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Cutting-grafts as a means to propagate greenhouse roses
Scientia Horticulturae, 13 (1980) 191--199 Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
191
CUTTING-GRAFTS AS A MEANS TO PROPAGATE GREENHOUSE ROSES
KIYOSHI OHKAWA
Kanagawa Horticultural Experimental Station, Ninorniya, Nakagun, Kanagawa 259-01 (Japan) (Accepted for publication 5 February 1980)
ABSTRACT Ohkawa, K., 1980. Cutting-grafts as a means to propagate greenhouse roses. Scientia Hortic., 13: 191--199. A propagation method for rose nursery plants was studied by using a 2-node scion tongue-grafted on to an unrooted stock cutting. Uniform and disease-free nursery plants could be produced efficiently in a short period all the year round. Under greenhouse production trials, such cutting-grafts of 'Sonia' on R. multiflora ' K - I ' , R. indica 'Major', R. 'Manetti' and R. wichuraiana produced flowers of the same number and quality as when budded on to R. multiflora seedling root stock.
INTRODUCTION
About 6 million rose bushes are produced in Japan each year and most of them are grafted or budded on to wild R. multiflora seedling rootstocks. Only a few nurseries use the seeds from selected R. multiflora. The disadvantages of using wild R. rnultiflora seedling rootstocks are: (1) lack of uniformity; (2) susceptibility to crown gall, nematodes, powdery mildew and rust. Previously, the author reported the production results of the major cultivars of forcing-roses in greenhouses on their own root instead of using R. multiflora seedling rootstocks. However, with the exception of the cultivar 'Golden Rapture', the productivity of plants on their own roots was inferior to those grafted to R. multiflora rootstock (Ohkawa, 1973). McFadden (1963) reported a technique for propagating roses by grafting leafy stem cuttings on R. fortuniana stock, but the productivity of this method was not tested. Recently, Van de Pol and Van Vliet (1979) reported a similar technique using R. indica 'Major'. The present study aimed at improving the technique of "cutting-grafts" and evaluating the productivity of cutting-grafts under greenhouse conditions.
192 M A T ER I ALS AND METHODS
Disease-free softwood scions were obtained from flowering or blind stems of comparable age with 2 leaves, each leaf always composed of 5 leaflets, of cultivar 'Sonia'. Stock cuttings, 10 cm long, of R. multiflora 'K-I' (selection from Kanagawa Horticultural Experimental Station), R. 'Manetti', R. indica 'Major', R. wichuraiana were obtained from mature d o r m a n t plants. All axillary buds were removed before the grafting (Fig. 1). The graft union was held together by non-adhesive plastic tape (1 cm width and 0.05 m m thick).
Fig. 1. Upper photograph shows cutting-grafts of softwood scions with 1 or 2 leaves and dormant stock cuttings with all buds removed. Lower photograph shows the same combination 5 weeks from grafting.
193 The cutting-grafts were r o o t e d under mist in a greenhouse covered with cheese-cloth (30% shade) or under a polyethylene tent ("sauna") under an outside reed screen. At the beginning o f an experiment, the mist interval was set for 40 s on and 5 min o f f during the day. The interval o f mist was gradually reduced over time. No nutritional solution was applied. The rooting-medium was a mixture of peat: perlite (1:3 by volume). Twenty-five grafts were struck in each 40× 30× 9 cm polyethylene container. In all treatments, 100 cutting-grafts were used, replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. The cutting-grafts were inspected after 5--7 weeks for determining the percentage of successful unions and degree of rooting. The rooting was scored as 1 for root number 1--10, 2 for root number 11--20, and 3 for higher r o o t numbers; the totals were divided b y the number of successful grafts. The degree of scion growth was scored on the basis of complete defoliation = 1, partial defoliation = 2, non-defoliation = 3, the total was divided b y the number of successful grafts. The significance of differences was calculated b y Duncan's multiple range test at 1% (upper case letters) or at 5% (lower case letters), or by a T-test at 5%. Details a b o u t each separate experiment will be mentioned under Results. RESULTS G r a f t i n g - m e t h o d s . - - Grafting-methods were tongue (whip), saddle and wedge on R. m u l t i f l o r a 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major'. Although all methods were successful, the tongue m e t h o d was superior to saddle and wedge grafting in respect to percent of successful graft unions, degree of rooting (Table I) and operation efficiency. Saddle grafting resulted in overgrowth of scion after planting in a greenhouse. E f f e c t o f a s t o c k lateral bud. ~ The effect of a bud on the stock was tested b y comparing R. m u l t i f l o r a 'K-I', R. 