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Date Coolidge Tube came into Use
652 • THE J O U R N A L O F T H E A M E R IC A N D E N T A L A S S O C IA T IO N
filled root canals, stated: “ By the use o f surgical methods in asepsis, by thorough removal of all foreign material and dis infection with germicides followed by complete filling so that the apical fora men is sealed, opportunity for reinfection is reduced to a minimum.” Dixon and Rickert,87 in 1937, reported a one and a half year study of the teeth o f two laboratory dogs artificially in fected by iStr. viridans. Histologic study of the treated teeth at the end of 18 months showed that normal periapical structures redeveloped after infection was eliminated by treatment with drugs through the root canals and the root canals were carefully filled. In other words, “ There is no active alveolar bone destruction at this time, but quite to the contrary, we see marked fibroblastic proliferation which, embryologically is destined to form new alveolar bone, secondary cementum, and regeneration o f periodontal membrane.” Burket,50 in 1938, using human nec ropsy material, cultured, as part of his study, the alveolar marrow substance at the site of previous tooth extractions. Thirty-four of 35 cultures were negative for bacteria, the one exception growing an organism also recovered from the blood stream at necropsy. Herbert,82 in 1941, examined 12 pulp less anterior teeth which had had their root canals treated and filled and the apical third of the roots resected. All showed roentgenographically complete regeneration of alveolar bone, lamina dura and periodontal membrane. The apical regions were packed off with sterile gauze, tincture of iodine was ap plied to the surface of the mucous mem brane, the root resection scar was cau terized and a slowly-revolving sterile bur was inserted into the healed area in order to secure tissue samples. Only two of the 12 cases tested showed any bacterial growth when cultured and the organisms involved “ were clearly air-borne con taminants.”
Frankl,85 in 1948, stated: “ . . . experi ence indicates that after the cessation of reinfection (from the root canal), sooner or later, the human organism is capable of overcoming the pathological changes of the tissues . . .” Frankl resected a second time two treated and filled pulp less teeth, one resected two years and one nine years previously. The microscopic examination showed that islands of liv ing bone tissue had filled the earlier spaces and that cicatrical and fibrous connective tissue accompanied the new bone. “ There was no trace of inflamma tory reaction, infiltration referring to an inflammation and no bacteria could be demonstrated with gram-staining.” Roentgenographically the former bone cavities at the place of the resection ap peared filled with bone and a normal periodontium was present. Eckes and Adams,86 in 1949, reported a long, periodic, roentgenographic study of 30 anterior teeth in which root filling had been combined with root resection. They concluded: “ The theory that pulp less teeth, if adequately treated, may re main in function for an indefinite period without being in any way a menace to the health of the patient is supported by this series of 30 cases. . . . ” Grossman,88 in 1950, summarizing in the last edition of his textbook the evi dence obtained from careful root canal treatment, concluded: “ . . . if the root canal surface is rendered sterile and the canal well filled, repair of destroyed peri apical bone will take place and the pulp less tooth then need not be looked upon as a hazard to health.” DATE
C O O L ID G E
C A M E IN T O
TUBE
USE
In a lecture delivered November 22, 1927, in Manchester, England, K nox89 pointed out that “ The value of x-rays as an aid to diagnosis in dentistry was realized soon after their discovery in the latter part of 1895 (Novem ber), and in
D IA G N O S IS O F F O C A L IN F E C T IO N . . . V O L U M E 42, J U N E 1751 • 653
April o f the following year C. A. Clark showed at a meeting of the Odontological Society an x-ray he had taken of a man dibular molar.” Ennis90 stated, in 1949, “ A very im portant step in the progress of roentgen ology was marked in 1913 when Coolidge designed a Roentgen tube wherein the electrons are supplied by an incandescent cathode.” In 1919 a trade note appeared in the Dental Surgeon91 describing a special dental type of Coolidge radiator x-ray tube which had been designed for the particular purpose of making roentgeno grams of the teeth and jaw. Grossman,92 in his 1950 textbook, as
1. Ennis, L. M . Dental roe n tg e n olog y. Lea & F e b ig e r, 1939, p. 207-209.
Ph ilade lphia,
2. M c C a ll, J. O ., a n d W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental ro e n tg e n o lo g y: technic and interpretation. Philade lph ia, W . B. Sa u n d e rs C o., 1940, p. 94-95. 3. Som m er, R. F., and Richards, A . G . O p e ra tiv e an d interpretive ra d iod on tics. (M im e o g r a p h e d ) A n n A rb o r, U n iversity o f M ic h ig a n , 1946, p. 23-25. 4. Z an d e r, H . A . P eriod ontal m em brane, in O ra l histo lo g y and e m b ryology, O rb a n , Balint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o., 1944, p. 185. 5. Kronfeld, Rudolf. H is to p a th o lo g y o f the teeth and their su rro u n d in g structures, ed. 2. Philadelphia, Lea & Feb ig e r, 1939, p. 181, 183-184.
serts, that “ Although x-rays were discov ered shortly before the turn of the cen tury, they were not commonly used by dentists until about twenty-five years later.” Summarizing, it will be found, that the Coolidge x-ray tube was invented in December 1913, first came into use in 1916-1917, was advertised in an English journal by 1919 and came into general use beginning 1923-1924. It will be found also, that the theory of focal infec tion and the implication of teeth as oral foci developed well before the widespread use of dental x-ray machines and the re finement of oral roentgenographic diag nosis.
