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Declarative interference affects off-line processing of motor imagery learning
428
Poster Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 361–430
Sleep has some limitations while measuring brain parameters. Evoked Potentials (EP) is one of the important methods to investigate the brain responses during sleep. To our knowledge, there are no studies in literature related to research on non-painful tactile stimuli during sleep in adult population. The aim of the present study is to investigate the responses to non-painful somatosensory stimulations during sleep. Ten subjects (mean age: 23; 5 male) participated in this study. Each subject slept in an electromagnetically shielded and soundproof and dimly illuminated room at Sleep Dynamics Research Laboratories of Dokuz Eylul University Department of Biophysics (SDRL-DEU). Study consists of first night sleep. All subjects were right handed. No one reported a history of psychiatric or neurological disorder. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were taken from 40 channels as well as electrooculography (EOG) and electromyography (EMG) via NuAmps. Non-painful tactile stimuli were applied to the two fingers (middle and index) on the right hand, randomly via Somatosensory Stimulus Generator 4-D Neuroimaging pneumatic stimulator. Inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was selected as 3–3.5 s. Scoring was made in accordance with American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). In this study only light (Stage 1 and 2) and deep sleep (Stage 3) were investigated. SPSS 16.0 was used for the statistical analysis. All subjects completed full night sleep (app. 8 h). All EEG recordings presented clear waveforms among which FZ was chosen. N100, P200, N300, P450, N550, P900 and N_late waveforms were clearly observed in light and deep sleep. Deepening of sleep was followed by the increase of N300, P900 and N_late components amplitude (for each waveforms p b 0.005). Somatosensory Event Potentials (SEP) emerge to be a useful research technique in investigating sensory information processing during sleep. In literature sleep has been observed to have a pronounced effect on event potential components. While some components are clearly observed in earlier stages of sleep, some are more pronounced in deep sleep. As a result it can be concluded that sleep is a state of consciousness in which monitoring and cognitive processing of environmental stimuli continuously take place. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.166
ERPs reflect delayed motor activation in trait impulsivity A. Kóbora,b,c, Á. Takácsa,b,c, F. Honbolygóc,b, V. Csépec,b a Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary b Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary c Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary The aim of our study was to compare the cognitive control performance of adults with high and low impulsivity. We assumed that impaired inhibitory functions would characterize impulsive subjects with regard to the Cognitive Energetic Model (CEM). As the CEM proposes, information processing is determined by the interaction of three main factors: executive control; energetic/state factors such as effort; and computational mechanisms consisting of feature extraction, searching, encoding, response choice, and motor organization. According to our hypothesis, impulsive subject would differ from controls in interference control, decision making, and response preparation as predicted by the model. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during a modified flanker task. The participants were undergraduate students classified as high (n = 15) and low (n = 15) impulsive subjects based on their total score on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The flanker trials had three levels of required effort manipulated by visual degradation of
the stimuli (by randomly removing 0%, 60%, and 80% of the pixels). Performance-based monetary reward (+10 HUF), punishment (−10 HUF), abstract (correct/incorrect sign) or no-feedback information were given to the subjects after their responses. We measured the ERPs time-locked to the presentation of the flanker stimuli. We obtained three ERP components. The N2 was the largest in the incongruent condition with the highest effort level in both groups indicating interference suppression modulated independent of trait impulsivity. The P3 component peaked later in impulsive subjects compared to controls in the no-feedback condition, while this difference disappeared in the presence of external feedback. The P3 latency increased linearly with effort level, and it was longest in the incongruent condition. Impulsive participants differed from controls in motor preparation. The Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP) peaked later in the impulsive group irrespective of the effects of congruency, feedback, or effort. In the incongruent condition, the initial incorrect response preparation started later. In addition, the amplitude of this positive-going LRP was smaller in impulsive participants, which possibly indicates a lack of impaired inhibitory control in the impulsive group. When the flanker stimulus belonged to the most degraded condition, motor activation took more time for all participants as shown by the latency of negative and positive LRP peaks. LRP and P3 latency results are consistent with group differences in the reaction time of correct responses. In conclusion our results suggest that impaired inhibitory control in impulsivity could not be underpinned. However, a generalized lapse of motor activation appeared according to the ERPs and reaction time results. Trait impulsivity affects response choice and motor adjustment which are the later stages of information processing in CEM. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.167
Declarative interference affects off-line processing of motor imagery learning U. Debarnota,b,c, E. Castellania, A. Guillota,d, V. Giannottia, M. Dimarcoa, L. Sebastiania a Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche “G. Moruzzi”, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italy b Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le sport, EA 647, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France c Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm UMR S894), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France d Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France Retroactive interference by declarative memory can prevent the consolidation of motor skill memories over wakefulness, but not over a night of sleep. Recently, motor imagery (MI) learning has been shown to allow for a stronger resistance against procedural interference rather than physical practice, but whether declarative interference might impact sleep-dependent consolidation process of a mentally learned sequence of movement remains unknown. To address this issue, fifty-seven subjects mentally rehearsed a finger tapping sequence, and half of them were then requested to practice an interferential declarative task. All participants were retested on the initial procedural task either after a night of sleep or a similar daytime interval. The main findings provided evidence that declarative interference after MI practice blocked the expression of delayed performance gains after a night of sleep, and even deteriorated motor performance over a wake period. These results extend our previous findings by underlying that declarative interference might impact more strongly MI practice than
Poster Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 361–430
physical practice. The relationships between memories in MI practice, as well as how they interact during off-line consolidation are discussed.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.168
The effect of age on time dependent EEG-synchronization changes during the performance of mental arithmetic task R. Bohaa,b, B. Tótha,b, Z. Anna Gaála, M. Molnára,b a Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary b Psychophysiology Group, Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary During the accomplishment of a task the activation patterns of brain networks are presumably different in the young and in the elderly. In the present study linear and nonlinear computational techniques were used to quantify time dependent EEGsynchronization changes of evoked potentials during a mental arithmetic task. It was hypothesized that region-, and frequency specific EEG-changes will be different in young and in elderly subjects. The participants were 14 young (age: 21.57 yrs, SD: 2.62, 6 females in task and age: 22.36 yrs, SD: 3.54, 7 females in control conditions) and 16 old (age: 65.37 yrs, SD: 3.24, 8 females in task and age: 66.69 yrs, SD: 3.46, 8 females in control conditions), all right handed subjects. The EEG was recorded by 33 electrodes, sampling frequency was 1000 Hz. Synchronization likelihood (SL) is a measure of dynamic interdependence between different time series (i.e. EEG-channels). In case of maximal synchronization SL = 1. In case of complete independence SL tends to 0. SL is sensitive to both the linear and nonlinear properties of the time series. In this mental arithmetic task the subjects were shown a 2-digit number which was followed by a presentation of a subtraction operation (i.e. 81−13−4). The task was to solve the subtraction and decide if the result equaled or not the 2 digit number, signaled by appropriate button pressing. The control was recorded in a passive viewing and a number recognition condition. EEG-epochs (1024 ms) corresponding to the evoked potentials evoked by the 2-digit numbers were analyzed; behavioral data, ERP amplitudes and SL in the theta band (4–8 Hz) were calculated. No significant differences were found either in the behavioral data, or in the amplitude of N2 potential between the two groups. Significantly higher amplitudes were observed at Cz, Pz, O1, O2 in the young group for the P3 amplitudes. Significantly higher SL values were found in the young at Fz, Pz, O1, and O2 in the N2 time domain. No significant differences were revealed by the age × electrodes interaction in the SL data in the range of the P3 component. Time-dependent linear and nonlinear synchronization changes that accompany ERPs were not studied before. Changes of SL were found to be dependent upon the specific ERP components. SL that accompanied the N2 component was more robust in the young probably reflecting higher network reactivity related to attentional processes. The similar behavioral results in the two age groups probably indicate that task difficulty was not different for the young and the elderly participants. Thus, the pattern of timedependent SL proved to be a sensitive indicator of differences between young and elderly subjects performing a mental arithmetic task revealing decreased task-evoked synchronization in the elderly.
