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Damages caused to buildings by trees in Lorraine (In French)
228A porosity of about 0.70. Acoustic properties of argillaceous and calcareous sediments differ mainly on account of their particle size distributions, which control particle reorganisation. 924181 Geotechnical analysis of some industrial sludges Belfiore, F; Manassero, M; Viola, C
Proc Symposium on Geotecimics of Waste Fills - Theory and Practice, Pittsburg, 10-13 Sept 1989 P317-330. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication 1070) For economic and effective landfill disposal of industrial wastes it is desirable to be able to classify their properties such that conventional soil mechanics principles can be applied in landfigl design. Various sludges have been examined, considering density, compaction behaviour, settlement, and shear strength. Two case histories are presented, the safe disposal of sludges from a steel mill and from the leather processing industry. 924182 Case history: use of the cone penetrometer to calculate the settlement of a chemically stabilized landfill Oakley, R E Proc Symposium on Geotechnics of Waste Fills - Theory and Pract&e, Pittsburg, 10-13 Sept 1989 P345-357. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication 1070) Two lined fills approximately 7.5m and 10m deep respectively have been used for disposal of cement and silicate stabilised wastes from a variety of industries. Most took the consistency of stiff to very stiff clay, some of cemented sand. Field investigation using CPTs and laboratory consolidation tests were carried out before final closure. Settlements under overburden load measured over a 2 year period are compared to predictions based on CPT and laboratory data and are seen to be in reasonable agreement. 924183 Swelling mechanisms of tertiary anhydritic-doiomitic shales Ordonez, S; Soriano, A; Garcia del Cura, M A; Esteban, F Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 II3, P1963-1971. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Sedimentary rocks of Lower Middle Tertiary age in the Ebro Basin, Spain, include overconsolidated shales containing anhydrite and dolomite. The mineralogy and geological history are described. Excavation of these rocks can cause rapid unloading and this change of confinement can lead to the generation of a new network of cracks. A self sustaining heave process is proposed with the following stages: excavation causes fracturing, which allows groundwater to permeate the rock, causing swelling of anhydrite and clay minerals, which leads to weakening of the rock and stress relief of underlying rock, causing fracturing. 924184 Damages caused to buildings by trees in Lorraine (In French) Perrot, A Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V3, P1981-1987. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 In 1976 a large number of houses was constructed on shallow foundations at a site of expansive clay, immediately after removal of established forestation. Over 50% subsequently
suffered damage due to differential ground movement resulting from variable water content in the soil mass related to the evapotranspiration pumping action of the trees. It is suggested that in further similar cases houses should be founded in a low permeability fill, separated from the base soil by an impermeable membrane, and that they should be at least 7m away from trees.
924185 Mitigation measures for small structures on collapsible soils Rollins, K M; Rogers, G W
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V3, P1997-2002. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Full scale load tests at up to 85kPa intensity were carried out on 1.5m square footings on collapsible soils at a site in Utah. 4m square test cells were treated to depth 4m by prewetting with water, prewetting with sodium silicate solution, dynamic compaction (wet and dry), and excavation and replacement with compacted fill. Settlements are compared to those on an untreated cell. Dynamic compaction and sodium silicate treatments were most effective with settlements less than 25mm. Replacement treatment resulted in settlement of 100ram on wetting. Prewetting had minimal effects. Comparative costs are discussed.
924186 Extraordinary phenomenon of chemical heaving and its effect on buildings and roads Williams, A A B Proc Tenth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering and the Tlu'rd International Conference on Tropical and Residual Soils, Maseru, 23-27 September 1991 VI, P91-98. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1991 Severe damage to a block of fiats in Kimberley, South Africa, was previously described. Further monitoring data over a 10 year period and other information from experimental sites are presented. Heave of up to 631mm and damage to roadways are reported. Various hypotheses for the mechanism of heave in such arid environment are examined. Gypsum is always found in the deeply weathered profiles where heave occurs. The swelling behaviour of soils containing gypsum and anhydrite is complex and may include solution and precipitation, solution metamorphism, or chemical diagenesis. Suspect formations are described.
Dynamic properties 924187 Liquefaction response of San Francisco bayshore fills Chameau, J L; Clough, G W; Reyna, F; Frost, J D Bull Seismol Soc Am 1/81, N5, Oct 1991. P1998-2018 Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, liquefaction potential was assessed for several fill soils for which pre-earthquake data or field performance data are available. Several areas of loose to medium sand fill underlain by zones of dune sand appear to have densified during the earthquake. Liquefaction assessments made for Loma Prieta type conditions correlate well with observed behaviour. A number of locations are likely to suffer severe damage in the event of a postulated magnitude 7.5 event close to San Francisco.
