Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein synthesis during in vitro differentiation of murine ICM and embryonal carcinoma cells

DEVELOPMENTAL

Cytoplasmic

BIOLOGY

74,351-363

(1980)

and Nuclear Protein Synthesis during in Vitro Differentiation of Murine ICM and Embryonal Carcinoma Cells CHIN C.HOWE,RUDOLFGM~~R,ANDDAVORSOLTER

The Wistar Institute

of Anatomy

and Biology,

36th Street at Spruce, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania

19104

Received December 13, 1978; accepted in revised form June 18, 1979 Protein syntheses during in vitro differentiation of inner cell masses (ICM) isolated from mouse blastocysts and of pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells (ECC) were compared by two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of [%]methionine-labeled cells. While most of the polypeptides found in ICM, ECC, and embryoid bodies (EB) derived from them were common to all four preparations, some distinct differences were noted. More polypeptides changed in intensity during the differentiation of ICM than during the differentiation of ECC. Analysis of ECC prior to differentiation revealed that only some of the polypeptides abundant in ICM were present, while at the same time, some of the polypeptides abundant in ICM-EB were being synthesized. These data indicate that ECC represent cells further advanced in development than the cells of ICM isolated from 4-day-old blastocysts. The EB derived from ECC also differ from those from ICM. Comparison of EB derived from ICM and ECC with cells of the parietal yolk sac line, PYS, indicates that all three synthesize two polypeptides abundant in EB. These two polypeptides can, therefore, be used as biochemical markers of parietal entoderm differentiation. Pluripotent ECC synthesize small amounts of characteristic EB proteins and the lo-nm filament protein (also found in PYS cells but not in EB). This indicates that small numbers of differentiated or differentiating cells are present in pluripotent ECC cultures.

INTRODUCTION Spontaneous and experimentally induced teratocarcinomas are tumors composed of various haphazardly mixed, differentiated adult tissues and stem cells called embryonal carcinoma cells (ECC). ECC are remarkably similar to cells of the early embryo as evidenced by their ability, after injection into a mouse blastocyst, to participate along with the embryonic cells in the formation of a normal adult mouse (Brinster, 1974; Papaioannou et al., 1975; Mintz and Illmensee, 1975; Ilhnensee and Mintz, 1976; Dewey et al., 1977). This similarity between ECC and early embryos has been described at the ultrastructural (Damjanov et al., 1971a; Pierce et al., 1967), biochemical (Damjanov et al., 1971b; Bernstine et al., 1973; Sherman et al., 1976; Strickland et al., 1976; Linney and Levinson, 1977), and cell surface antigenic (Artzt et al., 1973; Stern et al., 1975; Solter and Knowles, 1978)

levels. Indeed, analysis of the patterns of morphologic changes during the development of embryoid bodies (EB) from both ECC and inner cell masses (ICM) isolated from blastocysts shows striking similarities which parallel the early postimplantation in uiuo development of mouse embryos. First an outer layer of entodermal cells is formed around an inner cell core, then the core develops into ectoderm and mesoderm (Martin et al., 1977; Wiley et al., 1978; Hogan and Tilly, 1978). It is known that changes in the pattern of protein synthesis occur during the preimplantation development of mouse embryos (Epstein and Smith, 1974; Van Blerkom and Brockway, 1975; Levinson et al., 1978; Van Blerkom et al., 1976; Howe and Solter, 1979) and rabbit embryos (Van Blerkom and Manes, 1974; Van Blerkom and McGaughey, 1978; Tucker and Schultz, 1978). Thus, changes in protein synthesis must

351 0012-1606/80/020351-13$02.00/O Copyright 0 1980 by Academic Press, Inc All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.

352

DEVELOPMENTALBIOLOGY

also occur as the ICM or ECC differentiates into an EB containing primitive entoderm and pluripotent ectoderm and mesoderm. Recent studies have employed both oneand two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to study similarities and differences between ICM, ECC, and their EB derivatives (Dewey et al., 1978; Martin et al., 1978). This study reports on the changes in the pattern of protein synthesis that occur during differentiation of ICM in vitro and compares them with the changes that occur during differentiation of ECC. Our purpose was to ascertain how closely differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells reflects differentiation of normal embryos. We also compared pluripotent and nullipotent ECC lines to see whether common protein patterns exist for each of these ECC types and how each of them compares with normal embryonic cells from different developmental stages. MATERIALS

AND

VOLUME 74,1980

strate and, within 2 to 3 days, form EB with a clearly delineated outer layer of cells. Within 5 days most ICM-derived EB are composed of several cell layers with one or two cavities (Hogan and Tilly, 1978; Wiley et al., 1978; our unpublished observations).