'Manetti', R. indica 'Major' and R. w i c h u raiana with or w i t h o u t buds. As far as there were significant differences (Table II), removal o f buds was superior. I consider that the removal of all the buds on the stocks before the grafting-operation is preferable in avoiding "sucker" growth. M a t u r i t y o f scions. - - Two stages of scion maturity, dormant and active, were tested, dormant scions with 2 buds and s o f t w o o d scions with 2-1eaves, using 4 rootstocks. With only one exception s o f t w o o d cuttings with 2 leaves, which were grown in a greenhouse were superior to dormant scions grown o u t o f doors with 2 buds in respect of successful graft unions and degree of rooting (Table III). M a t u r i t y o f stocks. - - D o r m a n t stocks were stored at 0 ° C from February and compared to s o f t w o o d stocks harvested prior to grafting. The cutting-
194
grafts were made after removal of all axillary buds at 3 dates from June to October. There were no differences in the number of successful grafts when grafted on 16 June. However, in respect to degree of rooting and scion growth, dormant stocks were superior to s o f t w o o d stock cuttings. After August, softw o o d t e n d e d t o be superior to dormant (Table IV). Indole butyric acid (IBA) rooting-trials. -- A 0.4% IBA solution was used as a quick dip on R. multiflora 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major'. This experiment was carried o u t in June. With R. multiflora 'K-I' there were no differences between the treatment and the control (Table V). IBA quick
o f grafting. -- The effect of the dates of grafting was investigated on from March to January in a greenhouse maintained at 15°C during the Grafting in a greenhouse appeared to be possible all the year round, althere was a downward trend from October to January (Table IX).
Greenhouse productivity o f cutting-grafts. -- The productivity of cuttinggrafts on 4 kinds of stock, planted directly in a greenhouse, was compared. This experiment was conducted at 16°C at night, 23°C during the day through-
195 out the winter, using 28 cutting-grafts replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. A quality index was calculated according to the formula suggested by White and Richter (1973), which is Q.I. = Yield × Weight/Length. R. 'Manetti' stock was the most productive and had the best quality, ~followed by R. multiflora 'K-I' and R. wichuraiana, whereas R. indica 'Major' was least productive with the poorest quality flowers (Table X). Days-to-flowering were different between the various rootstocks. R. indica 'Major' was earliest and R. wichuraiana was the latest. Comparison o f cutting-grafts with budded plants. ~ When cutting-grafts on R. multiflora 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major' were compared in the field with buddings on R. multiflora, no significant differences were found in productivity, stem length, stem weight, quality and leaf drop. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A. Meilland (personal communication, 1976) at the Universal Rose Selection devised the budding of stem cuttings of R. indica 'Major' under mist for testing new selections. Despite his long efforts, the percentage of successful unions was not more than 65%. McFadden (1956) also devised the budding of stem cuttings, using R. fortuniana rootstock. In 1963 he modified this method by grafting leafy stem cuttings with 2-leaf scions. The most important problem of budding stem cuttings is that the bud frequently exhibits a strong dormancy (Amano, 1968). This is the reason why budding of stem cuttings is not recommended for year-round propagation. Advantages of the improved McFadden method, as described above, are: (1) uniform grafted plants can be made by using a selected rootstock; (2) crown gall and nematodes can be eliminated by fumigating the small amount of rooting- and potting-medium, and by using a disease-resistant rootstock; (3) year-round mass production is possible by using a heated greenhouse and mist equipment; (4) grafted plants can be produced in a short time; (5) the efficiency of grafting is very high because of dis-budded stock cuttings; (6) avoidance of "suckers" from the stock; (7) the grafting-operation can be done at the work bench instead of in the field; (8) the productivity and quality of the flowers are no less than field-grown budded plants on R. multiflora. The best factors for obtaining successful graft unions and rooting are: (1) tongue-grafting; (2) softwood scions with 1 or 2 leaves; (3) dormant stock cuttings with all buds removed before the grafting; (4) 10--15 cm length of stock cutting; (5) IBA quick-dip treatment before rooting; (6) mist equipment (Fig. 1).
