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Dandelion
Chapter 3.12
Dandelion Filippo Maggi University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund (syn. Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg), commonly known as dandelion, is a cosmopolitan, perennial weed, of the Compositae family (Cichorioideae subfamily, Lactuceae tribe) commonly found in meadows, gardens, uncultivated areas, and roadsides. The scientific name comes from the Greek words “taraxis” and “akeomai,” meaning “beneficial for inflammation.” The name “dandelion” derives from the French term “dent-de-lion,” alluding to the shape its leaves. It is also known under the French name “pissenlit” (bedwetter) alluding to its diuretic properties (Schütz et al., 2006). The plant stands up to 60 cm tall with a basal rosette of incised leaves and long pedunculated yellow capitula (2.5–4 cm), endowed with only ray florets. Fruits are ray-arranged cypselas equipped with pappus (Pignatti, 1982). The plant produces a stout taproot, which exudes white-colored latex having a bitter taste due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones; it is also rich in nutrients such as sugars and minerals. According to European Pharmacopoeia (2005) and the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of the European Medicines Agency, the whole plant, including its roots, can be used for therapeutic purposes. Overall, dandelion is recommended as cholagogue–choleretic, diuretic, and appetizer. Medical uses of dandelion can be traced back to Arab physicians (10th to 11th century AD) who used it to treat liver and spleen disorders (Bown, 2008). Aborigines of North America used to make infusions and decoction with the roots and aerial parts of the dandelion to cure heartburn and indigestion (Schütz et al., 2006). In traditional Chinese medicine, dandelion was used to treat affections of the respiratory tract (Schütz et al., 2006). Overall, dandelion was used to treat various disorders such as diseases of the liver and gallbladder, constipation, diabetes, eczema, arthritis, and rheumatic pains (Bisset and Wichtl, 1994; Newall et al., 1996; Önal et al., 2005; Racz-Kotilla et al., 1974). Besides its therapeutic uses, dandelion also enjoys a good reputation as a culinary plant, mainly used raw in salads but also cooked; in Italy it is also used to make liqueurs and marmalades (Martinez et al., 2015) The bioactive constituents of dandelion extracts, obtained from both the roots and aerial parts of the plant, can be divided into four main groups, namely sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., tetrahydroridentin B, taraxacolide β-d-glucoside, ixerin D, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin), triterpenes (e.g., taraxasterol, arnidiol, α- and β-amyrin), phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), and phenolic compounds (e.g., caffeic acid, chicoric acid, quercetin glycosides, and luteolin glucosides) (Schütz et al., 2006). In addition, dandelion roots contain high levels of inulin (2%–40%) which is the marker storage carbohydrate of Compositae, along with other polysaccharides which are involved in ameliorating CCI4-induced hepatitis in rats by inhibition of the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β (Park et al., 2010). The main constituents found in the latex exuded by dandelion roots are phenolic inositol esters, sesquiterpene lactones, and triterpene acetates (Huber et al., 2015). Several biological activities have been attributed to dandelion and its bioactive constituents, namely, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiangiogenic, antirheumatic, antinociceptive, and hypoglycaemic activity (Park et al., 2011; Shidoji and Ogawa, 2004). In particular, methanolic and aqueous extracts of dandelion are able to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-kB transcription factor and the expression of inducible NO synthase and increasing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (Park et al., 2011). Interestingly, two polysaccharides extracted from dandelion roots showed relevant antiinflammatory and Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant effects in RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of NF-kB and the modulation of PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively (Park et al., 2014). Leaf aqueous extract proved to exert antiinflammatory effects on endothelium during mastitis through the inhibition of TNF-α and ICAM-1 expression (Hu et al., 2017). Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of dandelion improved TRAIL (TNF–related apoptosis inducing ligand)-induced apoptosis in Huh 7 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells (Yoon et al., 2016). Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited the viral replication of HCV and gene expression of NS5B without having toxic effects on fibroblasts at the tested doses (Rehman et al., 2016). Administration of aqueous extract, obtained by decoction of the herb, in mice improved fatigue-related markers and immunological parameters (Lee et al., 2012). Dandelion extract showed a ntiinflammatory Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00028-X © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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204 PART | III Plant and Algae Extracts
activity and protective effects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats (Seo et al., 2005). Rabbits fed with the roots and leaves of dandelion following a cholesterol-rich diet showed an improvement in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and a lowering of lipid profiles in their plasma (Choi et al., 2010). In 3T3L1 adipocytes, the extract of both leaves and roots of dandelion decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride and modulated the expression of genes and noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, being potentially useful as a treatment for obesity (González-Castejón et al., 2014). In rats, administration of dandelion aqueous extract reduced male fertility by decreasing the functionality of sperm, altering sperm motility and morphology, and altering the morphology of the seminiferous tubules (Tahtamouni et al., 2011). In conclusion, dandelion has enjoyed a long-standing use in traditional medicine, treating various ailments. Most therapeutic uses has been recently confirmed thanks to the development of advanced and reliable preclinical models. Further clinical studies on human subjects are, however, needed in the near future in order to support and improve the use of dandelion in the market of natural drugs.
REFERENCES Bisset, N.G., Wichtl, M., 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. CRC Press. Bown, D., 2008. RHS Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. Choi, U.-K., Lee, O.-H., Yim, J.H., Cho, C.-W., Rhee, Y.K., Lim, S.-I., Kim, Y.-C., 2010. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010 (11), 67–78. European Pharmacopoeia. 2005. 5.0 ed. (Vol. 2). Council of Europe: Strasburg. González-Castejón, M., García-Carrasco, B., Fernández-Dacosta, R., Dávalos, A., Rodriguez-Casado, A., 2014. Reduction of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) extracts in 3T3L1 adipocytes: an in vitro study. Phytother. Res. 28, 745–752. Hu, G., Wang, J., Hong, D., Zhang, T., Duan, H., Mu, X., Yang, Z., 2017. Effects of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 in LPS-stimulated RMMVECs. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 17 (38), https://doi. org/10.1186/s12906-016-1520-3. Huber, M., Triebwasser-Freese, D., Reichelt, M., Heiling, S., Paetz, C., Chandran, J.N., Bartram, S., Schneider, B., Gershenzon, J., Erb, M., 2015. Identification, quantification, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic variation of major latex secondary metabolites in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.). Phytochemistry 115, 89–98. Lee, B.-R., Lee, J.-H., An, H.-J., 2012. Effects of Taraxacum officinale on fatigue and immunological parameters in mice. Molecules 17, 13253–13265. Martinez, M., Poirrier, P., Chamy, R., Prüfer, D., Schulze-Gronover, C., Jorquera, L., Ruiz, G., 2015. Taraxacum officinale and related species—an ethnopharmacological review and its potential as a commercial medicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 169, 244–262. Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A., Phillipson, J.D., 1996. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press. Önal, S., Timur, S., Okutucu, B., Zihnioglu, F., 2005. Inhibition of β-glucosidase by aqueous extract of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. 