Cell Cultures All cells were cultured in DME supplemented with 15% FBS. The mouse cell lines employed in this study are listed in Table 1. Pluripotent ECC lines, PSA and NG2, were maintained in the undifferentiated state by subculturing the cells on a feeder layer as described (Martin and Evans, 1975; Martin et al., 1977). To obtain undifferentiated ECC for radiolabeling, the ECC were seeded without feeder cells in a tissue culture dish (Martin et al., 1977). When ECC started to form tightly rounded clumps, they were carefully detached from the remaining feeder cells by gently flushing with a stream of medium from a pipet. The clumps were then transferred to a conical tube and underlayed with fresh culture medium. The detached clumps were allowed to settle through the underlayed fresh medium for a few minutes to facilitate separation of undifferentiated cell clumps from the contaminating feeder cells which remained in the upper medium as the clumps settled to the bottom. The medium and feeder cells were removed by pipetting.

METHODS

Preparation and Culture of ICM ICM were isolated by immunosurgery (Solter and Knowles, 1975) from 4-day-old blastocysts obtained from ICR randombred mice. Individual ICM were grown in drops of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DME) supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS) under paraffin oil in bacteriological petri dishes (Falcon, 1007) in a COz incubator at 37°C. Under these conditions, ICM cannot attach to the subTABLE

1

CELLLINESDERIVEDFROMVARIOUSTERATOCARCINOMAS Cell line

Cell type

PSA NG2 SCCI

Pluripotent Pluripotent Nullipotent

ECC ECC ECC

PCC4 F9 MH-15 FA-25 OTT6050f PYS

Pluripotent ECC Nullipotent ECC Nullipotent ECC Nullipotent ECC Fibroblasts Parietal entoderma1 cells

Teratocarcinoma OTT-5584 OTT-5584 402-A-11 OTT-6050 OTT-6050 MH-15 tumor FA-25 tumor OTT-6050 OTT-6050

Source of tumor 3-day embryo 3-day embryo Spontaneous testicular 6-day embryo 6-day embryo 7-day embryo ‘I-day embryo 6-day embryo 6-day embryo

Genotype

Reference

129/sv 129/sv 129/sv

Martin et al. (1977) Dewey et al. (1977) Martin and Evans (1975)

129/sv 129/sv BALB/cJ AKR/J 129/sv 129/sv

Jakob et al. (1973) Bernstine et ccl. (1973) Solter and Knowles (1978) Solter and Knowles (1978) Solter and Knowles (1978) Lehman et al. (1974)

HOWE, GM~~R, AND SOLTER

Proteins

To provide differentiated cultures (i.e., EB) for radiolabeling, the undifferentiated ECC clumps were cultured in suspension in bacteriological petri dishes (Martin et al., 1977). Within 2 days, an outer entodermal cell layer surrounding the inner cell core became clearly apparent (our observations; Martin and Evans, 1975; Martin et al., 1977). EB were cultured for 7 more days and the medium was changed daily. [3”S]Methionine Cultures

Labeling

of ICM and Cell

Freshly isolated ICM and ICM after 5 days of culture were labeled at 37°C for 5 hr in methionine-free Eagle’s minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 10% dialyzed FBS and 500 pCi/ml of [35S]methionine (New England Nuclear, specific activity > 400 Ci/mmole). In the case of cell cultures, cells (one 6-cm petri dish per cell line) were washed three times with methionine-free MEM containing 10% dialyzed FBS. They were then labeled at 37°C for 5 hr in methionine-free MEM containing IO% dialyzed FBS and 100 &i/ml of [35S]methionine. Separation of Proteins into Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Fractions We found that nuclei of ICM and ECC were more fragile than those of other tissue culture cells, e.g., fibroblastic or epithelial cells. To avoid rupture of nuclei, we have modified the procedures of Berkowitz et al. (1969) to minimize the handling of nuclei. Briefly, radiolabeled cells were washed three times with protein-free Whitten’s medium (for embryos) or with Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (for cell lines) and resuspended in a buffer containing 0.01 M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.4,1% NP40, and 2 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) as a protease inhibitor. The suspensions were kept on ice for 1 hr with occasional vortexing and centrifuged through a cushion of 0.32 M sucrose, 3 mM MgCL, and 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, at

of Embryos and Teratocarcinoma

Cells

2000 rpm for 20 min in an International centrifuge. The resulting nuclei were virtually free of unbroken cells and cytoplasmic components as examined by phase-contrast or electron microscopy. The supernatant, which contained the cytoplasmic proteins, was lyophilized. The lyophilized cytoplasmic proteins and the nuclear proteins (the pellet) were prepared for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis according to the procedures described by Peterson and McConkey (1976a). The resulting solutions were then centrifuged to remove any insoluble proteins and immediately electrophoresed or stored at -70°C and used for electrophoresis as soon as possible. In no case were the proteins stored as lyophilized powders since artifactual heterogeneity is known to result (O’Farrell, 1975). Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins Proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis according to the method of O’Farrell(1975). The ampholine compositions used in the isoelectrofocusing first-dimension were 1.6% of pH 5-8, 0.1% of pH 2.5-4, and 0.1% of pH 4-6. This ampholine composition gave a pH range of 4.5-6.7. This narrow range was chosen to achieve uniform distribution and hence clear resolution of proteins. The pH gradient was determined as described by O’Farrell (1975). RESULTS

Cytoplasmic Protein Synthesis during in Vitro Differentiation of ICM and ECC The PSA cell line was chosen as a representative ECC line because these cells and isolated ICM were shown to differentiate in a morphologically similar manner (Martin et al., 1977; Wiley et al., 1978). In addition, PSA cells are pluripotent, since following injection into a blastocyst the cells derived from the PSA line participate in the formation of an adult mouse (Dewey et al., 1977).

354

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY VOLUME74,198O

FTC.1. Autoradiograms

of two-dimensional gels of cytoplasmic proteins from (a) ICM, (b) EB derived from of ICM, (c) PSA cells, and (d) EB derived from in vitro differentiation of PSA cells. The approximate pH range is given at the top, and the approximate molecular weight is noted at the far left. The molecular weight scale was based on the positions of the following marker proteins: myosin heavy chain (200,600 daltons), phosphorylase A (94,000 daltons), bovine serum albumin (68,000 daltons), actin (45,000 daltons), and carbonic anhydrase (29,660 daltons). In this figure, actin (three forms) is indicated by the letter “A” and tubulins (55,000 and 53,000 daltons) by the letter “T”. The actin and tubulin were identified by electrophoresis of purified actin and tubulin from mouse cells. Approximately 300,000 TCA-precipitable cpm in less than 20 pg of proteins was applied to each first-dimension gel. The duration of X-ray film exposure was about 2 weeks. The proteins prepared in the presence of the protease inhibitor (PMSF) gave gel patterns indistinguishable from those of controls without PMSF.

in vitro differentiation

When the two-dimensional gel profiles of 35S-labeled proteins from ICM, ECC, and their EB derivatives (Fig. 1) were compared, it was apparent that most of the several hundred detectable spots not only were common to all four preparations but were synthesized in roughly equal amounts

in each. However, the amounts of several proteins synthesized changed during differentiation. In the case of ICM differentiation, six spots (1, 2, and 5-8 in Fig. la) clearly decreased in intensity and two spots (a and b in Fig. lb) clearly increased in intensity. Closer examination revealed

