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Damped Oscillatory Respiratory Response after Marathon Running at Altitude
DAMPED OSCILLATORY RESPIRATORY RESPONSE AFTER MARATHON RUNNING AT ALTITUDE Albert E. Heurich Assistant Professor Pulmonary Disease Division Downstate Medical Center State University of New York Brooklyn, New York 11203
Stephen N. Steen Professor Department of Anesthesiology UCLA School of Medicine Harbor General Hospi tal Campus Torrance, California 90802 ABSTRACT Serial de terminations of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations concen tra tions and volumes of expired gas were made in 5 partially acclimatized, endurance trained, sea level residents following participation in the 1972 Pike's Peak Marathon. Marathon . The race combined a 26.3 mile distance run with an 8200 foot ascent and descent. Inspired oxygen tension ranged between ~ 3 and 116 mm Hg. \1022 and ~3 Hg . The time courses of VE' V0 V CO were compared with the pre-marathon values. C022
METHODS The subjects of this study were 5 contestants participating in the 1972 Pike's Peak Marathon Run. Three of the five subjects were from one family fami ly and consisted of the father and two of his sons. One of the remaining subjects (P. S.) ran des pi te the despi physical handicap of congeni tal absence of the hands and feet. All were well we ll trained and experienced marathon runners. They normally live li ve and work at or near sea level.
Follo win g the initial rapid decrease in V0 ,a Following ' a sustained sus tained elevation eleva tion was noted no ted for up to 2 90 minutes minu tes of res ting recovery. Superimposed on this curve were responses having characteristics of damped oscillations. Similar periodic fluc tua tions were noted for V V and V . These findings are discussed. The CO 2 most E probable cause is due to sustained involuntary muscular contractions with further muscle contraction con trac tion and/or andlor movement producing additional variations in metabolic rate ra te during this "unnatural" " unnatural " form of recovery recove ry required for this study.
The subjects arrived at the starting site (Manitou Springs, el. 1968 m) seven days prior to the run. The marathon run to and from Pike's Peak (el. 4328 m) occurred in August. Aug ust. Starting at 0730 hours, the runners took between 313 and 426 minutes to t o complete the 42.2 km course. course . In an attempt to normalize the intensity of effort over the last 200 m of the run, all subjects were instructed to maximize their speed for this dis tance. distanc e.
INTRODUCTION
On the day prior to the marathon, mara thon, collections of expired gas (using Otis-l\1cKerrow (usin g a modified Otis-McKe rro w valve and meteorological meteoro lo gical balloons) were obtained, oxygen (Beckman Model Mode l 0-2) 0 - 2) and carbon c arbon dioxide (Beckman LB-l) were measured and the t he volumes (ParkinsonS:0wan , VO ' S;owan Meter) were we re determined from which wh ic h V ,V O E V and R were calculated. Timed serial 2 VCO CO 2 collections were made following followin g the marathon run up to 90 minutes.
The human respira tory control con trol system, sys tern, during respiratory competitive marathon running runnin g at altitude is subjec ted to more than the usual complex of inputs (1). The hyperpnea presumably resul res ul ts from neurogenic inputs and from humoral factors rela ted to aerobic metabolism(2). metabolism(2) . Periodic anaerobiosis may produce hyperventilation hyperven tila tion in addition addi tion to that engendered by the hypoxia. These stimuli may act synergistically at the respiratory center as conveyed conve yed by Dempsey's Dempse y 's troika ("hypoxia + work + acc1imatization,,)(3). acclimatization,,)(3). Although Altho ugh respiratory and metabolic metabo lic responses to marathon running have been previously reported(4), the th e Pike's Peak l\1ara Mara thon provided a unique opportunity for the study of such responses during hypoxic recovery from exercise e xercise at varying levels of hypoxia.
The constraints cons train ts of t, in m the field, o f such suc h an experimen experiment, necess ita ted cessa tion of running at a t the end of the necessitated cessation marathon. mara thon. This is not the usual manner m anner in which mara thon runners recover: reco ver: they "exercise down" (decreasing activi ty). t y) .
Superior numbers refer to similarly similarly-numbered a t the end of this paper. -num bered reference at paper .
266
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
It should be noted that after the initial rapid decrease in oxygen uptake, the mean level of "0 V0 (Figure 1) did not demonstrate a slow progressive 2 decrease compatible with the slow phase (2nd exponential) of repayment of the lactic oxygen debt(5). The pattern is consistent with our previous findings of low lactate levels at the end of such an event(6). This sustained elevation of Vo Vo may be due to the effects of circulating catechol~mines(7), circula ting ca techol~mines (7), bod):' temperature(8), the respiratory alkalosis(6,9J, alkalosis(6,9) , or simply due to sus tained involun tary muscular con trac tions.
(1) Severinghaus, J. W. and C. P. Larson Jr., "Respiration in Anesthesia," in HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, Section 3: 3 : Respiration, Vol. lI, II, p. 1223. Section Editors W. O. Fenn and H. Rahn. American Physiological Society, Washington, D. C., 1965. (2) DeJours, P. , "Respiration in Muscular Exercise. " HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, Section 3: Respiration, Vol. I, 631-648, Section Edi tors Editors W. O. Fenn and H. Rahn. American Physiological Physio lo gical Society, Washington, D. C.,1964 (3) Dempsey, J. A., A. , W. G. Reddan, M. L. Birnbaum, H. V. Forster, J. S. Thoden, R. F. Grover and J. Rankin, "Effects of acute through life-long hypoxic exposure, "RESP. PHYSIOL." Vol. 13 (1971),62-89. (1971), 62-89.
Though there appear to be superimposed responses having characteristics of damped oscillations, oscillations , they may be variations of metabolic rate due to periods of further spontaneous muscle contraction and/or movement during this "unnatural" form of recovery. However, we cannot canno t rule out an intrinsic oscilla tion of metabolic rate ra te under these hypoxic, alkalotic( 6,9) , and presumably glycogen depleted(10) conditions. Ei ther of these causes would lead to similar periodicities observed for V Vo ,VCO o ,V CO and V E .
2
(4) Cos till , D. L. and E. Eo L. Fox, "Energetics of Marathon Running," MED. SC!. SPORTS Vol. I (1969), 81-86.
2
(5) Astrand, P. O. and K. Rodahl, "TEXTBOOK OF WORK PHYSIOLOGY" McGraw, New York (1970), 284-409.
Vo Since the graph of the time course for V o shows V CO and 2 for VE VE similar periodic fluctua tions for VCO (Figure 2) (4 of the 5 participants), 2 this suggests a common underlying mechanism. Were ventilation to be the primary fluctuant, then a similar periodicity would be expected for VCO V CO but not for VO Vo . Whereas, primary variatio~s variatio~s in the metaboric rate would be manifested by temporal fluctuations in V02 ' VC02 and "E( VE (11). l1 ). Since the letter obtains, origin . we believe that the periodicity is of metabolic origin.
Sousa-PozaandS . N. Steen, (6) Heurich, A. E., Eo, M. Sousa-PozaandS. "Blood Gas and Acid - Base Changes in Marathon Vo l. 15 Running at Altitude," PHYSIOLOGIST Vol. (1972), 166. Foxx , "Oxygen debt: (7) Barnard, R. J. and M. L. Foxx, e ffec t of beta-adrenergic be ta - adrenergic blockade on the effect lac tacid and alactacid component," co mponent," J. APPL. APPL . lactacid PHYSIOL. Vol. 27 (1969), 813-816. 813-8 1 6.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (8) Brooks, G. A. A.,, K. J. Hittelman, J. A. Faulkner and R. E. Eo Beyer, "Temperature, skeletal muscle mitochondrial mi tochondrial functions, and oxygen debt," 105 3-1059. AM. J. PHYSIOL. Vol. 220 (1971), 1053-1059.
Marathon running at altitude imposes the additional additiona l hyp oxia. metabolic and respiratory stressor - hypoxia. ;\lanifestations of the complex of stressors are :\lanifestations tin g recovery. re covery. observed for up to 90 minu tes of res ting
S . 1\1. Ca in, "Factors (9) Karetsky, M. S. and S. ;\1. Cain, Con trolling O 2 Uptake," CHEST Vol. 61 Supplement Supplemen t Controlling (Feb . 1972), 485-495. (Feb.
sus tained elevations eleva tions and periodicities periodici ties of V E and The sustained E VCO appear to be consequences of the underlymg VCO h anges'm ' oxygen consumptlOn. 2 ch .
(10 ) Saltin, B. and L. Hermansen, "Glycogen Stores (10) SY MPOSIA OF and prolonged severe exercise," SYMPOSIA NUTRITION FOUNDATION, FO UNDA TIO N, Vol. 5 THE SWEDISH NUTRITIOI'\ 32 -46. (1967), 32-46.
AC K.,,\OWLEDGE1\IENT ACKt'\OWLEDGEl\l ENT
(11) Wasserman, K. and B. J. Whipp, "Breath by
The authors wish to acknowledge the ines timable guidance received from Dr. Brian J. Whipp of the ;\ledicine, UCLA UC LA School of Division of Respiratory :\ledicine, 1\ledicine, l\ledicine, Harbor General Hospi tal Campus, Torrance, Cali fo rnia 90509. California
Breath Analysis of Pulmonary Gas Exchange and the Hyperpnea of Exercise under Non-Steady-Sta te and Steady-Sta te Conditions," CHEST, Vol. 61 Supplement (Feb. 1972),465-475. 1972),465 -4 75 .
267
100
50
POST RUN
POST RUN
PRE RUN
PIlE RUN
POST POS T RUN PIlE RUN
0 0
VE
45
90
0 45 90 0 TIME - (Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TlME-(Minutes)
VE
100
45
•
VD S, S,
"
Mo D 1.100
0
90
MID
0 PS v
50
V VE E
POST RUN
JG
L/min STPS
PIKES PEAK 1972 POST RUN
Figure F i gur e 1
0, 0
Vo 2
PRE RUN
45
PRE RUN
90 0 45 90 (Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME (Minutes)
V02
1400
V02
1200 1000 800 600 400
POST RUN
POSTIlUN POSTIlf/N
PRE RUN
PRE RUN
POST RUN
200
PRE RUN
0 0
45
90
45
0
90
0
45
(Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME - (Minutes)
V022 V0
1400
V V0 022
1200
•
VD S,
•
Mo D 1.100
o
MI D. MID.
0 PS PS
1000
vV JG 800
V02
600
ml / min ml/mln
STPD
PIKES PEAK 1972
400 200
POST RUN
POST RUN
PRERUN PIlE RUN
PRE RUN PRERUN
0 0
45
90
45
0
90
POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME - (Minutes) (Minules)
268
Figure 2
90
Stephen N. Steen Professor Department of Anesthesiology UCLA School of Medicine Harbor General Hospi tal Campus Torrance, California 90802 ABSTRACT Serial de terminations of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations concen tra tions and volumes of expired gas were made in 5 partially acclimatized, endurance trained, sea level residents following participation in the 1972 Pike's Peak Marathon. Marathon . The race combined a 26.3 mile distance run with an 8200 foot ascent and descent. Inspired oxygen tension ranged between ~ 3 and 116 mm Hg. \1022 and ~3 Hg . The time courses of VE' V0 V CO were compared with the pre-marathon values. C022
METHODS The subjects of this study were 5 contestants participating in the 1972 Pike's Peak Marathon Run. Three of the five subjects were from one family fami ly and consisted of the father and two of his sons. One of the remaining subjects (P. S.) ran des pi te the despi physical handicap of congeni tal absence of the hands and feet. All were well we ll trained and experienced marathon runners. They normally live li ve and work at or near sea level.
Follo win g the initial rapid decrease in V0 ,a Following ' a sustained sus tained elevation eleva tion was noted no ted for up to 2 90 minutes minu tes of res ting recovery. Superimposed on this curve were responses having characteristics of damped oscillations. Similar periodic fluc tua tions were noted for V V and V . These findings are discussed. The CO 2 most E probable cause is due to sustained involuntary muscular contractions with further muscle contraction con trac tion and/or andlor movement producing additional variations in metabolic rate ra te during this "unnatural" " unnatural " form of recovery recove ry required for this study.
The subjects arrived at the starting site (Manitou Springs, el. 1968 m) seven days prior to the run. The marathon run to and from Pike's Peak (el. 4328 m) occurred in August. Aug ust. Starting at 0730 hours, the runners took between 313 and 426 minutes to t o complete the 42.2 km course. course . In an attempt to normalize the intensity of effort over the last 200 m of the run, all subjects were instructed to maximize their speed for this dis tance. distanc e.
INTRODUCTION
On the day prior to the marathon, mara thon, collections of expired gas (using Otis-l\1cKerrow (usin g a modified Otis-McKe rro w valve and meteorological meteoro lo gical balloons) were obtained, oxygen (Beckman Model Mode l 0-2) 0 - 2) and carbon c arbon dioxide (Beckman LB-l) were measured and the t he volumes (ParkinsonS:0wan , VO ' S;owan Meter) were we re determined from which wh ic h V ,V O E V and R were calculated. Timed serial 2 VCO CO 2 collections were made following followin g the marathon run up to 90 minutes.
The human respira tory control con trol system, sys tern, during respiratory competitive marathon running runnin g at altitude is subjec ted to more than the usual complex of inputs (1). The hyperpnea presumably resul res ul ts from neurogenic inputs and from humoral factors rela ted to aerobic metabolism(2). metabolism(2) . Periodic anaerobiosis may produce hyperventilation hyperven tila tion in addition addi tion to that engendered by the hypoxia. These stimuli may act synergistically at the respiratory center as conveyed conve yed by Dempsey's Dempse y 's troika ("hypoxia + work + acc1imatization,,)(3). acclimatization,,)(3). Although Altho ugh respiratory and metabolic metabo lic responses to marathon running have been previously reported(4), the th e Pike's Peak l\1ara Mara thon provided a unique opportunity for the study of such responses during hypoxic recovery from exercise e xercise at varying levels of hypoxia.
The constraints cons train ts of t, in m the field, o f such suc h an experimen experiment, necess ita ted cessa tion of running at a t the end of the necessitated cessation marathon. mara thon. This is not the usual manner m anner in which mara thon runners recover: reco ver: they "exercise down" (decreasing activi ty). t y) .
Superior numbers refer to similarly similarly-numbered a t the end of this paper. -num bered reference at paper .
266
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
It should be noted that after the initial rapid decrease in oxygen uptake, the mean level of "0 V0 (Figure 1) did not demonstrate a slow progressive 2 decrease compatible with the slow phase (2nd exponential) of repayment of the lactic oxygen debt(5). The pattern is consistent with our previous findings of low lactate levels at the end of such an event(6). This sustained elevation of Vo Vo may be due to the effects of circulating catechol~mines(7), circula ting ca techol~mines (7), bod):' temperature(8), the respiratory alkalosis(6,9J, alkalosis(6,9) , or simply due to sus tained involun tary muscular con trac tions.
(1) Severinghaus, J. W. and C. P. Larson Jr., "Respiration in Anesthesia," in HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, Section 3: 3 : Respiration, Vol. lI, II, p. 1223. Section Editors W. O. Fenn and H. Rahn. American Physiological Society, Washington, D. C., 1965. (2) DeJours, P. , "Respiration in Muscular Exercise. " HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY, Section 3: Respiration, Vol. I, 631-648, Section Edi tors Editors W. O. Fenn and H. Rahn. American Physiological Physio lo gical Society, Washington, D. C.,1964 (3) Dempsey, J. A., A. , W. G. Reddan, M. L. Birnbaum, H. V. Forster, J. S. Thoden, R. F. Grover and J. Rankin, "Effects of acute through life-long hypoxic exposure, "RESP. PHYSIOL." Vol. 13 (1971),62-89. (1971), 62-89.
Though there appear to be superimposed responses having characteristics of damped oscillations, oscillations , they may be variations of metabolic rate due to periods of further spontaneous muscle contraction and/or movement during this "unnatural" form of recovery. However, we cannot canno t rule out an intrinsic oscilla tion of metabolic rate ra te under these hypoxic, alkalotic( 6,9) , and presumably glycogen depleted(10) conditions. Ei ther of these causes would lead to similar periodicities observed for V Vo ,VCO o ,V CO and V E .
2
(4) Cos till , D. L. and E. Eo L. Fox, "Energetics of Marathon Running," MED. SC!. SPORTS Vol. I (1969), 81-86.
2
(5) Astrand, P. O. and K. Rodahl, "TEXTBOOK OF WORK PHYSIOLOGY" McGraw, New York (1970), 284-409.