35, 29–36. Park, C.M., Cho, C.W., Song, Y.S., 2014. TOP 1 and 2, polysaccharides from Taraxacum officinale, inhibit NFkB-mediated inflammation and accelerate Nrf2-induced antioxidative potential through the modulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in RAW 2647 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 66, 56–64. Park, C.M., Park, J.Y., Noh, K.H., Shin, J.H., Song, Y.S., 2011. Taraxacum officinale Weber extracts inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production via the NF-kB modulation in RAW 2647 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 834–842. Park, C.M., Youn, H.J., Chang, H.K., Song, Y.S., 2010. TOP1 and 2, polysaccharides from Taraxacum officinale, attenuate CCl (4)-induced hepatic damage through the modulation of NF-kappaB and its regulatory mediators. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 1255–1261. Pignatti, S., 1982. Flora d’Italia. 3. Edagricole Ed., Bologna, Italy. p. 259. Racz-Kotilla, E., Racz, G., Solomon, A., 1974. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med. 26, 212–217. Rehman, S., Ijaz, B., Fatima, N., Muhammad, S.A., Riazuddin, S., 2016. Therapeutic potential of Taraxacum officinale against HCV NS5B polymerase: in-vitro and in silico study. Biomed. Pharmacother. 83, 881–891. Schütz, K., Carle, R., Schieber, K., 2006. Taraxacum—a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107, 313–323. Seo, S.W., Koo, H.N., An, H.J., Kwon, K.B., Lim, B.C., Seo, E.A., Ryu, D.G., Moon, G., Kim, H.Y., Kim, H.M., Hong, S.-H., 2005. Taraxacum officinale protects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J. Gastroentero. 11, 597–599. Shidoji, Y., Ogawa, H., 2004. Natural occurrence of cancer-preventive geranyl-geranoic acid in medicinal herbs. J. Lipid Res. 45, 1092–1103. Tahtamouni, L.H., Alqurna, N.M., Al-Hudhud, M.Y., Al-Hajj, H.A., 2011. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) decreases male rat fertility in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 102–109. Yoon, J.-Y., Cho, H.-S., Lee, J.-J., Lee, H.-J., Jun, S.Y., Lee, J.-H., Song, H.-H., Choi, S.H., Saloura, V., Park, C.G., Kim, C.-H., Kim, N.-S., 2016. Novel TRAIL sensitizer Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Mol. Carcinog. 55, 387–396.
Dandelion Filippo Maggi University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund (syn. Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg), commonly known as dandelion, is a cosmopolitan, perennial weed, of the Compositae family (Cichorioideae subfamily, Lactuceae tribe) commonly found in meadows, gardens, uncultivated areas, and roadsides. The scientific name comes from the Greek words “taraxis” and “akeomai,” meaning “beneficial for inflammation.” The name “dandelion” derives from the French term “dent-de-lion,” alluding to the shape its leaves. It is also known under the French name “pissenlit” (bedwetter) alluding to its diuretic properties (Schütz et al., 2006). The plant stands up to 60 cm tall with a basal rosette of incised leaves and long pedunculated yellow capitula (2.5–4 cm), endowed with only ray florets. Fruits are ray-arranged cypselas equipped with pappus (Pignatti, 1982). The plant produces a stout taproot, which exudes white-colored latex having a bitter taste due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones; it is also rich in nutrients such as sugars and minerals. According to European Pharmacopoeia (2005) and the Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products of the European Medicines Agency, the whole plant, including its roots, can be used for therapeutic purposes. Overall, dandelion is recommended as cholagogue–choleretic, diuretic, and appetizer. Medical uses of dandelion can be traced back to Arab physicians (10th to 11th century AD) who used it to treat liver and spleen disorders (Bown, 2008). Aborigines of North America used to make infusions and decoction with the roots and aerial parts of the dandelion to cure heartburn and indigestion (Schütz et al., 2006). In traditional Chinese medicine, dandelion was used to treat affections of the respiratory tract (Schütz et al., 2006). Overall, dandelion was used to treat various disorders such as diseases of the liver and gallbladder, constipation, diabetes, eczema, arthritis, and rheumatic pains (Bisset and Wichtl, 1994; Newall et al., 1996; Önal et al., 2005; Racz-Kotilla et al., 1974). Besides its therapeutic uses, dandelion also enjoys a good reputation