19. O stran de r, F. D., and C row ley, M a r y C . The effectiveness o f clinical treatm ent o f pu lp-involve d teeth as dete rm ine d by b a c te rio lo g ic a l m ethods. J. E n do d o ntia 3:6 (Jan.) 1948. 20. Kotanyi, Em m erich. C em entum . In O ra l h istology and e m b ry o lo gy , O rb a n , Ba lint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o., 1944, p. 155. 21. C o o lid g e , E. D. A n a to m y o f the root apex in relation to treatm ent p roble m s. J .A .D .A . 16:1456 (A u g .) 1929.
17. G rossm an, L. I. P ro b ab le p e rc e n ta g e o f co rre c t guesses reg a rd in g sterility o f root can als w ithout b a c te r io lo g ic a l con tro l. J . D. Res. 15:364 (S ep t.) 1936.
22. C o o lid g e , E. D. The reaction of cem entum in the presence of injury and infection. J .A .D .A . 18:499 (M a rc h ) 1931. 23. Davis, W . C . H is to -p a th o lo g y o f the cem entum as related to pulp-ca na l surgery. D. C o sm o s 62:766 (June) 1920. 24. Rickert, U. G . Fundam entals o f successful root canal treatm ent. J . A .D .A . 14:1657 (Sept.) 1927. 25. O rb a n , Balint. Pulp. In O ra l h istology and e m b ryo lo gy, O rb a n , Balint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o ., 1944, p. 143. 26. New m an, M . M . A clin ica l analysis o f p u lp nodules. D. C o sm o s 75:589 (Ju ne ) 1933. 27. Stafne, E. C ., a n d Sza b o, S. E. The significa n ce of p u lp nodules. D. C o sm o s 75:160 (Feb.) 1933. 28. H ill, T. J. P a th o lo g y of the dental pulp. J .A .D .A . 21:820 ( M a y ) 1934. 29. W illm a n , W a rre n . C a lcifica tio n s in the pulp. Bur 34:73 (Ju ly) 1934. 30. L oga n , W . H . G . A r e pulps a n d investing tissues of com ple te ly e m b e d d e d teeth in fe c te d ? J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 24:853 (June) 1937. 31. Tunnicllff, Ruth, and H a m m o n d , C a ro lyn . Pres ence of bacteria in the pulps o f intact teeth. J.A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 24:1663 (O ct.) 1937. 32. Sorrin, Sid ney. Pulp stones a n d hypercementosts in arthritis. J . D. Res. 20:543 (D ec.) 1941. 33. Kotanyi, Em m erich. H isto lo g isc h e Befunde an retinierten Zahn en. Ztschr. Sto m ato l. 22:747 (N o v .) 1924. 34. Thom as, B. O . A . A h isto lo g ic study and c o m parison o f the pulps o f e m b e d d e d an d erupted third m o la r teeth J .A .D .A . 27:886 (Ju ne ) 1940. 35. O rb a n , Balint. A con trib ution to the h isto logy of the dental p u lp a n d pe rio d o n ta l m em brane, with spe cial reference to cells o f " d e f e n s e " of these tissues. J .A .D .A . 16:965 (June) 1929.
18. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 2. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Feb ig e r, 1946, p. 92-93.
36. H ow e, P. R. A new research D. C o sm o s 68:1021 (N o v .) 1926.
6. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 2. Phil ad e lp h ia , Lea & F e b ig e r, 1946, p. 9!. 7. M c C a ll, J. O., a n d W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n o lo g y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und e rs C o., 1947, p. 225. 8. M o r g a n , G . A . The cem entom a. J. C a n a d . D. A . 14:363 (July) 1948. 9. Stafne, E. C . C e m entom a : a study o f thirty-five cases. D. Survey 9:27 (July) 1933. 10. M c C a ll, J. O ., and W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n o lo g y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und e rs C o., 1940, p. 184-185. 11. Thom a, K. H . C e n tra l osteom as a n d cem entom as: d ia g n o sis and treatm ent. J . A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:750 ( M a y ) 1938. 12. Stafne, E. C . Pe ria p ica l o steofib rosis with fo rm a tion o f cem entom a. J .A .D .A . 21:1822 (O ct.) 1934. 13. M c C a ll, J. O ., and W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n olog y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und ers C o ., 1940, p. 184. 14. Lundquist, G. R., a n d K e llo g g , D. E. R o e n tge n o g r a p h ic and m ic ro sc o p ic e vid e n ce an d the pulpless tooth. J .A .D .A . 28:580 (A p ril) 1941. 15. Som m er, R. F. R ecognition, interpretation and m a n a ge m e n t of p e ria p ica l bon e lesions in dental health service J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:595 (A p ril) 1938. 16. A p p le to n , J. L. T. Bacterial infection with special reference to dentai practice, ed. 3. Philade lph ia, Lea & F ebige r, 1944, p. 361.
on
dental ca n e s.