HOWE,GM~~R,ANDSOLTER

Proteins

some additional spots undergoing minor changes in intensity, with two spots (3 and 4 in Fig. la) decreasing and five spots (c-g in Fig. lb) increasing. Throughout the rest of this paper, spots 1-8 will be referred to as ICM-abundant polypeptides, and spots a-g as EB-abundant polypeptides. In contrast to the differentiation of ICM, fewer proteins changed in intensity during the differentiation of ECC. Only two spots (a and b in Fig. Id) increased significantly, while spots c and d (Fig. Id) increased and spots 1 and 5 (Fig. lc) decreased, but only marginally. Undifferentiated ECC (Fig. lc) differed significantly from ICM (Fig. la). All eight ICM-abundant polypeptides (l-8) were synthesized in smaller amounts than in ICM. Of these, six (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8) were equal in intensity to those in ICM-EB (or ECC-EB). Only two (1 and 5) were greater than both EB. Hence, only two (1 and 5) of the eight ICM-abundant polypeptides were found to be ECC abundant. In addition, ECC synthesized four polypeptides more abundantly than ICM: a new polypeptide (9, Fig. lc) barely detectable in ICM and three EB-abundant polypeptides (e, f, and g, Fig. lc). Protein 9 was identified as the major polypeptide -of 10-m filaments by electrophoresis of purified protein from mouse tibroblasts. Although ECC differed significantly from ICM, the differentiated derivatives of ECC were similar to the differentiated derivatives of ICM (Figs. lb and d). The same seven EB-abundant polypeptides (a-g) and low levels of ICM-abundant polypeptides (1-8) were present in both EB. To determine whether the differences we observed between PSA-ECC and ICM were general to all ECC, protein patterns of the ECC lines listed in Table 1 were compared to those of ICM and ICM-EB. ECC lines isolated from tumors of widely different origins (see Figs. 2a-f), including nullipotent cells (Figs. 2c-f), were similar to PSA cells by the following criteria: (1) The same two ICM-abundant polypeptides (1 and 5) were synthesized more abundantly in every

of Embryos and Teratocarcinoma

Cells

355

ECC tested than in the ICM-EB or PSAEB; (2) the same six ICM-abundant polypeptides (2,3,4,6, 7, and 8) were present in small amounts in each ECC line; and (3) the same three EB-abundant polypeptides (e, f, and g) were found in all of the ECC lines. However, pluripotent ECC differed slightly from nullipotent ECC. Pluripotent ECC contained more of the EB-abundant polypeptides a and b than n&potent ECC. In addition, protein 9, or the major protein of lo-nm filaments, was detectable in pluripotent ECC but not significantly in nullipotent ECC. In addition to the differences between pluripotent and nullipotent ECC, differences among various pluripotent ECC lines were observed. The entodermal cell is one of the major differentiated cell types associated with EB development. It was, therefore, of interest to determine whether the PYS entodermal cell line expresses ICM-abundant and EBabundant polypeptides. As a control, a fibroblastic cell line (OTT605Of) was also analyzed. PYS cells (Fig. 3a) synthesized very low levels of the ICM-abundant polypeptides (l-8)) but did synthesize six of the seven EB-abundant polypeptides (a, b, and d-g), as well as lo-nm filament protein (9). Like PYS cells, the OTT6050f fibroblasts (Fig. 3b) synthesized lo-nm filament protein (9) and very low levels of ICM-abundant proteins (l-8). However, unlike PYS cells, OTT6050f fibroblasts synthesized very little of EB-abundant proteins (a-d). Nuclear Protein Differentiation

Synthesis during in Vitro of ECC and ICM

Autoradiographic patterns of nuclear proteins from ICM, PSA-ECC, and the EB derivatives of each are presented in Fig. 4. More than one hundred spots were detected. Many of them were clearly more abundant in the nuclear fractions than in the cytoplasmic fractions and are referred to as nuclear-abundant polypeptides (indicated by unnumbered arrows, Figs. 4a-d). The most striking changes occurring during the differentiation of ICM or ECC are the

356

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY VOLUMEPI,1980

HOWE, GM~~R, AND SOLTER

Proteins ofEmbryos and Teratocarcinoma Cells

increases in the intensity of three spots (a, b, and j, Figs. 4b and d) in the EB derivatives (hereafter referred to as EB abundant). Less noticeable during differentiation of ICM are the minor increases in two spots (h and i, Fig. 4b) and the decrease in six spots (5, 6, and 10-13, Fig. 4a, referred to as ICM abundant). PSA (Fig. 4c) or any of the other ECC tested differed from JCM in that they contained low levels of the ICM-abundant nuclear polypeptides (5, 6, and 10-13). On the other hand, nuclear preparations from PSA-ECC contained more protein 9, the lo-nm filament protein, than that from ICM. In general more lo-nm filament protein was found in the nuclear fraction of pluripotent ECC than in that of nullipotent ECC (results not shown). The EB derived from PSA cells (Fig. 4d) also differed from those from ICM. The EB-abundant nuclear polypeptides h and i found in the ICM-EB were not synthesized in large quantities in the PSA-EB nuclear preparation. However, both ICM- and PSA-EB synthesized large amounts of the EB-abundant nuclear polypeptides a, b, and j. The EB-abundant nuclear polypeptides a and b were identical to those detected in the corresponding cytoplasmic fractions of EB. Consistent with the observation from the cytoplasmic proteins, these two polypeptides were again present more abundantly in the nuclear fraction of PYS cells (Fig. 5a) than in that of OTT6050f cells (Fig. 5b). On the other hand, the EB-abundant nuclear protein j was more abundant in the nuclear fraction of OTT6050f than in that of PYS. It is of interest to note that the lo-nm filament protein is found in the nuclear fractions of both PYS and OTT6050f cells. DISCUSSION