as a culinary plant, mainly used raw in salads but also cooked; in Italy it is also used to make liqueurs and marmalades (Martinez et al., 2015) The bioactive constituents of dandelion extracts, obtained from both the roots and aerial parts of the plant, can be divided into four main groups, namely sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., tetrahydroridentin B, taraxacolide β-d-glucoside, ixerin D, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin), triterpenes (e.g., taraxasterol, arnidiol, α- and β-amyrin), phytosterols (e.g., β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), and phenolic compounds (e.g., caffeic acid, chicoric acid, quercetin glycosides, and luteolin glucosides) (Schütz et al., 2006). In addition, dandelion roots contain high levels of inulin (2%–40%) which is the marker storage carbohydrate of Compositae, along with other polysaccharides which are involved in ameliorating CCI4-induced hepatitis in rats by inhibition of the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β (Park et al., 2010). The main constituents found in the latex exuded by dandelion roots are phenolic inositol esters, sesquiterpene lactones, and triterpene acetates (Huber et al., 2015). Several biological activities have been attributed to dandelion and its bioactive constituents, namely, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiangiogenic, antirheumatic, antinociceptive, and hypoglycaemic activity (Park et al., 2011; Shidoji and Ogawa, 2004). In particular, methanolic and aqueous extracts of dandelion are able to inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response by inhibiting the NF-kB transcription factor and the expression of inducible NO synthase and increasing the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (Park et al., 2011). Interestingly, two polysaccharides extracted from dandelion roots showed relevant antiinflammatory and Nrf-2-mediated antioxidant effects in RAW 264.7 cells through the inhibition of NF-kB and the modulation of PI3K/Akt pathways, respectively (Park et al., 2014). Leaf aqueous extract proved to exert antiinflammatory effects on endothelium during mastitis through the inhibition of TNF-α and ICAM-1 expression (Hu et al., 2017). Methanolic extract from the aerial parts of dandelion improved TRAIL (TNF–related apoptosis inducing ligand)-induced apoptosis in Huh 7 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells (Yoon et al., 2016). Furthermore, the extract significantly inhibited the viral replication of HCV and gene expression of NS5B without having toxic effects on fibroblasts at the tested doses (Rehman et al., 2016). Administration of aqueous extract, obtained by decoction of the herb, in mice improved fatigue-related markers and immunological parameters (Lee et al., 2012). Dandelion extract showed a ntiinflammatory Nonvitamin and Nonmineral Nutritional Supplements. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812491-8.00028-X © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
203
204 PART | III Plant and Algae Extracts
activity and protective effects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats (Seo et al., 2005). Rabbits fed with the roots and leaves of dandelion following a cholesterol-rich diet showed an improvement in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and a lowering of lipid profiles in their plasma (Choi et al., 2010). In 3T3L1 adipocytes, the extract of both leaves and roots of dandelion decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride and modulated the expression of genes and noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of adipogenesis, being potentially useful as a treatment for obesity (González-Castejón et al., 2014). In rats, administration of dandelion aqueous extract reduced male fertility by decreasing the functionality of sperm, altering sperm motility and morphology, and altering the morphology of the seminiferous tubules (Tahtamouni et al., 2011). In conclusion, dandelion has enjoyed a long-standing use in traditional medicine, treating various ailments. Most therapeutic uses has been recently confirmed thanks to the development of advanced and reliable preclinical models. Further clinical studies on human subjects are, however, needed in the near future in order to support and improve the use of dandelion in the market of natural drugs.