654 • THE J O U R N A L O F T H E A M E R IC A N
D EN T A L A S S O C IA T IO N
37. Boulger, E. P. H is to lo g ic studies o f a specim en of fractured roots. J .A .D .A . 15:1778 (Se p t.) 1928. 38. A ustin , L. T. A review o f forty cases o f retained fractured roots of anterior teeth. J . A .D .A . 17:1930 (O ct.) 1930.. 39. Kronfeld, Rudolf. The process o f re pa ir fo llow ing tooth fracture. J.D . Res. 11:247 (A p r il) 1931. 40. Kronfeld, Rudolf. H is to p a th o lo g y of the teeth a nd their su rro u n d in g structures. P h ila de lph ia, Lea & Fe bige r, 1939, p. 439-441. 41. Brauer. J. C . Treatm ent a n d restoration of fra c tured perm anent a nterior teeth. J .A .D .A . 23:2323 (D ec.) 1936. 42. C o o lid g e , E. D. Trau m a tic and functional in juries occ u rrin g in the su p p o rtin g tissues o f hum an teeth. J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:343 (M a r c h ) 1938. 43. A n d e rso n , B. S . Injuries to the teeth: contusions a nd fractures resulting from con cussion. J .A .D .A . 31:195 (Feb. I) 1944. 44. Ellis, R. S . The classification a n d treatm ent of injuries to the teeth o f ch ild ren . C h ic a g o , Y e a rb o o k Publishers, 1945, p. 185-186. 45. M ile s, A . E. W . Resolution o f the p u lp fo llow in g severe injury. Brit. D. J. 82:187 ( M a y 2) 1947. 46. Losee, F. L. Untreated root fractures; Report of three cases. O ra l Surg., O ra l M e d . & O r a l Path. 1:464 ( M a y ) 1948. 47. H artsook, J. T. M a n a g e m e n t o f yo u n g anterior teeth w hich have been involve d in a ccidents. J .A .D .A . 37:554 (N o v .) 1948. 48. N ye, R. N., and W a x e lb a u m , E. A . S tre p to cocci in infectious (a trop h ic ) arthritis and rh eum atic fever. J. Exper. M e d . 52:885 (D ec.) 1930. 49. C e cil, R. L., N icholls, E. E.r>an d Staînsb y, W . J. Ba c te rio lo gy o f the b lo o d an d joints in ch ron ic infec tious arthritis. A rc h . Int. M e d . 43:571 ( M a y ) 1929. 50. Burket, L. W . Recent studies relatin g to pe ri a p ic a l infection, in c lu d in g d a ta o b ta in e d fro m human necrop sy studies. J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:260 (Feb.) 1938. 51. Som m er, R. F., a nd Crow ley, M a r y C . Bactéri o lo g ie verification o f ro e n tg e n o g ra p h ic fin d in g s in p u lp Involve d teeth. J .A .D .A . 27:723 (M a y ) 1940. 52. M orse , F. W . t Jr., a n d Yates, M . F. F ollow -up studies o f root filled teeth in relation to b a c te rio lo g ic findings. J . A .D .A . 28:956 (June) 1941. 53. Hayes, R. L. C lin ic a l and b a c te rio lo g ic a l study o f 340 p u lp therapy cases. J. D. Res. 22:301 (A u g .) 1943. 54. O stra n d e r, F. D., C row le y, M a r y C., and Dowson, John. A clinical stud y of the treatm ent of root canal and p e ria p ica l infections with penicillin. J. D. Res. 26:403 (D ec.) 1947. 55. Blayney, J. R. Tissue reaction in the a p ic a l region to known types o f treatm ent. J. D. Res. 9:221 (A p ril) 1929. 56. Fish, E., a n d M a cle a n , I. The distrib u tio n of oral stre ptococci in the tissues. Brit. D. J . 61:336 (Sep t. 15) 1936. 57. Gunter, J. H., and others. Ba c te rio lo gy of dental pulp, in Proc e e d in g s of the fifteenth ge n e ra l m eeting o f the International A sso c ia tio n fo r Dental Research. J. D. Res. 16:310 (A u g .) 1937. 58. Burket, L. W ., and Burn, C . G . Bacterem ias fo l low ing dental extraction. D em onstration o f source of ba cte ria b y m eans of a no np athoge n (Se rra tia marcescens), J. D. Res. 16:521 (D ec.) 1937. 59. Kanner, O sc a r. H o w m ay bacteria enter the pulps of inta ct te e th ? J. D. Res. 17:47 (F e b.) 1938. 60. G ru c h a lla , F. J., and H am ann, C . B. R oot sur gery. J. M isso u ri D. A . 27:229 (Sep t.) 1947. 61. A p p le to n , J. L. T., Jr. Bacterial irrfection with sp e cial reference to dental practice, ed. 3. Philadelphia, Lea & Fe bige r, 1944, p. 97-102. 62. Zinsser, H ans, and Bayne-Jones, Stanh ope. A textb ook o f b a c te riology, ed. 8. N e w York, D. A p p le to n-C e ntury C o ., 1939, p. 178. 63. Rickert, U. G . Toxic substances (split-protein p rod u c ts) a ssociate d with p e ria p ica l infections. J. D. Res. 9:75 (A p r il) 1929.
