- Email: [email protected]
Database of radioactive isotope beams produced at the BigRIPS separator
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
Database of radioactive isotope beams produced at the BigRIPS separator Y. Shimizua, , N. Fukudaa, H. Takedaa, H. Suzukia, D.S. Ahna, N. Inabea, K. Kusakaa, M. Ohtakea, Y. Yanagisawaa, K. Yoshidaa, T. Sumikamaa, T. Kubob,a ⁎
a b
RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Facility for Rare Isotope Beams and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, 640 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Nuclear database Radioactive isotope beam production In-flight separator Magnetic spectrometer
A new-generation radioactive-isotope (RI) beam facility, RI Beam Factory (RIBF), has been operating at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science since 2007. A large variety of RI beams have been produced using the BigRIPS in-flight RI separator. To manage the large amount of data regarding RI-beam production, we have been developing a database system of RI beams produced with the BigRIPS separator. The RI-beam database contains data on the production cross sections and yields along with other detailed experimental conditions. The graphical user interface has been developed as a web application. The RI-beam database system is indispensable when considering RI-beam production procedures, optimizing BigRIPS setting, and implementing particle identification in isotope separation. Further, it is useful in discussing models and formula of the cross section.
1. Introduction Many studies on exotic nuclei far from stability have been conducted at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope (RI) Beam Factory (RIBF) [1,2] since 2007, taking advantage of the extremely high intensity and large isotope variety of RI beams produced by superconducting in-flight separator BigRIPS [3,4]. Neutron-rich RI beams have been produced in a very wide range of the nuclear chart utilizing the in-flight fission of a 238 U beam and the projectile fragmentation of 18O,48Ca, and 70Zn beams. Furthermore, a wide range of proton-rich RI beams have also been produced utilizing the projectile fragmentation of 78Kr and 124Xe beams. The BigRIPS separator is characterized by large ion-optical acceptances, two-stage structure, and excellent in-flight particle identification capability [5]; they have been well demonstrated in the newisotope-search experiments [6–12]. Owing to these features, the boundary of the known nuclei in the nuclear chart continues to expand. Fig. 1 summarizes the RI beams produced from May 2007 to December 2018. As of December 2018, a total of 173 experiments were performed utilizing the BigRIPS separator. The number of RI beams produced was
⁎
approximately 1600, which contains 140 newly discovered isotopes. Considering the same RI beams produced in different settings, a total of 5944 production yields and 1042 production cross sections were determined using the BigRIPS separator so far. Furthermore, a total of 218 microsecond isomeric states were identified through the de-excitation -ray measurement [13,14]. The identification of the -ray from the isomeric states is important in particle identification, because it enables unambiguous isotope identification based on isomer tagging [15]. Thus, systematically measured production cross sections and other related data are important to provide accurate production-yield information in planning rare-isotope experiments and to improve models and formula of the cross section themselves. Therefore, we have organized the data concerning the RI beam production and constructed a database to compile them. 2. Database of the RI beams The production cross sections measured thus have been registered in the RI-beam database along with other data sets such as the setting of the BigRIPS separator and particle-identification information. Our re-
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Shimizu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.071 Received 31 January 2019; Received in revised form 10 May 2019; Accepted 24 May 2019 0168-583X/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Y. Shimizu, et al., Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.071
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 1. Nuclear chart showing the RI beams produced from May 2007 to December 2018 at the BigRIPS separator. The blue squares indicate the isotopes discovered at the BigRIPS separator. The cyan squares indicate the isotopes for which production yields were measured. The orange squares indicate the microsecond isomers measured at the BigRIPS separator. The yellow and gray are known and predicted isotopes by KTUY05 [18], respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Table 1 Structure of RI-beam database system as of December 2018. Table
Contents
Number of entries
Settings Yields Isomers Experiments Papers
Settings_id, experimental conditions (beam, target, degraders, slit openings, B s, detectors) RI, yield, cross section, settings_id RI, -ray energy, half-life, intensity, level Energy, spectrum of -ray energy Proposal number, spokesperson, date, beam, course, delivered RIs Title, doi, first author, delivered RIs
240 5944 218 145 136
lational database is constructed based on Microsoft Access 2010. Table 1 summarizes the structure of the database, which consists of five tables named as “settings”, “yields”, “isomers”, “experiments”, and “papers”. The table of “settings” consists of primary beam, production target, degraders and slit openings at the momentum dispersive foci and the achromatic foci, magnetic rigidities (B s) of the dipole magnets, and detectors at all foci. See Fig. 1 of Ref. [5] for details of the layout and configuration of the BigRIPS separator. The table of “settings” defines the primary key defined as “settings_id” (Note that the primary key represents information to uniquely identify a set of data sets from the database). The table of “yields” consists of the RI beam species, production yield, and production cross section; “settings_id” is used as a foreign key. The table of “isomers” consists of the isomeric RI beam species, -ray energy, half-life, and measured spectrum of -ray energy. The isomers registered into the RI-beam database are those that have been observed at the BigRIPS separator. The RI beams of interest in the experiments are compiled into the table of “experiments”. The delivered RI beams in the published paper are also compiled into the table of
“papers”. The graphical user interface of the RI-beam database [16] was developed as a web application on an RIBF Linux server [17] using PHP. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the web interface of the RI-beam database is represented graphically using a nuclear chart with reference to KTUY05 [18]. The RI beams produced with the BigRIPS separator are indicated in red. The production cross section and production yield for a nucleus of interest can be accessed through the hyperlinked site. For instance, the database of 132Sn beam, shown in Fig. 3, can be immediately viewed from the corresponding hyperlink on the nuclear chart, in which the production cross section and yield together with the BigRIPS setting are listed. The information on the isomeric nucleus, such as the -ray energy, half-life, and observed -ray energy spectrum are also provided. The detailed BigRIPS setting for 132Sn beam can be accessed through the hyperlinked setting ID value. Published papers and performed experiments using 132Sn beam are also listed. This website has a retrieval interface with two interfaces: Isotope Search and Isomer Search. These searches allow a Boolean AND search
2
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 2. Web interface. Cyan, pale-green, and yellow indicate nuclei, isomers, new isotopes produced at the BigRIPS separator, respectively. Pink indicates the nuclei predicted by KTUY05 [18]. The production cross section and production yield for nucleus of interest can be accessed through the hyperlinked site. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
over several categories (mass number A, atomic number Z, neutron number N, mass-to-charge ratio A/ Q , etc.). The search results are listed on the user’s browser. For the Isotope Search, the figures of the production cross sections and production yields can be viewed from the search results.
database system was developed focusing on the use of the production yields and cross sections measured under various experimental conditions; currently, other information such as RI beam purity is not included. In the future, we plan to improve the system so that such information can be stored as well, aid researchers in designing a more accurate experimental plan.
3. Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgements
For the efficient use of RI beam information produced by utilizing the BigRIPS separator at RIBF, an RI-beam database and its web interface were constructed. The database stores the RI-beam and related information obtained for more than 1,600 RI beams produced using BigRIPS. This system is a powerful tool when considering RI-beam production procedures, optimizing BigRIPS setting, and implementing particle identification in isotope separation. However, the present
The experimental data were obtained in the BigRIPS tuning time and the machine studies of the BigRIPS separator performed at RI Beam Factory operated by RIKEN Nishina Center and CNS, University of Tokyo. The authors would like to thank the RIBF accelerator crew for providing the beam.
3
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 3. Database of 132Sn beam. The production cross sections and production yields are listed, along with the BigRIPS setting. The information of isomeric nucleus, such as -ray energy, half-life, and a sample of -ray energy spectrum are shown. One paper and eight experiments related to 132Sn beam are also listed.
4
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
N. Fukuda, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 87 (2018) 014202. Y. Shimizu, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 87 (2018) 014203. O.B. Tarasov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 022501. D. Kameda, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 054319. R. Yokoyama, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 034313. R.K. Grzywacz, et al., Phys. Lett. B 355 (1995) 439. Database of radioactive isotope beams produced at the BigRIPS separator. Available athttps://ribeam.riken.jp/ (Accessed 1 Apr. 2019). [17] T. Ichihara, et al., RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 50 (2017) 226. [18] H. Koura, et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 (2006) 305.
Y. Yano, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 261 (2007) 1009. T. Kubo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 376 (2016) 102. T. Kubo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 204 (2003) 97. T. Kubo, et al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2012 (2012) 03C003. N. Fukuda, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 317 (2013) 323. T. Ohnishi, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 77 (2008) 083201. T. Ohnishi, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79 (2010) 073201. T. Sumikama, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 051601(R). H. Suzuki, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96 (2017) 034604.
5
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nimb
Database of radioactive isotope beams produced at the BigRIPS separator Y. Shimizua, , N. Fukudaa, H. Takedaa, H. Suzukia, D.S. Ahna, N. Inabea, K. Kusakaa, M. Ohtakea, Y. Yanagisawaa, K. Yoshidaa, T. Sumikamaa, T. Kubob,a ⁎
a b
RIKEN Nishina Center, RIKEN, 2-1, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Facility for Rare Isotope Beams and National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University, 640 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Keywords: Nuclear database Radioactive isotope beam production In-flight separator Magnetic spectrometer
A new-generation radioactive-isotope (RI) beam facility, RI Beam Factory (RIBF), has been operating at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science since 2007. A large variety of RI beams have been produced using the BigRIPS in-flight RI separator. To manage the large amount of data regarding RI-beam production, we have been developing a database system of RI beams produced with the BigRIPS separator. The RI-beam database contains data on the production cross sections and yields along with other detailed experimental conditions. The graphical user interface has been developed as a web application. The RI-beam database system is indispensable when considering RI-beam production procedures, optimizing BigRIPS setting, and implementing particle identification in isotope separation. Further, it is useful in discussing models and formula of the cross section.
1. Introduction Many studies on exotic nuclei far from stability have been conducted at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope (RI) Beam Factory (RIBF) [1,2] since 2007, taking advantage of the extremely high intensity and large isotope variety of RI beams produced by superconducting in-flight separator BigRIPS [3,4]. Neutron-rich RI beams have been produced in a very wide range of the nuclear chart utilizing the in-flight fission of a 238 U beam and the projectile fragmentation of 18O,48Ca, and 70Zn beams. Furthermore, a wide range of proton-rich RI beams have also been produced utilizing the projectile fragmentation of 78Kr and 124Xe beams. The BigRIPS separator is characterized by large ion-optical acceptances, two-stage structure, and excellent in-flight particle identification capability [5]; they have been well demonstrated in the newisotope-search experiments [6–12]. Owing to these features, the boundary of the known nuclei in the nuclear chart continues to expand. Fig. 1 summarizes the RI beams produced from May 2007 to December 2018. As of December 2018, a total of 173 experiments were performed utilizing the BigRIPS separator. The number of RI beams produced was
⁎
approximately 1600, which contains 140 newly discovered isotopes. Considering the same RI beams produced in different settings, a total of 5944 production yields and 1042 production cross sections were determined using the BigRIPS separator so far. Furthermore, a total of 218 microsecond isomeric states were identified through the de-excitation -ray measurement [13,14]. The identification of the -ray from the isomeric states is important in particle identification, because it enables unambiguous isotope identification based on isomer tagging [15]. Thus, systematically measured production cross sections and other related data are important to provide accurate production-yield information in planning rare-isotope experiments and to improve models and formula of the cross section themselves. Therefore, we have organized the data concerning the RI beam production and constructed a database to compile them. 2. Database of the RI beams The production cross sections measured thus have been registered in the RI-beam database along with other data sets such as the setting of the BigRIPS separator and particle-identification information. Our re-
Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Shimizu).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.071 Received 31 January 2019; Received in revised form 10 May 2019; Accepted 24 May 2019 0168-583X/ © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article as: Y. Shimizu, et al., Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.05.071
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 1. Nuclear chart showing the RI beams produced from May 2007 to December 2018 at the BigRIPS separator. The blue squares indicate the isotopes discovered at the BigRIPS separator. The cyan squares indicate the isotopes for which production yields were measured. The orange squares indicate the microsecond isomers measured at the BigRIPS separator. The yellow and gray are known and predicted isotopes by KTUY05 [18], respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) Table 1 Structure of RI-beam database system as of December 2018. Table
Contents
Number of entries
Settings Yields Isomers Experiments Papers
Settings_id, experimental conditions (beam, target, degraders, slit openings, B s, detectors) RI, yield, cross section, settings_id RI, -ray energy, half-life, intensity, level Energy, spectrum of -ray energy Proposal number, spokesperson, date, beam, course, delivered RIs Title, doi, first author, delivered RIs
240 5944 218 145 136
lational database is constructed based on Microsoft Access 2010. Table 1 summarizes the structure of the database, which consists of five tables named as “settings”, “yields”, “isomers”, “experiments”, and “papers”. The table of “settings” consists of primary beam, production target, degraders and slit openings at the momentum dispersive foci and the achromatic foci, magnetic rigidities (B s) of the dipole magnets, and detectors at all foci. See Fig. 1 of Ref. [5] for details of the layout and configuration of the BigRIPS separator. The table of “settings” defines the primary key defined as “settings_id” (Note that the primary key represents information to uniquely identify a set of data sets from the database). The table of “yields” consists of the RI beam species, production yield, and production cross section; “settings_id” is used as a foreign key. The table of “isomers” consists of the isomeric RI beam species, -ray energy, half-life, and measured spectrum of -ray energy. The isomers registered into the RI-beam database are those that have been observed at the BigRIPS separator. The RI beams of interest in the experiments are compiled into the table of “experiments”. The delivered RI beams in the published paper are also compiled into the table of
“papers”. The graphical user interface of the RI-beam database [16] was developed as a web application on an RIBF Linux server [17] using PHP. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the web interface of the RI-beam database is represented graphically using a nuclear chart with reference to KTUY05 [18]. The RI beams produced with the BigRIPS separator are indicated in red. The production cross section and production yield for a nucleus of interest can be accessed through the hyperlinked site. For instance, the database of 132Sn beam, shown in Fig. 3, can be immediately viewed from the corresponding hyperlink on the nuclear chart, in which the production cross section and yield together with the BigRIPS setting are listed. The information on the isomeric nucleus, such as the -ray energy, half-life, and observed -ray energy spectrum are also provided. The detailed BigRIPS setting for 132Sn beam can be accessed through the hyperlinked setting ID value. Published papers and performed experiments using 132Sn beam are also listed. This website has a retrieval interface with two interfaces: Isotope Search and Isomer Search. These searches allow a Boolean AND search
2
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 2. Web interface. Cyan, pale-green, and yellow indicate nuclei, isomers, new isotopes produced at the BigRIPS separator, respectively. Pink indicates the nuclei predicted by KTUY05 [18]. The production cross section and production yield for nucleus of interest can be accessed through the hyperlinked site. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
over several categories (mass number A, atomic number Z, neutron number N, mass-to-charge ratio A/ Q , etc.). The search results are listed on the user’s browser. For the Isotope Search, the figures of the production cross sections and production yields can be viewed from the search results.
database system was developed focusing on the use of the production yields and cross sections measured under various experimental conditions; currently, other information such as RI beam purity is not included. In the future, we plan to improve the system so that such information can be stored as well, aid researchers in designing a more accurate experimental plan.
3. Conclusion and outlook
Acknowledgements
For the efficient use of RI beam information produced by utilizing the BigRIPS separator at RIBF, an RI-beam database and its web interface were constructed. The database stores the RI-beam and related information obtained for more than 1,600 RI beams produced using BigRIPS. This system is a powerful tool when considering RI-beam production procedures, optimizing BigRIPS setting, and implementing particle identification in isotope separation. However, the present
The experimental data were obtained in the BigRIPS tuning time and the machine studies of the BigRIPS separator performed at RI Beam Factory operated by RIKEN Nishina Center and CNS, University of Tokyo. The authors would like to thank the RIBF accelerator crew for providing the beam.
3
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
Fig. 3. Database of 132Sn beam. The production cross sections and production yields are listed, along with the BigRIPS setting. The information of isomeric nucleus, such as -ray energy, half-life, and a sample of -ray energy spectrum are shown. One paper and eight experiments related to 132Sn beam are also listed.
4
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research B xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx
Y. Shimizu, et al.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
N. Fukuda, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 87 (2018) 014202. Y. Shimizu, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 87 (2018) 014203. O.B. Tarasov, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 022501. D. Kameda, et al., Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 054319. R. Yokoyama, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 034313. R.K. Grzywacz, et al., Phys. Lett. B 355 (1995) 439. Database of radioactive isotope beams produced at the BigRIPS separator. Available athttps://ribeam.riken.jp/ (Accessed 1 Apr. 2019). [17] T. Ichihara, et al., RIKEN Accel. Prog. Rep. 50 (2017) 226. [18] H. Koura, et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. 113 (2006) 305.
Y. Yano, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 261 (2007) 1009. T. Kubo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 376 (2016) 102. T. Kubo, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 204 (2003) 97. T. Kubo, et al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2012 (2012) 03C003. N. Fukuda, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. B 317 (2013) 323. T. Ohnishi, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 77 (2008) 083201. T. Ohnishi, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 79 (2010) 073201. T. Sumikama, et al., Phys. Rev. C 95 (2017) 051601(R). H. Suzuki, et al., Phys. Rev. C 96 (2017) 034604.
5