REFERENCES Bisset, N.G., Wichtl, M., 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. CRC Press. Bown, D., 2008. RHS Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. Choi, U.-K., Lee, O.-H., Yim, J.H., Cho, C.-W., Rhee, Y.K., Lim, S.-I., Kim, Y.-C., 2010. Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and leaf on cholesterol-fed rabbits. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010 (11), 67–78. European Pharmacopoeia. 2005. 5.0 ed. (Vol. 2). Council of Europe: Strasburg. González-Castejón, M., García-Carrasco, B., Fernández-Dacosta, R., Dávalos, A., Rodriguez-Casado, A., 2014. Reduction of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation by Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) extracts in 3T3L1 adipocytes: an in vitro study. Phytother. Res. 28, 745–752. Hu, G., Wang, J., Hong, D., Zhang, T., Duan, H., Mu, X., Yang, Z., 2017. Effects of aqueous extracts of Taraxacum officinale on expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 in LPS-stimulated RMMVECs. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 17 (38), https://doi. org/10.1186/s12906-016-1520-3. Huber, M., Triebwasser-Freese, D., Reichelt, M., Heiling, S., Paetz, C., Chandran, J.N., Bartram, S., Schneider, B., Gershenzon, J., Erb, M., 2015. Identification, quantification, spatiotemporal distribution and genetic variation of major latex secondary metabolites in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale agg.). Phytochemistry 115, 89–98. Lee, B.-R., Lee, J.-H., An, H.-J., 2012. Effects of Taraxacum officinale on fatigue and immunological parameters in mice. Molecules 17, 13253–13265. Martinez, M., Poirrier, P., Chamy, R., Prüfer, D., Schulze-Gronover, C., Jorquera, L., Ruiz, G., 2015. Taraxacum officinale and related species—an ethnopharmacological review and its potential as a commercial medicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol. 169, 244–262. Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A., Phillipson, J.D., 1996. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press. Önal, S., Timur, S., Okutucu, B., Zihnioglu, F., 2005. Inhibition of β-glucosidase by aqueous extract of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. 35, 29–36. Park, C.M., Cho, C.W., Song, Y.S., 2014. TOP 1 and 2, polysaccharides from Taraxacum officinale, inhibit NFkB-mediated inflammation and accelerate Nrf2-induced antioxidative potential through the modulation of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in RAW 2647 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 66, 56–64. Park, C.M., Park, J.Y., Noh, K.H., Shin, J.H., Song, Y.S., 2011. Taraxacum officinale Weber extracts inhibit LPS-induced oxidative stress and nitric oxide production via the NF-kB modulation in RAW 2647 cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 834–842. Park, C.M., Youn, H.J., Chang, H.K., Song, Y.S., 2010. TOP1 and 2, polysaccharides from Taraxacum officinale, attenuate CCl (4)-induced hepatic damage through the modulation of NF-kappaB and its regulatory mediators. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 1255–1261. Pignatti, S., 1982. Flora d’Italia. 3. Edagricole Ed., Bologna, Italy. p. 259. Racz-Kotilla, E., Racz, G., Solomon, A., 1974. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on the body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med. 26, 212–217. Rehman, S., Ijaz, B., Fatima, N., Muhammad, S.A., Riazuddin, S., 2016. Therapeutic potential of Taraxacum officinale against HCV NS5B polymerase: in-vitro and in silico study. Biomed. Pharmacother. 83, 881–891. Schütz, K., Carle, R., Schieber, K., 2006. Taraxacum—a review on its phytochemical and pharmacological profile. J. Ethnopharmacol. 107, 313–323. Seo, S.W., Koo, H.N., An, H.J., Kwon, K.B., Lim, B.C., Seo, E.A., Ryu, D.G., Moon, G., Kim, H.Y., Kim, H.M., Hong, S.-H., 2005. Taraxacum officinale protects against cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J. Gastroentero. 11, 597–599. Shidoji, Y., Ogawa, H., 2004. Natural occurrence of cancer-preventive geranyl-geranoic acid in medicinal herbs. J. Lipid Res. 45, 1092–1103. Tahtamouni, L.H., Alqurna, N.M., Al-Hudhud, M.Y., Al-Hajj, H.A., 2011. Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) decreases male rat fertility in vivo. J. Ethnopharmacol. 135, 102–109. Yoon, J.-Y., Cho, H.-S., Lee, J.-J., Lee, H.-J., Jun, S.Y., Lee, J.-H., Song, H.-H., Choi, S.H., Saloura, V., Park, C.G., Kim, C.-H., Kim, N.-S., 2016. Novel TRAIL sensitizer Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Mol. Carcinog. 55, 387–396.