Vo Since the graph of the time course for V o shows V CO and 2 for VE VE similar periodic fluctua tions for VCO (Figure 2) (4 of the 5 participants), 2 this suggests a common underlying mechanism. Were ventilation to be the primary fluctuant, then a similar periodicity would be expected for VCO V CO but not for VO Vo . Whereas, primary variatio~s variatio~s in the metaboric rate would be manifested by temporal fluctuations in V02 ' VC02 and "E( VE (11). l1 ). Since the letter obtains, origin . we believe that the periodicity is of metabolic origin.
Sousa-PozaandS . N. Steen, (6) Heurich, A. E., Eo, M. Sousa-PozaandS. "Blood Gas and Acid - Base Changes in Marathon Vo l. 15 Running at Altitude," PHYSIOLOGIST Vol. (1972), 166. Foxx , "Oxygen debt: (7) Barnard, R. J. and M. L. Foxx, e ffec t of beta-adrenergic be ta - adrenergic blockade on the effect lac tacid and alactacid component," co mponent," J. APPL. APPL . lactacid PHYSIOL. Vol. 27 (1969), 813-816. 813-8 1 6.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (8) Brooks, G. A. A.,, K. J. Hittelman, J. A. Faulkner and R. E. Eo Beyer, "Temperature, skeletal muscle mitochondrial mi tochondrial functions, and oxygen debt," 105 3-1059. AM. J. PHYSIOL. Vol. 220 (1971), 1053-1059.
Marathon running at altitude imposes the additional additiona l hyp oxia. metabolic and respiratory stressor - hypoxia. ;\lanifestations of the complex of stressors are :\lanifestations tin g recovery. re covery. observed for up to 90 minu tes of res ting
S . 1\1. Ca in, "Factors (9) Karetsky, M. S. and S. ;\1. Cain, Con trolling O 2 Uptake," CHEST Vol. 61 Supplement Supplemen t Controlling (Feb . 1972), 485-495. (Feb.
sus tained elevations eleva tions and periodicities periodici ties of V E and The sustained E VCO appear to be consequences of the underlymg VCO h anges'm ' oxygen consumptlOn. 2 ch .
(10 ) Saltin, B. and L. Hermansen, "Glycogen Stores (10) SY MPOSIA OF and prolonged severe exercise," SYMPOSIA NUTRITION FOUNDATION, FO UNDA TIO N, Vol. 5 THE SWEDISH NUTRITIOI'\ 32 -46. (1967), 32-46.
AC K.,,\OWLEDGE1\IENT ACKt'\OWLEDGEl\l ENT
(11) Wasserman, K. and B. J. Whipp, "Breath by
The authors wish to acknowledge the ines timable guidance received from Dr. Brian J. Whipp of the ;\ledicine, UCLA UC LA School of Division of Respiratory :\ledicine, 1\ledicine, l\ledicine, Harbor General Hospi tal Campus, Torrance, Cali fo rnia 90509. California
Breath Analysis of Pulmonary Gas Exchange and the Hyperpnea of Exercise under Non-Steady-Sta te and Steady-Sta te Conditions," CHEST, Vol. 61 Supplement (Feb. 1972),465-475. 1972),465 -4 75 .
267
100
50
POST RUN
POST RUN
PRE RUN
PIlE RUN
POST POS T RUN PIlE RUN
0 0
VE
45
90
0 45 90 0 TIME - (Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TlME-(Minutes)
VE
100
45
•
VD S, S,
"
Mo D 1.100
0
90
MID
0 PS v
50
V VE E
POST RUN
JG
L/min STPS
PIKES PEAK 1972 POST RUN
Figure F i gur e 1
0, 0
Vo 2
PRE RUN
45
PRE RUN
90 0 45 90 (Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME (Minutes)
V02
1400
V02
1200 1000 800 600 400
POST RUN
POSTIlUN POSTIlf/N
PRE RUN
PRE RUN
POST RUN
200
PRE RUN
0 0
45
90
45
0
90
0
45
(Minules) POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME - (Minutes)
V022 V0
1400
V V0 022
1200
•
VD S,
•
Mo D 1.100
o
MI D. MID.
0 PS PS
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vV JG 800
V02
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STPD
PIKES PEAK 1972
400 200
POST RUN
POST RUN
PRERUN PIlE RUN
PRE RUN PRERUN
0 0
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45
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90
POST MARATHON RECOVERY TIME - (Minutes) (Minules)
268
Figure 2
90