2017). The zootechnical results obtained in treatment 3 indicated that the formulation of a salt mixture based only on the macro constituents does not meet the L. vannamei needs. Micro-elements and trace minerals were not added to the prepared salt, because the objective of this study was to search for a simple and low-cost salinization method. Parmenter et al. (2009) developed

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an experiment similar to this study, with 100 shrimp m-3 and 15 g L-1 salinity, but their results were different from the current study. The authors compared L.

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vannamei cultures in salinised water from commercial Instant Ocean® salt and

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another with prepared salt mixture, which was composed of sodium chloride,

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magnesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and bicarbonate sodium (and did not include micro constituents and/or trace

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minerals). They reported > 80% survival, 1.04 g weekly growth and 1.03 kg m-3

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yield for all treatments and concluded that the prepared salt, which provided

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only the macro constituents, can be used for shrimp farming without compromising shrimp performance. 4.4 Production cost

Nitrate accumulation is common in biofloc system water (Samocha et al., 2017). The cost projection was molded for water use limit, with nitrate as the limiting factor. Kuhn et al. (2010) developed a study with 30 g L -1 salinity and found that nitrate levels below 400 mg L -1 did not affect shrimp performance. The experiment was also developed at 20 g L -1. This salinity may maintain a safe nitrate concentration below 400 mg L -1.

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Journal Pre-proof An estimated 18.2 kg (T2) and 24.9 kg (T1) shrimp can be produced without impairing shrimp performance due to nitrate accumulation (estimated according to yield and nitrate levels at harvest). Wholesale shrimp sells for US$ 7.71 to 9.16 kg-1 (CEASA-ES, 2019; CEASA-RJ, 2019; CEAGESP, 2019). For control treatments, 1 and 2, the production cost was below the sale price provided by the mentioned organizations. In treatment 2, which provided the best cost-benefit ratio, the average selling price was US$ 3.90 kg -1 above the

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production cost, which corresponds to 85.9% profitability. Although there are no organizations that provide the selling price for fresh marine shrimp in consumer

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centers far from the coast, due to lack of availability, the selling price may be

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considerably higher, a possibility that reflects positively on the profitability index

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(US$ 1 = R$ 4.15).

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4.5 Centesimal composition and nutritional quality

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Except for treatment 3, which did not indicate zootechnical viability, the control treatment, 1 and 2 did not show considerable variations in protein,

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moisture and ash levels when compared to seawater-cultivated shrimp. Carbohydrate and fiber levels were 2-times higher in seawater shrimp and cholesterol and lipids were 2- and 1.4-times lower. Freygang (2012) examined twelve shrimp centesimal compositions provided by different authors. The protein level in the different compositions ranged from 10.62 to 21.2 g 100 g-1. The values found in this study, both for shrimp cultivated in salinized water and seawater, are within this range. Lipid content ranged from 0.8 to 1.8 g 100g -1, with shrimp from control and treatment 1 above, treatment 2 within and treatment 3 below these values.

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Journal Pre-proof Compared to the proximate compositions provided by Freygang (2012) and to shrimp farmed in seawater, shrimp grown in salinized water (control and treatments 1 and 2) exhibited higher cholesterol and lipid levels. Although cholesterol is generally avoided in human nutrition, the increase in fat content in shrimp grown in salinized water may not be harmful to health, since L. vannamei, as well as other marine animals, have a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Martin et al., 2006).

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Although no data were found in the literature, treatment 3 presented lower protein and higher carbohydrate and fiber concentration, and these

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parameters may be related to physiological stress and the consequent poor

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zootechnical performance.

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5 Conclusion

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Reference data indicate the culturing L. vannamei in a BFT system using

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salinized freshwater from a combination of commercial and low-cost prepared

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salt mixture, reached similar shrimp performance compared to a standard seawater shrimp culture. The production cost (with best cost-benefit results when using 25% commercial to 75% low-cost prepared salt) was considerably below the selling price (Brazilian market) resulting in satisfactory profitability. Centesimal composition analysis demonstrated that salinized water does not adversely affect the nutritional quality of the farmed shrimp.

6. Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. The authors

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Journal Pre-proof thank CAPES, CNPq and FAPEU for financial support, LABCAL for centesimal composition analysis and Alfakit Ltda for the ionic composition analysis kit.

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http://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.16213 Pinheiro, I., Arantes, R., do Espírito Santo, C. M., do Nascimento Vieira, F., Lapa, K. R., Gonzaga, L. V., ... & Seiffert, W. Q., 2017. Production of the halophyte Sarcocornia ambigua and Pacific white shrimp in an aquaponic

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Journal Pre-proof system

with

biofloc

technology. Ecological

engineering, 100,

261-267.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.12.024 Prapaiwong, N., 2011. Water Quality in Inland Ponds for Low-Salinity Culture of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Doctoral dissertation). Rego, M. A. S., Sabbag, O. J., Soares, R., & Peixoto, S., 2017. Financial viability of inserting the biofloc technology in a marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farm: a case study in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Aquaculture

oo

f

international, 25(1), 473-483. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s10499-016-0044-7 Rodrigues, M. S., Bolívar, N., Legarda, E. C., Guimarães, A. M., Guertler, C., do

supplementation

for

Pacific

white

e-

dietary

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Espírito Santo, C. M., ... & do Nascimento Vieira, F., 2018. Mannoprotein raised

90-95.

in

biofloc

http://dx.doi.org/

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systems. Aquaculture, 488,

shrimp

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.01.025

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Roy, L. A., Davis, D. A., Saoud, I. P., Boyd, C. A., Pine, H. J., & Boyd, C. E.,

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2010. Shrimp culture in inland low salinity waters. Reviews in Aquaculture, 2(4),

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191-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01036.x Samocha, T. M., Prangnell, D. I., Hanson, T. R., Treece, G. D., Morris, T. C., Castro, L. F., & Staresinic, N., 2017. Design and Operation of Super Intensive, Biofloc-Dominated Systems for Indoor Production of the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus

vannamei–The

Texas

A&M

AgriLife

Research

Experience. Louisiana: The World Aquaculture Society. 368p. Schveitzer, R., Arantes, R., Costódio, P. F. S., do Espírito Santo, C. M., Arana, L. V., Seiffert, W. Q., & Andreatta, E. R., 2013. Effect of different biofloc levels on microbial activity, water quality and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in

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Journal Pre-proof a tank system operated with no water exchange. Aquacultural Engineering, 56, 59-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2013.04.006 Segar, D. A.. Introduction to Ocean Sciences., 2006. Nova York: W. W. Norton & Company’s, Sowers, A. D., Gatlin, D. M., Young, S. P., Isely, J. J., Browdy, C. L., & Tomasso, J. R., 2005. Responses of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in water containing

low

concentrations

of

total

dissolved

solids. Aquaculture

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Research, 36(8), 819-823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01270.x Sriket, P., Benjakul, S., Visessanguan, W., & Kijroongrojana, K., 2007.

pr

Comparative studies on chemical composition and thermal properties of black

e-

tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) and white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) chemistry, 103(4),

1199-1207.

Pr

meats. Food

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.039

al

Strickland, J.D., Parsons, T.R., 1972. Practical Handbook of Seawater Analysis.

rn

1o ed. Fish Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.

(5), 1-166.

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Szikszay, M., 1993. Geoquímica das águas. Bulletin IG-USP. Didatic Series,

Van Wyk, P., Davis-Hodgkins, M., Laramore, C. R., Main, K. L., Mountain, J., & Scarpa, J., 1999. Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Ft. Pierce, FL: Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. Vilani, F. G., Schveitzer, R., da Fonseca Arantes, R., do Nascimento Vieira, F., do Espírito Santo, C. M., & Seiffert, W. Q., 2016. Strategies for water preparation in a biofloc system: Effects of carbon source and fertilization dose on water quality and shrimp performance. Aquacultural engineering, 74, 70-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.06.002

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Journal Pre-proof Wasielesky, W., Krummenauer, D., Lara, G., Fóes, G., & Poersch, L., 2013. Cultivo

de

camarões

em

sistema

de

bioflocos:

realidades

e

perspectivas. Revista ABCC, 15(2), 16-26. Zhu, C., Dong, S., Wang, F., & Huang, G., 2004. Effects of Na/K ratio in seawater

on

growth

and

energy

budget

of

juvenile

vannamei. Aquaculture, 234(1-4),

Litopenaeus 485-496.

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

pr

oo

f

http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.027

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Table 1. Salt mixture composition used in the evaluated treatments of L. vannamei shrimp cultured in a biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater.

T1

T2

T3

Sodium chloride

0

7.740

11.611

15.481

Calcium chloride

0

0.321

0.482

0.642

Potassium chloride

0

0.204

0.306

0.408

Magnesium sulfate

0

1.958

2.937

3.916

10

5

0

Instant Ocean® mixture

pr

20

f

CT

oo

(kg m-³) at 20 g L-1 salinity.

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

CT – control treatment; T1, T2 e T3 – evaluated treatments.

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Table 2. Physical and chemical variables measured during the experiment of L. vannamei shrimp cultivated in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater for 63 days. T1

T2

T3

28.9±0.6

29.1±0.6

29.2±0.6

29.1±0.6

(26.9−31.2)

(27.1−31.4)

(27.0−31.6 )

(27.6−31.6)

6.0±1.4b

5.8±0.2c

(4.9−6.7) 8.0±0.2b

6.1±1.5a

(5.1−6.5)

(5.0−6.6)

(3.4−6.9)

pr

8.1±0.2a

8.1±0.1a

(7.6−8.3)

(7.6−8.3)

(7.9−8.5)

19.9±0.6

19.9±0.6

19.8±0.6

(18.3−21.1)

(18.3−21.2)

(18.4−21.1)

(18.0−21.0)

176.2±52.6

187.1±63.9

188.6±56.4

(80.0−292.0)

(84.0−288.0)

386.8±137.4

411.1±154.7

424.9±158.9

402.7±145.7

pH

(7.6−8.3) Salinity (g L-1)

Pr

19.9±0.6

8.0±0.2b

e-

D.O. (mg L-1)

oo

5.9±0.2b

al

Temperature(°C)

f

CT

Alkalinity (mg L-1)

182.7±50.6

Jo u

TSS (mg L-1)

rn

(112.0−280.0) (108.0−276.0)

(91.0−620.0)

SS (mL L-1)

(121.0−622.0) (125.0−673.0) (131.0−647.0)

13.7±6.6

15.0±6.2

15.8±7.1

13.9±5.8

(1.0−28.0)

(0.5−25.0)

(0.5−29.0 )

(1.0−23.0)

0.2±0.1b

0.2±0.2ab

0.3±0.2a

0.3±0.2a

(0.0−0.7)

(0.0−0.7)

(0.1−1.4)

(0.1−1.0)

1.0±1.2

1.0±1.0

1.3±1.3

0.7±0.8

(0.1−3.6)

(0.1−4.7)

(0.1−5.7)

(0.0−2.9)

Ammonia (mg N-NAT L-1)

Nitrite (mg N-NO2 L-1)

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11.7±16.7

13.0±17.3

12.0±17.7

11.1±13.5

(0.0−37.5)

(0.0−38.6)

(0.0−39.6)

(0.0−34.9)

CT – control treatment; T1, T2 e T3 – evaluetad treatment. Superscript letters indicate significant differences. (p < 0.05). Data presented as mean ± standard error (minimum

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

pr

oo

f

− maximum).

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Table 3. Ionic concentration during the experiment of L. vannamei shrimp cultivated in biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater for 63 days.

K+ (mg L-1)

Har (mg L-1)

6140.7±488.1

6371.0±507.1

6480.8±522.4

6348.2±460.9

(6559−6258)

(6671−5786)

(6787−5878)

(6866−5982)

676.5±115.3

568.1±94.5

509.0±96.3

466.1±91.7

(543−741)

(518−677)

(464−620)

(431−570)

295.7±79.7

250.9±25.3

215.3±43.5

238.6±60.0

(386−235)

(222−266)

(193−188)

(175−247)

167.2±61.9

173.2±51.6

217.1±28.0

186.8±76.2

(175−102)

(185−117 )

(186−226)

(167−123)

2832.2±194.7b

2539.3±178.6b

2390.9±191.1b

(2684−3052)

(2391−2737)

(2212−2592)

8.1±0.6

8.2±0.5

8.2±0.7

(8.7−7.7)

(8.8−8.1)

(9.0−7.7)

37

37

30

34

2:4:1

1:2:1

1:2:1

1:2:1

3405.4±283.0a

8.0±0.3

rn

pH

Ca:Mg:K

Jo u

(8.3−7.7) Na:K

oo

al

(3201−3286)

f

T3

pr

Ca2+ (mg L-1)

T2

e-

Mg2+ (mg L-1)

T1

Pr

Na+ (mg L-1)

CT

CT – control treatment; T1. T2 e T3 – evaluated treatment. Superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Data presented as mean ± standard error (minimum − maximum). Har – water hardness (Ca2+ + Mg2+ ).

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Table 4. Litopenaus vannamei shrimp performance in a biofloc technology culture system for 63 days using freshwater artificially salinized from different salt mixture compositions. T1

T2

T3

Survival (%)

81.7±1.8a

82.0±2.9a

56.0±7.9b

12.0±1.5c

Mean final weight (g)

10.5±0.3b

11.2±0.2b

Pr

2.2±0.0b

al

Yield (kg m-3)

1.8±0.0a

1.3±0.0a

0.4±0.0c

2.4±0.1a

1.8±0.2c

0.2±0.0d

1.7±0.1a

2.4±0.3b

16.4±3.7c

1.1±0.0b

rn

Feed conversion rate

4.3±0.4c

e-

Growth rate (g week )

12.8±0.3a

pr

1.0±0.0b -1

oo

f

CT

Jo u

CT – control treatment; T1. T2 e T3 – evaluated treatment. Superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Data presented as mean ± standard error.

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Table 5. Economic projection of L. vannamei shrimp cultured in a biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater. CT

T1

T2

T3*

Artificially salinization cost (US$ kg-1)

3.24

1.61

1.21

-

Total production cost (US$ kg-1)

6.55

4.93

4.54

-

CT – control treatment; T1. T2 e T3 – evaluated treatment. *T3 did not present

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

pr

oo

f

zootechnical viability

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Table 6. Centesimal composition of L. vannamei shrimp cultured in a biofloc technology system using artificially salinized freshwater for 63 days. T1

T2

T3

SW

17.08

18.31

17.47

12.34

16.6

Carbohydrate and fiber (g 100g -1)

0.81

1.62

1.68

12.04

2.77

Cholesterol (mg 100g-1)

192

107.7

130.3

121.4

71.4

Moisture (g 100g-1)

76.7

74.97

76.34

71.88

76.29

Ash (g 100g-1)

2.9

Lipids (g 100g-1)

2.58

oo 3.12

2.77

2.81

3.05

1.98

1.74

0.69

1.53

pr

Protein (g 100g-1)

f

CT

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

CT – control treatment; T1. T2 e T3 – evaluated treatment. SW – seawater.

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Journal Pre-proof 0.80 0.70

mg TA-N L -1

0.60 0.50 TC

0.40

T1

0.30

T2

0.20

T3

0.10 0.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

oo

f

Weeks

pr

3.5 3.0

e-

2.5 2.0 1.5

TC T1

Pr

mg NO2 -N L -1

9

0.5 0.0

2

3

4

5

rn

1

al

1.0

6

T2 T3

7

8

9

Jo u

Weeks

40 35

mg NO3 -N L-1

30 25

TC

20

T1

15

T2

10

T3

5 0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Weeks

29

Journal Pre-proof Fig. 1. Total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N), nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) in L. vannamei tanks grown in a biofloc technology system using artificially salinized

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

pr

oo

f

freshwater.

30

Journal Pre-proof Artificially salinized freshwater can be applied in a L. vannamei shrimp culture using zero-water exchange (biofloc technology) system.

Best cost-benefit ratio is reached using ¼ commercial to ¾ low-cost-prepared salt.

No shrimp nutritional impairment was observed for treatments that showed

Jo u

rn

al

Pr

e-

pr

oo

f

zootechnical viability.

31