64. A p p le to n , J. L. T., Jr. Bacterial infection with sp e cial reference to dental practice, ed. 3. Philadelphia, Lea & Fe b ig e r, 1944, p. 102. 65. H ill, T. J. A te xt-boo k o f oral pa th olo gy, ed. 4. Philadelphia, Lea & F e b ig e r, 1949, p. 219. 66. Dietz, V. H . Intra-cutaneous tests using filtrates p re p a re d from p a t h o lo g ic p u lp s of hum an teeth with sp e cial reference to rh e u m a to id arthritis. A b s t. of d o c to ra l dissertation. A n n A r b o r , U niversity of M ic h i g a n Sch oo l o f Dentistry, 1950. 67. Rickert, U. G., a n d Dixon, C . M . The co n trollin g of root surgery. Internat. Den. C o n g . (8th) Trans., Sect. 111 a : IS, 1931. 68. Som m er, R. F. Essentials fo r successful root re section. A m . J. O rth o d o n t. & O r a l S u rg. (O ra l Surg. Sect.) 32:76 (F e b.) 1946. 69. H a d e n , R. L. The p ulple ss tooth from a bacterio lo g ic a nd experim ental sta ndp o in t. J .A .D .A . 12:918 (A u g .) 1925. 70. C ram e r, H . C., a n d Rieth, A . F. Q ua n tita tive b a c te rio lo g ic stud y o f p u lple ss teeth corre la te d with dental ro e n tg e n o gra m s. J .A .D .A . 19:976 (June) 1932. 71. G rossm an , L. I. R o ot canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil ad e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 268-282. 72. C o o lid g e , E. D. A discussio n o f clin ical results in root-canal treatm ent a n d filling. D. C o sm o s 69:1280 (D ec.) 1927. 73. C o o lid g e , E. D. Pulp p a th o lo g y an d treatm ent p ro ble m s. J .A .D .A . 15:1623 (Sept.) 1928. 74. C o o lid g e , E. D. The status o f pulpless teeth as interpreted b y tissue to le ra n ce a n d re p a ir fo llo w in g root canal filling. J .A .D .A . 20:2216 (D ec.) 1933. 75. G rove , C . J. The present status o f pulpless teeth a n d im p ro v e d root canal technique. D. Item s Interest 49:493 (July) 1927. 76. Hatton, E. H .; Skillen, W . G ., and M o e n , O . H. H is to lo g ic fin d in g s in teeth with treated and filled root canals. J .A .D .A . 15:56 (Ja n .) 1928. 77. Hatton, E. H . H is t o lo g ic studies of liv in g tissue reactions a ssociate d with pulpless teeth that m ay be taken as e vid ence of a satisfactory o r p h y sio lo g ic healing. J .A .D .A . 18:1502 (A u g .) 1931. 78. M oe n, O . H . Tissue ch an ge s in treated teeth of known history. J .A .D .A . 15:2075 (N o v.) 1928. 79. Blayney, J. R. Present con ce ption of vital re actions w hich o ccur w ithin a p ic a l tissues after p u lp rem oval. J .A .D .A . 16:851 ( M a y ) 1929. 80. Som m er, R. F. P a th o lo g ic co n d itio n s a risin g from p ulp involve d teeth. J. D. So c. N e w Y o rk 10:3 (M a rc h A p r il) 1944. 81. G ro ssm an , L. I. R oo t canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil ade lph ia , Lea & Fe b ig e r, 1950, p. 305. 82. Kronfeld, R udolf. H is to p a th o lo g y o f the teeth and their su rro u n d in g structures. Ph ilade lphia, Lea & Febiger, 1939, p. 238-239. 83. H e rbert, W . E. C a se s treated by root resection. Brit. D. J. 70:173 (M a rc h I) 1941. 84. Dixon, C . M ., a n d Rickert, U. G . Tissue tole r ance to fo re ig n m aterials. J .A .D .A . 20:1458 (A u g .) 1933. 85. Frankl, Zoltán. Is a p ic o e cto m y of e qual value with extraction in the th e ra p y o f fo ca l in fe c tio n ? D. Item s interest 70:1183 (D e c.) 1948. 86. Eckes, H . F., a n d A d a m s , F. L. C o m b in e d root canal th e ra p y a n d a p icoe ctom y: a p ro gre ssiv e report. J.A .D .A . 39:66 (July) 1949. 87. Dixon, C . M ., a n d Rickert, U. G . Results o f ex perim ental root canal therapy. J. Periodontia 8:19 (Jan.) 1937. 88. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 186. 89. Knox, Robert. Instrum ents an d apparatus, their construction an d purposes: ra d io g ra p h ic technique. In Four lectures on r a d io lo g y In dentistry. London, C o n sta ble and C o., 1927, p. 13. 90. Ennis, L. M . Dental roe ntge n ogra phy, ed. 4. Philadelphia, Lea & F e bige r, 1949, p. 32. 91. The' C o o lid g e ra d ia to r x-ray tube (spe cial dental type). Dent. Su rg. 16:318 (Se p t. 13) 1919. 92. G rossm an , L. I.. Root canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 24.
filled root canals, stated: “ By the use o f surgical methods in asepsis, by thorough removal of all foreign material and dis infection with germicides followed by complete filling so that the apical fora men is sealed, opportunity for reinfection is reduced to a minimum.” Dixon and Rickert,87 in 1937, reported a one and a half year study of the teeth o f two laboratory dogs artificially in fected by iStr. viridans. Histologic study of the treated teeth at the end of 18 months showed that normal periapical structures redeveloped after infection was eliminated by treatment with drugs through the root canals and the root canals were carefully filled. In other words, “ There is no active alveolar bone destruction at this time, but quite to the contrary, we see marked fibroblastic proliferation which, embryologically is destined to form new alveolar bone, secondary cementum, and regeneration o f periodontal membrane.” Burket,50 in 1938, using human nec ropsy material, cultured, as part of his study, the alveolar marrow substance at the site of previous tooth extractions. Thirty-four of 35 cultures were negative for bacteria, the one exception growing an organism also recovered from the blood stream at necropsy. Herbert,82 in 1941, examined 12 pulp less anterior teeth which had had their root canals treated and filled and the apical third of the roots resected. All showed roentgenographically complete regeneration of alveolar bone, lamina dura and periodontal membrane. The apical regions were packed off with sterile gauze, tincture of iodine was ap plied to the surface of the mucous mem brane, the root resection scar was cau terized and a slowly-revolving sterile bur was inserted into the healed area in order to secure tissue samples. Only two of the 12 cases tested showed any bacterial growth when cultured and the organisms involved “ were clearly air-borne con taminants.”
Frankl,85 in 1948, stated: “ . . . experi ence indicates that after the cessation of reinfection (from the root canal), sooner or later, the human organism is capable of overcoming the pathological changes of the tissues . . .” Frankl resected a second time two treated and filled pulp less teeth, one resected two years and one nine years previously. The microscopic examination showed that islands of liv ing bone tissue had filled the earlier spaces and that cicatrical and fibrous connective tissue accompanied the new bone. “ There was no trace of inflamma tory reaction, infiltration referring to an inflammation and no bacteria could be demonstrated with gram-staining.” Roentgenographically the former bone cavities at the place of the resection ap peared filled with bone and a normal periodontium was present. Eckes and Adams,86 in 1949, reported a long, periodic, roentgenographic study of 30 anterior teeth in which root filling had been combined with root resection. They concluded: “ The theory that pulp less teeth, if adequately treated, may re main in function for an indefinite period without being in any way a menace to the health of the patient is supported by this series of 30 cases. . . . ” Grossman,88 in 1950, summarizing in the last edition of his textbook the evi dence obtained from careful root canal treatment, concluded: “ . . . if the root canal surface is rendered sterile and the canal well filled, repair of destroyed peri apical bone will take place and the pulp less tooth then need not be looked upon as a hazard to health.” DATE
C O O L ID G E
C A M E IN T O
TUBE
USE
In a lecture delivered November 22, 1927, in Manchester, England, K nox89 pointed out that “ The value of x-rays as an aid to diagnosis in dentistry was realized soon after their discovery in the latter part of 1895 (Novem ber), and in
D IA G N O S IS O F F O C A L IN F E C T IO N . . . V O L U M E 42, J U N E 1751 • 653
April o f the following year C. A. Clark showed at a meeting of the Odontological Society an x-ray he had taken of a man dibular molar.” Ennis90 stated, in 1949, “ A very im portant step in the progress of roentgen ology was marked in 1913 when Coolidge designed a Roentgen tube wherein the electrons are supplied by an incandescent cathode.” In 1919 a trade note appeared in the Dental Surgeon91 describing a special dental type of Coolidge radiator x-ray tube which had been designed for the particular purpose of making roentgeno grams of the teeth and jaw. Grossman,92 in his 1950 textbook, as
1. Ennis, L. M . Dental roe n tg e n olog y. Lea & F e b ig e r, 1939, p. 207-209.
Ph ilade lphia,
2. M c C a ll, J. O ., a n d W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental ro e n tg e n o lo g y: technic and interpretation. Philade lph ia, W . B. Sa u n d e rs C o., 1940, p. 94-95. 3. Som m er, R. F., and Richards, A . G . O p e ra tiv e an d interpretive ra d iod on tics. (M im e o g r a p h e d ) A n n A rb o r, U n iversity o f M ic h ig a n , 1946, p. 23-25. 4. Z an d e r, H . A . P eriod ontal m em brane, in O ra l histo lo g y and e m b ryology, O rb a n , Balint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o., 1944, p. 185. 5. Kronfeld, Rudolf. H is to p a th o lo g y o f the teeth and their su rro u n d in g structures, ed. 2. Philadelphia, Lea & Feb ig e r, 1939, p. 181, 183-184.
serts, that “ Although x-rays were discov ered shortly before the turn of the cen tury, they were not commonly used by dentists until about twenty-five years later.” Summarizing, it will be found, that the Coolidge x-ray tube was invented in December 1913, first came into use in 1916-1917, was advertised in an English journal by 1919 and came into general use beginning 1923-1924. It will be found also, that the theory of focal infec tion and the implication of teeth as oral foci developed well before the widespread use of dental x-ray machines and the re finement of oral roentgenographic diag nosis.
19. O stran de r, F. D., and C row ley, M a r y C . The effectiveness o f clinical treatm ent o f pu lp-involve d teeth as dete rm ine d by b a c te rio lo g ic a l m ethods. J. E n do d o ntia 3:6 (Jan.) 1948. 20. Kotanyi, Em m erich. C em entum . In O ra l h istology and e m b ry o lo gy , O rb a n , Ba lint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o., 1944, p. 155. 21. C o o lid g e , E. D. A n a to m y o f the root apex in relation to treatm ent p roble m s. J .A .D .A . 16:1456 (A u g .) 1929.
17. G rossm an, L. I. P ro b ab le p e rc e n ta g e o f co rre c t guesses reg a rd in g sterility o f root can als w ithout b a c te r io lo g ic a l con tro l. J . D. Res. 15:364 (S ep t.) 1936.
22. C o o lid g e , E. D. The reaction of cem entum in the presence of injury and infection. J .A .D .A . 18:499 (M a rc h ) 1931. 23. Davis, W . C . H is to -p a th o lo g y o f the cem entum as related to pulp-ca na l surgery. D. C o sm o s 62:766 (June) 1920. 24. Rickert, U. G . Fundam entals o f successful root canal treatm ent. J . A .D .A . 14:1657 (Sept.) 1927. 25. O rb a n , Balint. Pulp. In O ra l h istology and e m b ryo lo gy, O rb a n , Balint, editor. St. Louis, C . V. M o s b y C o ., 1944, p. 143. 26. New m an, M . M . A clin ica l analysis o f p u lp nodules. D. C o sm o s 75:589 (Ju ne ) 1933. 27. Stafne, E. C ., a n d Sza b o, S. E. The significa n ce of p u lp nodules. D. C o sm o s 75:160 (Feb.) 1933. 28. H ill, T. J. P a th o lo g y of the dental pulp. J .A .D .A . 21:820 ( M a y ) 1934. 29. W illm a n , W a rre n . C a lcifica tio n s in the pulp. Bur 34:73 (Ju ly) 1934. 30. L oga n , W . H . G . A r e pulps a n d investing tissues of com ple te ly e m b e d d e d teeth in fe c te d ? J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 24:853 (June) 1937. 31. Tunnicllff, Ruth, and H a m m o n d , C a ro lyn . Pres ence of bacteria in the pulps o f intact teeth. J.A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 24:1663 (O ct.) 1937. 32. Sorrin, Sid ney. Pulp stones a n d hypercementosts in arthritis. J . D. Res. 20:543 (D ec.) 1941. 33. Kotanyi, Em m erich. H isto lo g isc h e Befunde an retinierten Zahn en. Ztschr. Sto m ato l. 22:747 (N o v .) 1924. 34. Thom as, B. O . A . A h isto lo g ic study and c o m parison o f the pulps o f e m b e d d e d an d erupted third m o la r teeth J .A .D .A . 27:886 (Ju ne ) 1940. 35. O rb a n , Balint. A con trib ution to the h isto logy of the dental p u lp a n d pe rio d o n ta l m em brane, with spe cial reference to cells o f " d e f e n s e " of these tissues. J .A .D .A . 16:965 (June) 1929.
18. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 2. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Feb ig e r, 1946, p. 92-93.
36. H ow e, P. R. A new research D. C o sm o s 68:1021 (N o v .) 1926.
6. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 2. Phil ad e lp h ia , Lea & F e b ig e r, 1946, p. 9!. 7. M c C a ll, J. O., a n d W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n o lo g y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und e rs C o., 1947, p. 225. 8. M o r g a n , G . A . The cem entom a. J. C a n a d . D. A . 14:363 (July) 1948. 9. Stafne, E. C . C e m entom a : a study o f thirty-five cases. D. Survey 9:27 (July) 1933. 10. M c C a ll, J. O ., and W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n o lo g y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und e rs C o., 1940, p. 184-185. 11. Thom a, K. H . C e n tra l osteom as a n d cem entom as: d ia g n o sis and treatm ent. J . A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:750 ( M a y ) 1938. 12. Stafne, E. C . Pe ria p ica l o steofib rosis with fo rm a tion o f cem entom a. J .A .D .A . 21:1822 (O ct.) 1934. 13. M c C a ll, J. O ., and W a ld , S. S. C lin ic a l dental roe n tg e n olog y: technic a n d interpretation. Philadelphia, W . B. S a und ers C o ., 1940, p. 184. 14. Lundquist, G. R., a n d K e llo g g , D. E. R o e n tge n o g r a p h ic and m ic ro sc o p ic e vid e n ce an d the pulpless tooth. J .A .D .A . 28:580 (A p ril) 1941. 15. Som m er, R. F. R ecognition, interpretation and m a n a ge m e n t of p e ria p ica l bon e lesions in dental health service J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:595 (A p ril) 1938. 16. A p p le to n , J. L. T. Bacterial infection with special reference to dentai practice, ed. 3. Philade lph ia, Lea & F ebige r, 1944, p. 361.
on
dental ca n e s.
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D EN T A L A S S O C IA T IO N
37. Boulger, E. P. H is to lo g ic studies o f a specim en of fractured roots. J .A .D .A . 15:1778 (Se p t.) 1928. 38. A ustin , L. T. A review o f forty cases o f retained fractured roots of anterior teeth. J . A .D .A . 17:1930 (O ct.) 1930.. 39. Kronfeld, Rudolf. The process o f re pa ir fo llow ing tooth fracture. J.D . Res. 11:247 (A p r il) 1931. 40. Kronfeld, Rudolf. H is to p a th o lo g y of the teeth a nd their su rro u n d in g structures. P h ila de lph ia, Lea & Fe bige r, 1939, p. 439-441. 41. Brauer. J. C . Treatm ent a n d restoration of fra c tured perm anent a nterior teeth. J .A .D .A . 23:2323 (D ec.) 1936. 42. C o o lid g e , E. D. Trau m a tic and functional in juries occ u rrin g in the su p p o rtin g tissues o f hum an teeth. J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:343 (M a r c h ) 1938. 43. A n d e rso n , B. S . Injuries to the teeth: contusions a nd fractures resulting from con cussion. J .A .D .A . 31:195 (Feb. I) 1944. 44. Ellis, R. S . The classification a n d treatm ent of injuries to the teeth o f ch ild ren . C h ic a g o , Y e a rb o o k Publishers, 1945, p. 185-186. 45. M ile s, A . E. W . Resolution o f the p u lp fo llow in g severe injury. Brit. D. J. 82:187 ( M a y 2) 1947. 46. Losee, F. L. Untreated root fractures; Report of three cases. O ra l Surg., O ra l M e d . & O r a l Path. 1:464 ( M a y ) 1948. 47. H artsook, J. T. M a n a g e m e n t o f yo u n g anterior teeth w hich have been involve d in a ccidents. J .A .D .A . 37:554 (N o v .) 1948. 48. N ye, R. N., and W a x e lb a u m , E. A . S tre p to cocci in infectious (a trop h ic ) arthritis and rh eum atic fever. J. Exper. M e d . 52:885 (D ec.) 1930. 49. C e cil, R. L., N icholls, E. E.r>an d Staînsb y, W . J. Ba c te rio lo gy o f the b lo o d an d joints in ch ron ic infec tious arthritis. A rc h . Int. M e d . 43:571 ( M a y ) 1929. 50. Burket, L. W . Recent studies relatin g to pe ri a p ic a l infection, in c lu d in g d a ta o b ta in e d fro m human necrop sy studies. J .A .D .A . & D. C o sm o s 25:260 (Feb.) 1938. 51. Som m er, R. F., a nd Crow ley, M a r y C . Bactéri o lo g ie verification o f ro e n tg e n o g ra p h ic fin d in g s in p u lp Involve d teeth. J .A .D .A . 27:723 (M a y ) 1940. 52. M orse , F. W . t Jr., a n d Yates, M . F. F ollow -up studies o f root filled teeth in relation to b a c te rio lo g ic findings. J . A .D .A . 28:956 (June) 1941. 53. Hayes, R. L. C lin ic a l and b a c te rio lo g ic a l study o f 340 p u lp therapy cases. J. D. Res. 22:301 (A u g .) 1943. 54. O stra n d e r, F. D., C row le y, M a r y C., and Dowson, John. A clinical stud y of the treatm ent of root canal and p e ria p ica l infections with penicillin. J. D. Res. 26:403 (D ec.) 1947. 55. Blayney, J. R. Tissue reaction in the a p ic a l region to known types o f treatm ent. J. D. Res. 9:221 (A p ril) 1929. 56. Fish, E., a n d M a cle a n , I. The distrib u tio n of oral stre ptococci in the tissues. Brit. D. J . 61:336 (Sep t. 15) 1936. 57. Gunter, J. H., and others. Ba c te rio lo gy of dental pulp, in Proc e e d in g s of the fifteenth ge n e ra l m eeting o f the International A sso c ia tio n fo r Dental Research. J. D. Res. 16:310 (A u g .) 1937. 58. Burket, L. W ., and Burn, C . G . Bacterem ias fo l low ing dental extraction. D em onstration o f source of ba cte ria b y m eans of a no np athoge n (Se rra tia marcescens), J. D. Res. 16:521 (D ec.) 1937. 59. Kanner, O sc a r. H o w m ay bacteria enter the pulps of inta ct te e th ? J. D. Res. 17:47 (F e b.) 1938. 60. G ru c h a lla , F. J., and H am ann, C . B. R oot sur gery. J. M isso u ri D. A . 27:229 (Sep t.) 1947. 61. A p p le to n , J. L. T., Jr. Bacterial irrfection with sp e cial reference to dental practice, ed. 3. Philadelphia, Lea & Fe bige r, 1944, p. 97-102. 62. Zinsser, H ans, and Bayne-Jones, Stanh ope. A textb ook o f b a c te riology, ed. 8. N e w York, D. A p p le to n-C e ntury C o ., 1939, p. 178. 63. Rickert, U. G . Toxic substances (split-protein p rod u c ts) a ssociate d with p e ria p ica l infections. J. D. Res. 9:75 (A p r il) 1929.
64. A p p le to n , J. L. T., Jr. Bacterial infection with sp e cial reference to dental practice, ed. 3. Philadelphia, Lea & Fe b ig e r, 1944, p. 102. 65. H ill, T. J. A te xt-boo k o f oral pa th olo gy, ed. 4. Philadelphia, Lea & F e b ig e r, 1949, p. 219. 66. Dietz, V. H . Intra-cutaneous tests using filtrates p re p a re d from p a t h o lo g ic p u lp s of hum an teeth with sp e cial reference to rh e u m a to id arthritis. A b s t. of d o c to ra l dissertation. A n n A r b o r , U niversity of M ic h i g a n Sch oo l o f Dentistry, 1950. 67. Rickert, U. G., a n d Dixon, C . M . The co n trollin g of root surgery. Internat. Den. C o n g . (8th) Trans., Sect. 111 a : IS, 1931. 68. Som m er, R. F. Essentials fo r successful root re section. A m . J. O rth o d o n t. & O r a l S u rg. (O ra l Surg. Sect.) 32:76 (F e b.) 1946. 69. H a d e n , R. L. The p ulple ss tooth from a bacterio lo g ic a nd experim ental sta ndp o in t. J .A .D .A . 12:918 (A u g .) 1925. 70. C ram e r, H . C., a n d Rieth, A . F. Q ua n tita tive b a c te rio lo g ic stud y o f p u lple ss teeth corre la te d with dental ro e n tg e n o gra m s. J .A .D .A . 19:976 (June) 1932. 71. G rossm an , L. I. R o ot canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil ad e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 268-282. 72. C o o lid g e , E. D. A discussio n o f clin ical results in root-canal treatm ent a n d filling. D. C o sm o s 69:1280 (D ec.) 1927. 73. C o o lid g e , E. D. Pulp p a th o lo g y an d treatm ent p ro ble m s. J .A .D .A . 15:1623 (Sept.) 1928. 74. C o o lid g e , E. D. The status o f pulpless teeth as interpreted b y tissue to le ra n ce a n d re p a ir fo llo w in g root canal filling. J .A .D .A . 20:2216 (D ec.) 1933. 75. G rove , C . J. The present status o f pulpless teeth a n d im p ro v e d root canal technique. D. Item s Interest 49:493 (July) 1927. 76. Hatton, E. H .; Skillen, W . G ., and M o e n , O . H. H is to lo g ic fin d in g s in teeth with treated and filled root canals. J .A .D .A . 15:56 (Ja n .) 1928. 77. Hatton, E. H . H is t o lo g ic studies of liv in g tissue reactions a ssociate d with pulpless teeth that m ay be taken as e vid ence of a satisfactory o r p h y sio lo g ic healing. J .A .D .A . 18:1502 (A u g .) 1931. 78. M oe n, O . H . Tissue ch an ge s in treated teeth of known history. J .A .D .A . 15:2075 (N o v.) 1928. 79. Blayney, J. R. Present con ce ption of vital re actions w hich o ccur w ithin a p ic a l tissues after p u lp rem oval. J .A .D .A . 16:851 ( M a y ) 1929. 80. Som m er, R. F. P a th o lo g ic co n d itio n s a risin g from p ulp involve d teeth. J. D. So c. N e w Y o rk 10:3 (M a rc h A p r il) 1944. 81. G ro ssm an , L. I. R oo t canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil ade lph ia , Lea & Fe b ig e r, 1950, p. 305. 82. Kronfeld, R udolf. H is to p a th o lo g y o f the teeth and their su rro u n d in g structures. Ph ilade lphia, Lea & Febiger, 1939, p. 238-239. 83. H e rbert, W . E. C a se s treated by root resection. Brit. D. J. 70:173 (M a rc h I) 1941. 84. Dixon, C . M ., a n d Rickert, U. G . Tissue tole r ance to fo re ig n m aterials. J .A .D .A . 20:1458 (A u g .) 1933. 85. Frankl, Zoltán. Is a p ic o e cto m y of e qual value with extraction in the th e ra p y o f fo ca l in fe c tio n ? D. Item s interest 70:1183 (D e c.) 1948. 86. Eckes, H . F., a n d A d a m s , F. L. C o m b in e d root canal th e ra p y a n d a p icoe ctom y: a p ro gre ssiv e report. J.A .D .A . 39:66 (July) 1949. 87. Dixon, C . M ., a n d Rickert, U. G . Results o f ex perim ental root canal therapy. J. Periodontia 8:19 (Jan.) 1937. 88. G rossm an, L. I. Root canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 186. 89. Knox, Robert. Instrum ents an d apparatus, their construction an d purposes: ra d io g ra p h ic technique. In Four lectures on r a d io lo g y In dentistry. London, C o n sta ble and C o., 1927, p. 13. 90. Ennis, L. M . Dental roe ntge n ogra phy, ed. 4. Philadelphia, Lea & F e bige r, 1949, p. 32. 91. The' C o o lid g e ra d ia to r x-ray tube (spe cial dental type). Dent. Su rg. 16:318 (Se p t. 13) 1919. 92. G rossm an , L. I.. Root canal therapy, ed. 3. Phil a d e lp h ia , Lea & Fe bige r, 1950, p. 24.