© 1992 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
Proc Symposium on Geotecimics of Waste Fills - Theory and Practice, Pittsburg, 10-13 Sept 1989 P317-330. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication 1070) For economic and effective landfill disposal of industrial wastes it is desirable to be able to classify their properties such that conventional soil mechanics principles can be applied in landfigl design. Various sludges have been examined, considering density, compaction behaviour, settlement, and shear strength. Two case histories are presented, the safe disposal of sludges from a steel mill and from the leather processing industry. 924182 Case history: use of the cone penetrometer to calculate the settlement of a chemically stabilized landfill Oakley, R E Proc Symposium on Geotechnics of Waste Fills - Theory and Pract&e, Pittsburg, 10-13 Sept 1989 P345-357. Publ Philadelphia: ASTM, 1990 (ASTM Special Technical Publication 1070) Two lined fills approximately 7.5m and 10m deep respectively have been used for disposal of cement and silicate stabilised wastes from a variety of industries. Most took the consistency of stiff to very stiff clay, some of cemented sand. Field investigation using CPTs and laboratory consolidation tests were carried out before final closure. Settlements under overburden load measured over a 2 year period are compared to predictions based on CPT and laboratory data and are seen to be in reasonable agreement. 924183 Swelling mechanisms of tertiary anhydritic-doiomitic shales Ordonez, S; Soriano, A; Garcia del Cura, M A; Esteban, F Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 II3, P1963-1971. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Sedimentary rocks of Lower Middle Tertiary age in the Ebro Basin, Spain, include overconsolidated shales containing anhydrite and dolomite. The mineralogy and geological history are described. Excavation of these rocks can cause rapid unloading and this change of confinement can lead to the generation of a new network of cracks. A self sustaining heave process is proposed with the following stages: excavation causes fracturing, which allows groundwater to permeate the rock, causing swelling of anhydrite and clay minerals, which leads to weakening of the rock and stress relief of underlying rock, causing fracturing. 924184 Damages caused to buildings by trees in Lorraine (In French) Perrot, A Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V3, P1981-1987. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 In 1976 a large number of houses was constructed on shallow foundations at a site of expansive clay, immediately after removal of established forestation. Over 50% subsequently
suffered damage due to differential ground movement resulting from variable water content in the soil mass related to the evapotranspiration pumping action of the trees. It is suggested that in further similar cases houses should be founded in a low permeability fill, separated from the base soil by an impermeable membrane, and that they should be at least 7m away from trees.
924185 Mitigation measures for small structures on collapsible soils Rollins, K M; Rogers, G W
Proc 6th International Congress International Association of Engineering Geology, Amsterdam, 6-10 August 1990 V3, P1997-2002. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1990 Full scale load tests at up to 85kPa intensity were carried out on 1.5m square footings on collapsible soils at a site in Utah. 4m square test cells were treated to depth 4m by prewetting with water, prewetting with sodium silicate solution, dynamic compaction (wet and dry), and excavation and replacement with compacted fill. Settlements are compared to those on an untreated cell. Dynamic compaction and sodium silicate treatments were most effective with settlements less than 25mm. Replacement treatment resulted in settlement of 100ram on wetting. Prewetting had minimal effects. Comparative costs are discussed.
924186 Extraordinary phenomenon of chemical heaving and its effect on buildings and roads Williams, A A B Proc Tenth Regional Conference for Africa on Soil Mechanics
and Foundation Engineering and the Tlu'rd International Conference on Tropical and Residual Soils, Maseru, 23-27 September 1991 VI, P91-98. Publ Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1991 Severe damage to a block of fiats in Kimberley, South Africa, was previously described. Further monitoring data over a 10 year period and other information from experimental sites are presented. Heave of up to 631mm and damage to roadways are reported. Various hypotheses for the mechanism of heave in such arid environment are examined. Gypsum is always found in the deeply weathered profiles where heave occurs. The swelling behaviour of soils containing gypsum and anhydrite is complex and may include solution and precipitation, solution metamorphism, or chemical diagenesis. Suspect formations are described.
Dynamic properties 924187 Liquefaction response of San Francisco bayshore fills Chameau, J L; Clough, G W; Reyna, F; Frost, J D Bull Seismol Soc Am 1/81, N5, Oct 1991. P1998-2018 Following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, liquefaction potential was assessed for several fill soils for which pre-earthquake data or field performance data are available. Several areas of loose to medium sand fill underlain by zones of dune sand appear to have densified during the earthquake. Liquefaction assessments made for Loma Prieta type conditions correlate well with observed behaviour. A number of locations are likely to suffer severe damage in the event of a postulated magnitude 7.5 event close to San Francisco.
© 1992 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted