Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

APPENDIX 2

Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients The tables that follow list the available data for crosswind force coefficients for the four categories of train used throughout the book e high-speed passenger, medium-speed passenger, low-speed passenger and freight. They are presented initially by the nature of the track geometry e flat ground (FG) with or without a track simulation first (Single Track Ballasted Rail (STBR) or Double Track Ballasted Rail (DTBR)) and other ground simulations next, such as viaducts or bridges. They are then categorised as being either lowturbulence simulations (LT) or atmospheric boundary layer simulations (ABL). The individual results are then tabulated by reference and date (Tables A2.1eA2.4). Full scale tests are indicated by FS, wind tunnel tests by WT, moving model tests by MM and CFD tests by CFD followed by the type of CFD simulation as described in Chapter 4. Table A2.1 High-speed passenger trains. (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground with track Flat ground with track Flat ground with STBR Flat ground

ABL

1:20

WT

1:20

WT

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

Not given 1:7

Flat ground with DTBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

1:15

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

Not given 1:7

Flat ground with DTBR

LT

CEN (2018)

ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading ICE3 leading ICE3 leading ICE3 leading TGV leading TGV leading TGV leading

WT

LT

Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) CEN (2018)

WT

1:15

LT

Continued

323

324

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.1 High-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground with STBR Flat ground

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

Not given 1:10

Flat ground with track Flat ground with track Flat ground

LT

WT

1:10

CFD/ RANS WT

1:7 1:10

Flat ground

LT

WT

1:10

Flat ground

LT LT

Flat ground

LT

CFD/ RANS CFD/ RANS CFD/ LES

1:1

Flat ground

Flat ground

LT

ICE2 leading

CFD/ various

1:10

Flat ground

LT

1:20

LT

WT

1:20

Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with track Flat ground with track

LT

KTX leading KTX trailing CRH2C leading CRH2C leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading TGV leading TGV trailing

WT

Flat ground

Cheli et al. (2010c) Cheli et al. (2010c) Cheli et al. (2010a) Cheli et al. (2010a) Diedrichs (2003) Diedrichs (2003) Hemida and Krajnovic (2008a) MunozPaniagua et al. (2017) Kwon et al. (2010) Kwon et al. (2010) Niu et al. (2017) Niu et al. (2017) Premoli et al. (2016) Premoli et al. (2016) Sanquer et al. (2004) Sanquer et al. (2004)

ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading EMUV250 leading EMUV250 leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 trailing ICE2 leading ICE2 trailing ICE2 leading

CFD/ DDES WT

1:8

LT LT

LT LT LT LT LT

1:1 1:10

1:8

CFD/ RANS WT

1:15 1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

325

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.1 High-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground

LT

1:15

LT

ICE3 leading ICE3 leading

WT

Flat ground with STBR

Schober et al. (2010) Sima et al. (2015)

Flat ground

ABL

Giappino et al. (2016)

ETR 500

CFD/ 1:15 RANS/ URANS/ DDES/ DES WT 1:10

(B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Viaduct

LT

1:20

LT

WT

1:20

Viaduct with fences Embankment

LT

WT

1:20

WT

1:20

Viaduct

LT

MM

1:20

Viaduct

LT

WT

1:20

Embankment

LT

WT

1:15

Embankment

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

1:15

Embankment

LT

CEN (2018)

WT

1:10

Embankment

LT

WT

1:10

Viaduct

LT

WT

1:20

Embankment

LT

Cheli et al. (2010b) Cheli et al. (2010b) Diedrichs et al. (2007b)

ETR 480 leading ETR 480 trailing ETR 480 leading ETR 480 leading ETR 480 leading ETR 500 leading ICE3 leading TGV leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading ICE2 leading

WT

Viaduct

Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008) CEN (2018)

CFD/ RANS

1:1

LT

Continued

326

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.1 High-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Embankment

LT

ICE2 leading

LT

Highpressure WT MM

1:100

Truss Bridge

Diedrichs et al. (2007b) Li et al. (2018c)

1:30

Embankment

LT

WT

1:15

Embankment

LT

WT

1:45

Embankment

LT

WT

1:10

Flat ground and wind fences Viaduct

LT

WT

1:15

Viaduct

ABL

ABL

Schober et al. (2010) Tomasini et al. (2014) Tomasini et al. (2014) Tomasini et al. (2016)

CRH3 three coach ICE3 leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading ETR 500 leading

Bocciolone et al. (2008) Bocciolone et al. (2008)

ETR 480 leading ETR 480 trailing

WT

1:20

WT

1:20

Table A2.2 Medium-speed passenger trains. (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground with track Flat ground with track Flat ground with track Flat ground with track Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR

LT

Baker (1991a,b) Baker (1991a,b) Baker (1991a,b) Baker (1991a,b) Sima et al. (2015) Sima et al. (2015) Gallagher et al. (2018)

APT leading APT leading APT leading APT leading IC4 leading REVCO leading Class 43 HST leading

WT

1:5

WT

1:25

WT

1:35

WT

1:50

CFD/ RANS CFD/ RANS WT

1:15

LT LT LT LT LT LT

1:15 1:25

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

327

Table A2.2 Medium-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground with STBR

LT

Gallagher et al. (2018)

CFD/ DES

1:27

Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground

LT

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

MM

1:50

Flat ground

ABL

MM

1:50

Flat ground with track Flat ground with track

ABL

Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Baker (1986) Baker (1986) Baker (1991a,b) Baker et al. (2004)

WT

1:50

WT

1:30

Flat ground

ABL

Dorigati et al. (2015)

WT

1:25

Flat ground

ABL

Dorigati et al. (2015)

MM

1:25

Flat ground

ABL

Gallagher et al. (2018)

Class 43 HST leading Mark 3 coach REVCO leading Interregio leading IC4 leading IC4 trailing ZTER leading APT leading APT trailing APT leading Class 390 Pendolino leading Class 390 Pendolino leading Class 390 Pendolino leading Class 43 HST leading

MM

1:26

LT LT LT LT LT ABL

ABL

(B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Viaduct with parapets

LT

Barcala and Mesueguer (2007)

Talgo coach

WT

1:70

Continued

328

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.2 Medium-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Viaduct

LT

1:30

LT

WT

1:30

Embankment

ABL

MM

1:50

Embankment

ABL

MM

1:50

Topography with track

ABL

FS

1:1

Topography with track

ABL

Baker et al. (2004)

WT

1:30

Various

ABL

Gallagher et al. (2018)

Sleeping car Passenger car APT leading APT trailing Class 390 Pendolino leading Class 390 Pendolino leading Class 43 HST leading

WT

Viaduct

Suzuki et al. (2003) Suzuki et al. (2003) Baker (1986) Baker (1986) Baker et al. (2004)

FS

1:1

Table A2.3 Low-speed passenger trains. (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground with track

LT

Baker (1991a,b)

WT

1:25

Flat ground with track Flat ground

LT

WT

1:50

LT

Baker (1991a,b) Cheli et al. (2013)

WT

1:15

Flat ground

HT

Cheli et al. (2013)

WT

1:15

Flat ground

LT

WT

1:25

Flat ground

LT

Diedrichs (2010) Diedrichs (2010)

Derby lightweight leading Class 141 leading MLA Riyadh MU MLA Riyadh MU Generic regional Generic regional

CFD/ RANS

1:1

329

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.3 Low-speed passenger trains.dcont’d (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground

LT LT

CFD/ DDES WT

Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground with STBR Flat ground

LT

CFD/ RANS CFD/ RANS CFD/ RANS WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:15

WT

1:20

Flat ground

LT

WT

1:20

Flat ground with track

LT

WT

1:20

Flat ground with track

ABL

WT

1:30

Flat ground with track Viaduct and embankment

ABL

Generic regional Lowspeed multiple unit leading VT612 leading AGC leading AGC trailing Silberling leading M6Bx leading VT612 leading AGC leading AGC trailing ADR leading AREX leading AREX trailing Incheon Express EMU Class 365 EMU leading Class 141 leading Multiple unit

1:1

Flat ground

Diedrichs (2010) Giappino et al. (2016)

WT

1:50

CFD/ LES

1:40

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

ABL

Sima et al. (2015) Sima et al. (2015) Sima et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Paradot et al. (2015) Kwon et al. (2010) Kwon et al. (2010) You et al. (2017) Baker and Sterling (2009) Baker (1991a,b) Nakade et al. (2016)

1:20

1:15 1:15 1:15

330

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

(B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Viaduct

LT

1:20

LT

UIC-Z1 leading Multiple unit

WT

Viaduct

WT

1:40

Viaduct

LT LT

CFD/ LES WT

1:40

Viaduct

1:30

Viaduct

LT

WT

1:40

Viaduct

LT

WT

1:40

Viaduct

ABL

WT

1:40

Viaduct

ABL

Multiple unit

FS

1:1

Viaduct

ABL

3 car unit leading car

WT

1:40

Viaduct

ABL

3 car unit middle car

WT

1:40

Viaduct

ABL

3 car unit leading car

FS

1:1

Viaduct

ABL

Bocciolone et al. (2008) Kikuchi and Suzuki (2015) Noguchi et al. (2017) Suzuki et al. (2003) Suzuki et al. (2003) Suzuki et al. (2003) Kikuchi and Suzuki (2015) Kikuchi and Suzuki (2015) Suzuki and Hibino (2016) Suzuki and Hibino (2016) Suzuki and Hibino (2016) Nakade et al. (2016)

4 car unit leading car

CFD/ LES

1:40

Multiple unit Double decker 3 car unit leading car 3 car unit middle car Multiple unit

Table A2.4 Freight trains (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground

LT

Containers

WT

1:15

Flat ground

LT

Alam and Watkins (2007) Baker and Humphreys (1996)

Containers

WT

1:7

331

Appendix 2: Data for aerodynamic crosswind force coefficients

Table A2.4 Freight trainsdcont’d (A) Flat ground Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Flat ground

LT

Containers

WT

1:20

Flat ground

LT

Containers

WT

1:20

Flat ground

LT

Giappino et al. (2014) Giappino et al. (2018) Golovanevskiy et al. (2012)

WT

1:40

Flat ground

LT

CFD/ RANS

1:1

Flat ground

LT

CFD/ LES

1:20

Flat ground

LT

WT

1:25

Flat ground

LT

WT

1:25

Flat ground

ABL

WT

1:50

Flat ground

ABL

MM

1:50

Flat ground

ABL

WT

1:75

Flat ground

ABL

Loco and cargo wagons Golovanevskiy Loco and et al. (2012) cargo wagons Hemida and Container Baker (2010) RSSB Containers (2012) RSSB Hopper (2012) wagon Baker and Containers Humphreys (1996) Baker and Containers Humphreys (1996) Kronke and Containers Sockel (1994) Soper et al. Loco and (2015) containers

MM

1:25

(B) Embankments/bridges/viaducts Geometry

Turbulence

References

Vehicle

Type

Scale

Viaduct

LT

Suzuki et al. (2003)

Container

WT

1:30