In this study we sought to compare the polypeptides synthesized by ICM and ECC during differentiation into EB. This step, in u&o, mimics the first detectable differentiation events in the embryo proper in uiuo,

357

namely, the formation of distinct layers of cells both of which are determined (Diwan and Stevens, 1976). Study of changes in polypeptide patterns and identification of proteins synthesized during this crucial period might provide clues as to how differentiation occurs. To facilitate the analysis of the large number of proteins present in whole cells, cells were separated into cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. NP40 was used in the fractionation to minimize contamination of the nuclear fraction by cytoplasmic proteins (Berkowitz et al., 1969; Howe et al., 1975). Phase-contrast and electron microscopic examination of the nuclear preparations confirmed that contamination was minimal. Treatment of cells with NP40 in the absence of sucrose is known to make the nucleus leak certain freely diffusable nuclear proteins (Kellermayer et al., 1976; Loeb et al., 1976). Thus, with our fractionation procedures, the cytoplasmic fraction consists of cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic proteins, whereas the nuclear fraction consists of nuclear proteins that are not freely diffusable or are tightly bound to the chromosomes as well as NP40insoluble extranuclear proteins. We have observed many proteins to be more abundant in cytoplasmic fractions, and others in the nuclear fractions. The distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of the two fractions along with the microscopic evidence make it very clear that cytoplasmic contamination of nuclei was not significant. Our observation that nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions share many of the same proteins is in agreement with reported results (Peterson and McConkey, 1976a,b: Howe and Solter, 1979). Some spots showing charge heterogeneity were observed in all of the gels examined. Since all precautions as recommended by O’Farrell (1975) were taken to avoid modification of proteins, these proteins probably represent in viuo modified glycoproteins, phosphorylated proteins, acetylated proteins (O’Farrell, 1975), and chemi-

358

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY VOLUME74,198O

FIG. 3. Autoradiograms of cytoplasmic proteins from (a) PYS entodermal cells and (b) OTT605Offibroblastic cells. Approximately 300,000cpm was applied to each first-dimension gel, and each gel was exposed for 2 weeks. Other details are as described in the legend to Fig. 1.

calIy modified protein-ampholyte complexes (Hare et al., 1978). The absolute position of individual protein varied from gel to gel, but the position relative to the landmark proteins (e.g., actin and tubulin) was reproducible. Consequently, individual spots were readily identified and compared in different gels. All the polypeptide spots discussed in this study were confirmed by two or more independent, conservatively interpreted gel experiments.

When one compares the changes in protein patterns during transition of the ICM into EB to those observed during ECC differentiation, distinct differences are noted. More polypeptides changed in intensity during the differentiation of ICM than during the differentiation of ECC. In the case of ICM differentiation, distinct changes in intensity of six ICM-abundant (cytoplasmic, 1,2, and 5-8, in Fig. la) and three EBabundant (cytoplasmic and nuclear, a, b, and j, in Figs. lb and 4b) polypeptides were

HOWE, GM~R, AND SOLTER

Proteins of Embryos and Teratocarcinoma

detected, with some additional spots showing minor changes in intensity. However, in the case of ECC differentiation, only three EB-abundant polypeptides (cytoplasmic and nuclear, a, b, and j, in Figs. Id and 4d) showed distinct changes in intensity. Our finding that the protein pattern of ECC differs from those of ECC-EB is consistent with a study using an OTT6050 retransplantable teratocarcinoma maintained by serial intraperitoneal transplant in mice (Dewey et al., 1978). It is also of interest to examine the

Cells

359

changes in protein patterns during ICM differentiation in light of earlier results. The ICM-abundant polypeptides (1,2, and 5-8, in Fig. la) which are present in large amounts in ICM and in decreasing quantities as ICM differentiate were found to appear in large quantities in embryos before the 4- to B-cell stage (Howe and Solter, 1979). Although we observed many polypeptides of which the synthesis increased during ICM differentiation, we did not detect the new 55,000-dalton basic protein observed by Martin et al. (1978), presum-

FIG. 4. Autoradiographs of nuclear proteins from (a) ICM, (b) EB derived from ICM, (c) PSA cells, and (d) EB derived from PSA cells. Approximately 300,OOOcpm was applied to each first-dimension gel, and each gel was exposed for 2 weeks. Other details are as described in the legend to Fig. 1.