196 TABLE I Comparison of 3 grafting-methods on 3 stock-cuttings. In all tables " n u m b e r of successful graft unions" means averages of replicates with 25 plants each Stock
Graftingmethod
Number of successful graft unions
Degree of rooting
R. multiflora ' K - I '
Tongue Saddle Wedge
25.0 a 22.0 ab 21.0 b
2.68 ab 2.16 c 2.24 bc
R. 'Manetti'
Tongue Saddle Wedge
25.0 a 23.5 ab 17.5 c
2.50 ab 2.85 a 2.02 c
R. indica 'Major'
Tongue Saddle Wedge
24.5 a 22.0 ab 18.5 c
2.69 ab 2.52 ab 2.43 b
TABLE II Effect of lateral buds on the stock Stock
Treatment
Number of successful graft unions
Degree of rooting
Degree o f scion growth
R. multiflora ' K - I '
With buds Buds removed
25.0 A 24.5 A
2.60 A 2.65 A
1.83 b 2.44 a
R. 'Manetti'
With buds Buds removed
18.0 C 24.0 A
2.56 A 2.46 A
1.16 d 1.38 cd
R. indica 'Major'
With buds Buds removed
19.0 C 24.0 A
1.49 BC 1.62 B
1.00 d 1.74 bc
R. wichuraiana
With buds Buds removed
21.0 B 21.5 B
1.27 C 0.98 D
1.10 d 1.08 d
197 T A B L E III E f f e c t o f m a t u r i t y o f scions Stock
Maturity o f scion
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion g r o w t h
R. m u l t i f l o r a ' K - l '
Dormant Softwood
25.0 a 24.5 a
2.00 b 2.65 a
2.68 a 2.43 a
R. ' M a n e t t i '
Dormant Softwood
16.5 c 24.0 a
1.23 d 1.50 c
2.12 b 1.37 c
R. indica ' M a j o r '
Dormant Softwood
20.0 b 24.0 a
1.53 c 2.12 b
1.38 c 1.40 c
R. wichuraiana
Dormant Softwood
10.0 d 21.5 b
1.90 b 1.98 b
1.91 b 1.08 d
T A B L E IV E f f e c t o f m a t u r i t y o f stocks. R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Date o f c u t t i n g - grafts
Maturity of stock
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
16 J u n e
Dormant Softwood
24.1 a 23.0 a
2.40 a 2.21 b
2.50 ab 1.44 e
18 A u g u s t
Dormant Softwood
15.4 c 24.6 a
2.07 c 2.04 c
2.17 d 2.65 a
4 October
Dormant Softwood
16.0 c 21.0 b
2.30 ab 2.32 ab
2.33 c 2.43 bc
TABLE V E f f e c t o f IBA t r e a t m e n t Stock
IBA treatment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
R. m u l t i f l o r a ' K - l '
Yes No
23.5 a 23.5 a
2.86 a 2.80 a
2.82 a 2.66 ab
R. ' M a n e t t i '
Yes No
21.7 a 18.7 b
2.27 b 1.86 c
2.09 cd 1.77 e
R. indica ' M a j o r '
Yes No
15.0 c 11.2 d
2.84 a 2.44 b
2.36 bc 1.95 de
198 TABLE VI C o m p a r i s o n o f m i s t p r o p a g a t i o n a n d " s a u n a " p r o p a g a t i o n . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Propagation equipment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
Mist "Sauna"
24.1 a 19.1 b
2.40 a 1.06 b
2.50 a 1.04 b
TABLE VII E f f e c t o f plastic tape. R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Graft union
N u m b e r o f successful g r a f t u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
Wrapped with tape Without tape
21.0 a 18.0 b
2.12 a 1.74 b
1.43 a 1.03 b
TABLE VIII E f f e c t o f d a y l e n g t h a n d I B A t r e a t m e n t . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Day length
IBA treatment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion g r o w t h
16 h
Yes No
24.0 a 21.2 b
2.38 a 1.69 b
2.25 a 1.69 b
10 h
Yes No
24.0 a 20.7 b
2.36 a 1.82 b
2.10 a 2.10 a
TABLE IX E f f e c t o f d a t e o f c u t t i n g - - g r a f t s . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Date of grafting
Days t o potting
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
6 25 16 18 4 27 19
42 45 33 34 50 48 45
24.5 23.5 24.1 24.6 20.0 15.5 20.7
2.65 2.80 2.40 2.04 2.12 2.43 1.82
2.44 2.66 2.50 2.65 1.43 2.90 2.10
March April June August October November January
a a a a b c b
a a b c c b d
b b b b d a c
199 TABLE X The greenhouse productivity of cutting-grafts, grafted on 4 stocks, harvested from September 1978 to May 1979. Planting-density 16.8 plants per m 2 Stock