360

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

VOLUME 74, 1980

FIG. 5. Autoradiographs of nuclear proteins from (a) PYS entodermal cells and (b) OTT6050f fibroblastic cells. Approximately 300,000 cpm was applied to each first-dimension gel, and each gel was exposed for 2 weeks. Other details are as described in the legend to Fig. 1.

ably because it falls outside the pH range used in our study. Comparison of the PSA protein pattern of the present study with the patterns of preimplantation embryos at various stages of development (Levinson et al., 1978; Howe and Solter, 1979) shows that PSAECC most closely resemble the ICM. However, the presence in PSA cells of three EBabundant cytoplasmic polypeptides (e, f, and g) and of a reduced number of ICMabundant cytoplasmic or nuclear polypeptides (Figs. la, c, and 4a, c) indicate that

PSA-ECC represent cells at a later stage of development than ICM. This finding confirms the recent report of Martin et al. (1978), who studied these systems using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, however, the use of two-dimensional electrophoresis has allowed us to detect many more differences between ICM and ECC. It should also be pointed out that the differences between ICM and ECC described in the present study are not limited to cell lines cultured in vitro. Dewey et al. (1978) have found that ECC isolated from ascites

HOWE, GM~~R, AND SOLTER

Proteins

also differ from ICM. Of the EB-abundant polypeptides we have been able to identify two (a and b) in both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear fractions of ICM- and PSA-EB (Figs. lb, d, and 4b, d). These two polypeptides are parietal entoderm specific: They are clearly present in PYS entodermal cells but barely detectable in OTT6050f fibroblastic cells (Figs. 3 and 5), and have been identified as basement membrane proteins, a parietal entoderm product (manuscript in preparation). These two basement membrane polypeptides are found in the nuclear fraction because of their insolubility in NP40. Thus, these two polypeptides should be good markers for parietal entoderm differentiation. Our observation of the appearance of basement membrane proteins in EB by electrophoresis parallels similar observations in morphological studies (Martin et al., 1977; Wiley et al., 1978; Hogan and Tilly, 1978). Small amounts of these two parietal entoderm-specific polypeptides, a and b, were consistently detected in pluripotent cells such as PSA (Figs. lc and 4c), NG2, and PCC4 cells, but only in trace amounts in nullipotent cells. These results support our morphological observations; small numbers of differentiated entodermal cells are present in these nominally undifferentiated cultures of pluripotent cells. Our results are also consistent with the observation by Sherman and Miller (1978) of a very small number of differentiated entodermal cells in the culture of nullipotent ECC (F9). The lo-nm filament protein (protein 9) is also synthesized in trace amounts by nullipotent ECC but in larger amounts by pluripotent PSA, NG2, and PCC4 and still larger amounts by PYS and OTT6050f cells. Again, the presence in pluripotent ECC cultures of small numbers of entodermal cells would explain the presence of IO-nm filament protein in these cultures. Surprisingly, the EB that contain a layer of entodermal cells do not synthesize lo-nm fila-

of

Embryos and Teratocarcinoma Cells

361

ment protein. One of the many biological functions of lo-nm filaments is the spreading and attachment of cells to substratum (Goldman and Follet, 1970). Since cells must detach from the substratum and form aggregates in suspension before ECC can differentiate into EB, it is possible that the entodermal cells do not synthesize lo-nm filament protein because they are not attached to the substratum. In addition to the differences between pluripotent and nullipotent ECC, we have consistently observed differences even among various pluripotent ECC lines as previously noted by Dewey et al. (1978). This study presents a preliminary attempt to identify the biochemical events associated with differentiation of pluripotent cells. These events are associated with the narrowing of developmental potentials open to the embryonic stem cells. We have been able to identify some of the products which are synthesized by the differentiated cells. It would also be of interest to identify the proteins which disappear, i.e., shortterm proteins which appear in embryos before the 4- to B-cell stage and subsequently disappear. Perhaps the two cytoplasmic polypeptides, 1 and 5 (the only ICM-abundant proteins shared by the ECC), are in this respect most fascinating. This work was supported by USPHS Research Grants CA 10815, CA 17546, and CA 21069 from the National Cancer Institute, HD 12487 from NICHHD, PCM 78-16177 from the National Science Foundation, and l-695 from the National Foundation-March of Dimes. H.G. was supported by a Fellowship from the Swiss National Science Foundation. We thank David Lugg for his excellent assistance in some of these experiments. REFERENCES ARTZT, K., DLJBOIS, P., BENNETT, D., CONDAMINE, H., BABINET, C., and JACOB, F. (1973). Surface antigens common to mouse cleavage embryos and primitive teratocarcinoma cells in culture. Proc. Nat. Acad.

Sci. USA 70,2988-2992. D. M., KAKEFUDA, T., and SPORN, M. B. (1969). Simple and rapid method for the isolation of enzymatically active HeLa cell nuclei. .J. Cell Biol. 42,851-855.

BERKOWITZ,

362

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

BERNSTINE,E. G., HOOPER,M. L., GRANDCHAMP,S., and EPHRUSSI,B. (1973). Alkaline phosphatase activity in mouse teratoma. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70,3899-3903. BRINSTER,R. L. (1974). The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J. Exp. Med. 140, 1049-1056. DAMJANOV,I., SOLTER,D., BELICZA, M., and SKREB, N. (1971a). Teratomas obtained through extrauterme growth of seven-day mouse embryos. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 46,471-480. DAMJANOV, I., SOLTER, D., and SKREB, N. (1971b). Enzyme histochemistry of experimental embryo-derived teratocarcinomas. Z. Krebsforsch. 76,249-256. DEWEY, M. J., MARTIN, D. W., JR., MARTIN, G. R., and MINTZ, B. (1977). Mosaic mice with teratocarcinema-derived mutant cells deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 74,5564-5568. DEWEY, M. J., FILLER, R., and MINTZ, B. (1978). Protein patterns of developmentally totipotent mouse teratocarcinoma cells and normal early embryo cells. Develop. Biol. 66, 171-182. DIWAN, S. B., and STEVENS, L. C. (1976). Development of teratomas from the ectoderm of mouse egg cylinders. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 57,937-942. EPSTEIN, C. J., and SMITH, S. A. (1974). Electrophoretie analysis of proteins synthesized by preimplantation mouse embryos. Develop. Biol. 40, 233-244. GOLDMAN, R., and FOLLET, E. (1970). Birefringent filamentous organelle in BHK-21 cella and ita possible role in cell spreading and motility. Science 169, 286-288. HARE, D. L., STIMPSON,D. I., and CANN, J. R. (1978). Multiple bands produced by interaction of a single macromolecule with carrier ampholytes during isoelectric focusing. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 187,274275. HOGAN,B., and TILLY, R. (1978). In vitro development of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgicslly from mouse blastocysta. I. Inner cell masses from 3.5-day p.c. blastocysta incubated for 24 hr before immunosurgery. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 45,93-105. HOWE,C. C., and SOLTER,D. (1979). Cytoplasmic and nuclear protein synthesis in preimplantation mouse embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 52, 209-225. HOWE, C., TAN, K. B., and SOKOL,F. (1975). Fate of parental simian virus 40 DNA in permissive monkey kidney cells. J. Gen. Virol. 27, 11-24. ILLMENSEE, K., and MINTZ, B. (1976). Totipotency and normal differentiation of single teratocarcinoma cells cloned by injection into blastocysts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 73,549-553. JAKOB, H., BOON, T., GAILLARD, J., NICOLAS, J. F., and JACOB,F. (1973). Teratocarcinome de la souris: Isolement, culture et proprietes de cellules a potentialites multiples. Ann. Microbial. (Inst. Pasteur) 124B, 269-282.