R. R. R. R.
'Manetti' multiflora ' K - I ' wichuraiana indica 'Major'
Flowers harvested
Stem length
per m 2
per plant (cm)
213.6 211.7 189.9 186.9
12.7 12.6 11.3 11.1
a a b b
51.8 48.5 52.3 49.7
Stem weight
Quality index
(g) A B A B
22.6 21.2 22.2 21.1
a b a b
93.2 92.5 80.6 79.3
REFERENCES
Amano, M., 1968. Studies on the grafting of roses (1). Abstracts of the papers presented at the spring meeting of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science: 204--205 (in Japanese). McFadden, S.E., Jr., 1956. Mist propagation of roses. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc., 69: 333336. McFadden, S.E., Jr., 1963. Grafting leafy stem cuttings, a technique for propagating roses. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc., 76: 412--416. Ohkawa, K., 1973. A study on the most efficient method to root cuttings and the production ability of R. hybrida cvs. on their own root or grafted R. multiflora root stock. Kanagawa Hortic. Exp. Stn. Bull., 21: 120--127. Pol, P.A. van de and Vliet, G. van, 1979. Rozen stekken en enten in ~ n handeling. Vakbl. Bloemisterij, 26: 40--41. White, J.W. and Richter, D., 1973. Response of roses to low moisture stress at high and low light intensities. PA Flower Growers Bull., 262: 1--9.
191
CUTTING-GRAFTS AS A MEANS TO PROPAGATE GREENHOUSE ROSES
KIYOSHI OHKAWA
Kanagawa Horticultural Experimental Station, Ninorniya, Nakagun, Kanagawa 259-01 (Japan) (Accepted for publication 5 February 1980)
ABSTRACT Ohkawa, K., 1980. Cutting-grafts as a means to propagate greenhouse roses. Scientia Hortic., 13: 191--199. A propagation method for rose nursery plants was studied by using a 2-node scion tongue-grafted on to an unrooted stock cutting. Uniform and disease-free nursery plants could be produced efficiently in a short period all the year round. Under greenhouse production trials, such cutting-grafts of 'Sonia' on R. multiflora ' K - I ' , R. indica 'Major', R. 'Manetti' and R. wichuraiana produced flowers of the same number and quality as when budded on to R. multiflora seedling root stock.
INTRODUCTION
About 6 million rose bushes are produced in Japan each year and most of them are grafted or budded on to wild R. multiflora seedling rootstocks. Only a few nurseries use the seeds from selected R. multiflora. The disadvantages of using wild R. rnultiflora seedling rootstocks are: (1) lack of uniformity; (2) susceptibility to crown gall, nematodes, powdery mildew and rust. Previously, the author reported the production results of the major cultivars of forcing-roses in greenhouses on their own root instead of using R. multiflora seedling rootstocks. However, with the exception of the cultivar 'Golden Rapture', the productivity of plants on their own roots was inferior to those grafted to R. multiflora rootstock (Ohkawa, 1973). McFadden (1963) reported a technique for propagating roses by grafting leafy stem cuttings on R. fortuniana stock, but the productivity of this method was not tested. Recently, Van de Pol and Van Vliet (1979) reported a similar technique using R. indica 'Major'. The present study aimed at improving the technique of "cutting-grafts" and evaluating the productivity of cutting-grafts under greenhouse conditions.
192 M A T ER I ALS AND METHODS
Disease-free softwood scions were obtained from flowering or blind stems of comparable age with 2 leaves, each leaf always composed of 5 leaflets, of cultivar 'Sonia'. Stock cuttings, 10 cm long, of R. multiflora 'K-I' (selection from Kanagawa Horticultural Experimental Station), R. 'Manetti', R. indica 'Major', R. wichuraiana were obtained from mature d o r m a n t plants. All axillary buds were removed before the grafting (Fig. 1). The graft union was held together by non-adhesive plastic tape (1 cm width and 0.05 m m thick).
Fig. 1. Upper photograph shows cutting-grafts of softwood scions with 1 or 2 leaves and dormant stock cuttings with all buds removed. Lower photograph shows the same combination 5 weeks from grafting.
193 The cutting-grafts were r o o t e d under mist in a greenhouse covered with cheese-cloth (30% shade) or under a polyethylene tent ("sauna") under an outside reed screen. At the beginning o f an experiment, the mist interval was set for 40 s on and 5 min o f f during the day. The interval o f mist was gradually reduced over time. No nutritional solution was applied. The rooting-medium was a mixture of peat: perlite (1:3 by volume). Twenty-five grafts were struck in each 40× 30× 9 cm polyethylene container. In all treatments, 100 cutting-grafts were used, replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. The cutting-grafts were inspected after 5--7 weeks for determining the percentage of successful unions and degree of rooting. The rooting was scored as 1 for root number 1--10, 2 for root number 11--20, and 3 for higher r o o t numbers; the totals were divided b y the number of successful grafts. The degree of scion growth was scored on the basis of complete defoliation = 1, partial defoliation = 2, non-defoliation = 3, the total was divided b y the number of successful grafts. The significance of differences was calculated b y Duncan's multiple range test at 1% (upper case letters) or at 5% (lower case letters), or by a T-test at 5%. Details a b o u t each separate experiment will be mentioned under Results. RESULTS G r a f t i n g - m e t h o d s . - - Grafting-methods were tongue (whip), saddle and wedge on R. m u l t i f l o r a 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major'. Although all methods were successful, the tongue m e t h o d was superior to saddle and wedge grafting in respect to percent of successful graft unions, degree of rooting (Table I) and operation efficiency. Saddle grafting resulted in overgrowth of scion after planting in a greenhouse. E f f e c t o f a s t o c k lateral bud. ~ The effect of a bud on the stock was tested b y comparing R. m u l t i f l o r a 'K-I', R. 'Manetti', R. indica 'Major' and R. w i c h u raiana with or w i t h o u t buds. As far as there were significant differences (Table II), removal o f buds was superior. I consider that the removal of all the buds on the stocks before the grafting-operation is preferable in avoiding "sucker" growth. M a t u r i t y o f scions. - - Two stages of scion maturity, dormant and active, were tested, dormant scions with 2 buds and s o f t w o o d scions with 2-1eaves, using 4 rootstocks. With only one exception s o f t w o o d cuttings with 2 leaves, which were grown in a greenhouse were superior to dormant scions grown o u t o f doors with 2 buds in respect of successful graft unions and degree of rooting (Table III). M a t u r i t y o f stocks. - - D o r m a n t stocks were stored at 0 ° C from February and compared to s o f t w o o d stocks harvested prior to grafting. The cutting-
194
grafts were made after removal of all axillary buds at 3 dates from June to October. There were no differences in the number of successful grafts when grafted on 16 June. However, in respect to degree of rooting and scion growth, dormant stocks were superior to s o f t w o o d stock cuttings. After August, softw o o d t e n d e d t o be superior to dormant (Table IV). Indole butyric acid (IBA) rooting-trials. -- A 0.4% IBA solution was used as a quick dip on R. multiflora 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major'. This experiment was carried o u t in June. With R. multiflora 'K-I' there were no differences between the treatment and the control (Table V). IBA quick
o f grafting. -- The effect of the dates of grafting was investigated on from March to January in a greenhouse maintained at 15°C during the Grafting in a greenhouse appeared to be possible all the year round, althere was a downward trend from October to January (Table IX).
Greenhouse productivity o f cutting-grafts. -- The productivity of cuttinggrafts on 4 kinds of stock, planted directly in a greenhouse, was compared. This experiment was conducted at 16°C at night, 23°C during the day through-
195 out the winter, using 28 cutting-grafts replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. A quality index was calculated according to the formula suggested by White and Richter (1973), which is Q.I. = Yield × Weight/Length. R. 'Manetti' stock was the most productive and had the best quality, ~followed by R. multiflora 'K-I' and R. wichuraiana, whereas R. indica 'Major' was least productive with the poorest quality flowers (Table X). Days-to-flowering were different between the various rootstocks. R. indica 'Major' was earliest and R. wichuraiana was the latest. Comparison o f cutting-grafts with budded plants. ~ When cutting-grafts on R. multiflora 'K-I', R. 'Manetti' and R. indica 'Major' were compared in the field with buddings on R. multiflora, no significant differences were found in productivity, stem length, stem weight, quality and leaf drop. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A. Meilland (personal communication, 1976) at the Universal Rose Selection devised the budding of stem cuttings of R. indica 'Major' under mist for testing new selections. Despite his long efforts, the percentage of successful unions was not more than 65%. McFadden (1956) also devised the budding of stem cuttings, using R. fortuniana rootstock. In 1963 he modified this method by grafting leafy stem cuttings with 2-leaf scions. The most important problem of budding stem cuttings is that the bud frequently exhibits a strong dormancy (Amano, 1968). This is the reason why budding of stem cuttings is not recommended for year-round propagation. Advantages of the improved McFadden method, as described above, are: (1) uniform grafted plants can be made by using a selected rootstock; (2) crown gall and nematodes can be eliminated by fumigating the small amount of rooting- and potting-medium, and by using a disease-resistant rootstock; (3) year-round mass production is possible by using a heated greenhouse and mist equipment; (4) grafted plants can be produced in a short time; (5) the efficiency of grafting is very high because of dis-budded stock cuttings; (6) avoidance of "suckers" from the stock; (7) the grafting-operation can be done at the work bench instead of in the field; (8) the productivity and quality of the flowers are no less than field-grown budded plants on R. multiflora. The best factors for obtaining successful graft unions and rooting are: (1) tongue-grafting; (2) softwood scions with 1 or 2 leaves; (3) dormant stock cuttings with all buds removed before the grafting; (4) 10--15 cm length of stock cutting; (5) IBA quick-dip treatment before rooting; (6) mist equipment (Fig. 1).
196 TABLE I Comparison of 3 grafting-methods on 3 stock-cuttings. In all tables " n u m b e r of successful graft unions" means averages of replicates with 25 plants each Stock
Graftingmethod
Number of successful graft unions
Degree of rooting
R. multiflora ' K - I '
Tongue Saddle Wedge
25.0 a 22.0 ab 21.0 b
2.68 ab 2.16 c 2.24 bc
R. 'Manetti'
Tongue Saddle Wedge
25.0 a 23.5 ab 17.5 c
2.50 ab 2.85 a 2.02 c
R. indica 'Major'
Tongue Saddle Wedge
24.5 a 22.0 ab 18.5 c
2.69 ab 2.52 ab 2.43 b
TABLE II Effect of lateral buds on the stock Stock
Treatment
Number of successful graft unions
Degree of rooting
Degree o f scion growth
R. multiflora ' K - I '
With buds Buds removed
25.0 A 24.5 A
2.60 A 2.65 A
1.83 b 2.44 a
R. 'Manetti'
With buds Buds removed
18.0 C 24.0 A
2.56 A 2.46 A
1.16 d 1.38 cd
R. indica 'Major'
With buds Buds removed
19.0 C 24.0 A
1.49 BC 1.62 B
1.00 d 1.74 bc
R. wichuraiana
With buds Buds removed
21.0 B 21.5 B
1.27 C 0.98 D
1.10 d 1.08 d
197 T A B L E III E f f e c t o f m a t u r i t y o f scions Stock
Maturity o f scion
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion g r o w t h
R. m u l t i f l o r a ' K - l '
Dormant Softwood
25.0 a 24.5 a
2.00 b 2.65 a
2.68 a 2.43 a
R. ' M a n e t t i '
Dormant Softwood
16.5 c 24.0 a
1.23 d 1.50 c
2.12 b 1.37 c
R. indica ' M a j o r '
Dormant Softwood
20.0 b 24.0 a
1.53 c 2.12 b
1.38 c 1.40 c
R. wichuraiana
Dormant Softwood
10.0 d 21.5 b
1.90 b 1.98 b
1.91 b 1.08 d
T A B L E IV E f f e c t o f m a t u r i t y o f stocks. R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Date o f c u t t i n g - grafts
Maturity of stock
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
16 J u n e
Dormant Softwood
24.1 a 23.0 a
2.40 a 2.21 b
2.50 ab 1.44 e
18 A u g u s t
Dormant Softwood
15.4 c 24.6 a
2.07 c 2.04 c
2.17 d 2.65 a
4 October
Dormant Softwood
16.0 c 21.0 b
2.30 ab 2.32 ab
2.33 c 2.43 bc
TABLE V E f f e c t o f IBA t r e a t m e n t Stock
IBA treatment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
R. m u l t i f l o r a ' K - l '
Yes No
23.5 a 23.5 a
2.86 a 2.80 a
2.82 a 2.66 ab
R. ' M a n e t t i '
Yes No
21.7 a 18.7 b
2.27 b 1.86 c
2.09 cd 1.77 e
R. indica ' M a j o r '
Yes No
15.0 c 11.2 d
2.84 a 2.44 b
2.36 bc 1.95 de
198 TABLE VI C o m p a r i s o n o f m i s t p r o p a g a t i o n a n d " s a u n a " p r o p a g a t i o n . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Propagation equipment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
Mist "Sauna"
24.1 a 19.1 b
2.40 a 1.06 b
2.50 a 1.04 b
TABLE VII E f f e c t o f plastic tape. R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Graft union
N u m b e r o f successful g r a f t u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
Wrapped with tape Without tape
21.0 a 18.0 b
2.12 a 1.74 b
1.43 a 1.03 b
TABLE VIII E f f e c t o f d a y l e n g t h a n d I B A t r e a t m e n t . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Day length
IBA treatment
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion g r o w t h
16 h
Yes No
24.0 a 21.2 b
2.38 a 1.69 b
2.25 a 1.69 b
10 h
Yes No
24.0 a 20.7 b
2.36 a 1.82 b
2.10 a 2.10 a
TABLE IX E f f e c t o f d a t e o f c u t t i n g - - g r a f t s . R. multiflora ' K - I ' as s t o c k Date of grafting
Days t o potting
N u m b e r o f successful graft u n i o n s
Degree o f rooting
Degree o f scion growth
6 25 16 18 4 27 19
42 45 33 34 50 48 45
24.5 23.5 24.1 24.6 20.0 15.5 20.7
2.65 2.80 2.40 2.04 2.12 2.43 1.82
2.44 2.66 2.50 2.65 1.43 2.90 2.10
March April June August October November January
a a a a b c b
a a b c c b d
b b b b d a c
199 TABLE X The greenhouse productivity of cutting-grafts, grafted on 4 stocks, harvested from September 1978 to May 1979. Planting-density 16.8 plants per m 2 Stock
R. R. R. R.
'Manetti' multiflora ' K - I ' wichuraiana indica 'Major'
Flowers harvested
Stem length
per m 2
per plant (cm)
213.6 211.7 189.9 186.9
12.7 12.6 11.3 11.1
a a b b
51.8 48.5 52.3 49.7
Stem weight
Quality index
(g) A B A B
22.6 21.2 22.2 21.1
a b a b
93.2 92.5 80.6 79.3
REFERENCES
Amano, M., 1968. Studies on the grafting of roses (1). Abstracts of the papers presented at the spring meeting of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science: 204--205 (in Japanese). McFadden, S.E., Jr., 1956. Mist propagation of roses. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc., 69: 333336. McFadden, S.E., Jr., 1963. Grafting leafy stem cuttings, a technique for propagating roses. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc., 76: 412--416. Ohkawa, K., 1973. A study on the most efficient method to root cuttings and the production ability of R. hybrida cvs. on their own root or grafted R. multiflora root stock. Kanagawa Hortic. Exp. Stn. Bull., 21: 120--127. Pol, P.A. van de and Vliet, G. van, 1979. Rozen stekken en enten in ~ n handeling. Vakbl. Bloemisterij, 26: 40--41. White, J.W. and Richter, D., 1973. Response of roses to low moisture stress at high and low light intensities. PA Flower Growers Bull., 262: 1--9.