VOLUME 74,198O

KELLERMAYER,M., TALAS, M., WONG,C., BUSCH,H., and BUTEL, J. S. (1976). The solubility characteristics of SV40 tumor antigen. Exp. Cell Res. 99,456460. LEHMAN, J. M., SPEERS,W. C., SWARTZENDRUBER, D. E., and PIERCE, G. B. (1974). Neoplastic differentiation: Characteristics of cell lines derived from a murine teratocarcinoma. J. Cell. Physiol. 84, 1328. LEVINSON,J., GOODFELLOW,P., VADEBONCOEUR,M., and MCDEVITT, H. (1978). Identification of stagespecific polypeptides synthesized during murine preimplantation development. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75,3332-3336. LINNEY, E., and LEVINSON, B. (1977). Teratocarcinoma differentiation: Plasminogen activator activity associated with embryoid body formation. Cell 10, 297-304. LOEB, J. E., RITZ, E., CREUZET,C., and JAMI, J. (1976). Comparison of chromosomal proteins of mouse primitive teratocarcinoma, liver and L cells. Exp. Cell Res. 103,450-454. MARTIN, G. R., and EVANS, M. J. (1975). Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: Formation of embryoid bodies in vitro. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72,1441-1445. MARTIN, G. R., WILEY, L. M., and DAMJANOV, I. (1977). The development of cystic embryoid bodies in vitro from clonal teratocarcinoma stem cells. Develop. Biol. 61, 230-244. MARTIN, G. R., SMITH, S., and EPSTEIN, C. J. (1978). Protein synthetic patterns in teratocarcinoma stem cells and mouse embryos at early stages of development. Develop. Biol. 66, 8-16. MINTZ, B., and ILLMENSEE,K. (1975). Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3585-3589. . C’FARRELL, P. H. (1975). High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 250,4007-4021. PAPAIOANNOU,V. E., MCBURNEY, M. W., GARDNER, R. L., and EVANS, M. J. (1975). Fate of teratocarcinoma cells injected into early mouse embryos. Nature (London) 258,70-73. PETERSON,J. L., and MCCONKEY,E. H. (1976a). Nonhi&one chromosomal proteins from HeLa cells: A survey by high resolution, two-dimensional electrophoresis. J. Biol. Chem. 251, 548-554. PETERSON,J. L., and MCCONKEY,E. H. (1976b). Proteins of Friend leukemia cells Comparison of hemoglobin-synthesizing and noninduced populations. J. Biol. Chem. 251,555-558. PIERCE, G. B., STEVENS, L. C., and NAKANE, P. K. (1967). Ultrastructural analysis of the early development of teratocarcinomas. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 39.755-773. SHERMAN, M. I., and MILLER, R. A. (1978). F9 em-

HOWE, GM~~R, AND SOLTER

Proteins of Embryos and Teratocarcinoma Cells

bryonal carcinoma cells can differentiate into endoderm-like cells. Develop. Biol. 63, 27-37. SHERMAN, M. I., STRICKLAND, S., and REICH, E. (1976). Differentiation of early mouse embryonic and teratocarcinoma cells in vitro: Plasminogen activator production. Cancer Res. 36,4208-4216. SOLTER, D., and KNOWLES, B. B. (1975). Immunosurgery of mouse blastocyst. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72.5099-5102. SOLTER, D., and KNOWLES, B. B. (1978). Monoclonal antibody defining a stage-specific mouse embryonic antigen (SSEA-1). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 75,

5565-5569. STERN, P. L., MARTIN, G. R., and EVANS, M. J. (1975). Cell surface antigens of clonal teratocarcinoma cells at various stages of differentiation. Cell 6.455-465. STRICKLAND, S., REICH, E., and SHERMAN, M. I. (1976). Plasminogen activator in early embryogenesis: Enzyme production by trophoblast and parietal endoderm. Cell 9,231-240. TUCKER, E. B., and SCHULTZ, G. A. (1978). Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of proteins syn-

363

thesized during the early cleavage period in rabbit embryos. Exp. Cell Res. 114,438-443. VAN BLERKOM, J., and MANES, C. (1974). Development of preimplantation rabbit embryos in vivo and in vitro. II. A comparison of qualitative aspects of protein synthesis. Develop. Biol. 40, 40-51. VAN BLERKOM, J., and BROCKWAY, G. 0. (1975). Qualitative patterns of protein synthesis in the preimplantation mouse embryo. I. Normal pregnancy. Develop. Biol. 44, 148-157. VAN BLERKOM, J., BARTON, S. C., and JOHNSON, M. H. (1976). Molecular differentiation in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Nature 259,319-321. VAN BLERKOM, J., and MCGAUGHEY, R. W. (1978). Molecular differentiation of the rabbit ovum. II. During the preimplantation development of in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes. Develop. Biol. 63, 151-164. WILEY, L. M., SPINDLE, A. I., and PEDERSEN, R. A. (1978). Morphology of isolated mouse inner cell masses developing in vitro. Develop. Biol. 63, I-10.