429
References Barratt, E.S., 1985. Impulsiveness subtraits: arousal and information processing. In: Spence, J.T., Itard, C.E. (Eds.), Motivation, Emotion, and Personality. Elsevier Science Publishers, North Holland, pp. 137–146. Barratt, E.S., 1994. Impulsiveness and aggression. In: Monahan, J., Steadman, H.J. (Eds.), Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 61–79. Bell, A.J., Sejnowski, T.J., 1995. An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Computation 7, 1129–1159. Benito-Leon, J., Louis, E.D., 2006. Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2, 666–678. Bottomley, P.A., Hart Jr., H.R., Edelstein, W.A., et al., 1984. Radiology 150, 441–446. Braff, D.L., Geyyer, M.A., 1990. Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia; human and animal model studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 181–188. Bramon, E., Rabe-Hesketh, S., 2004. Meta-analysis of P300 and P50 wave forms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 315–329. Chabot, N., Charbonneau, V., et al., 2008. Neurosci Lett. 433, 129–134. Craig, A.D., 2009a. How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 59–70. Craig, A.D., 2009b. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 59–70. García, R., Rojas, F., Puntonet, C., San Román, B., Velázquez, L., Rodríguez, R., 2010. Computer-aided diagnosis of ataxia SCA-2 using a blind source separation algorithm. Cognitive Computation 2, 165–169. Garcia, R.V., Rojas, F., Gonzalez, J., Rojas, I., Velazquez, L., Canales, N., Becerra, R., 2010. Modifications in saccadic pulse and step components in Cuban ataxia SCA2 patients. International Journal of Psychophysiology 77, 249–250. Gian, B., Gianclaudio, C., Thomas, B., Lutz, J., 2008. Modulating presence and impulsiveness by external stimulation of the brain. Behavioral and Brain Functions 4, 33. Isbell, L.A., 2006. Snakes as agents of evolutionary change in primate brains. Journal of human evolution 51, 1–35. Jäger, T., Mecklinger, A., Kipp, K.H., 2006. Neuron 52 (3), 535–545. Khoroshikh, V., Kopeykina, E., Kulikov, G., Ivanova, V., 2012. Neural correlates of the unconscious phonological priming: an ERP study. V. E. Kopeykina, Gennadiy Kulikov, V. Ivanova. 1st Conference of the European Society for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. May 9-12 2012, Marseille, France. Kringelbach, M.L., Berridge, K.C., 2007a. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13 (11), 479–487. Kringelbach, M.L., Berridge, K.C., 2007b. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, 479–487. Kupers, R., Ptito, M., 2011. Progress In Brain Research. 192, 17–31. Kupers, R., Ricciardi, E., Pietrini, P., Ptito, M., 2011. Frontiers in Psychology 2, 19–29. Leporé, N., Voss, P., et al., 2010. Neuroimage. 49, 134–140. Marinkovic, K., et al., 2007a. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiment Research 33 (11), 1880–1892. Marinkovic, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Urban, T., O'Reilly, C.E., Howard, J.A., Sawyer, K., Harris, G.J., 2007b. Alcoholism and dampened temporal limbic activation to emotional faces. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiment Research. 33, 1880–1892. Mayes, A., Montaldi, D., Migo, E., 2007. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (3), 126–135. Naatanen, R., Kujala, T., Winkler, I., 2011. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: a unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology 48, 4–22. New, J., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., 2007. Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the
Poster Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 361–430
Sleep has some limitations while measuring brain parameters. Evoked Potentials (EP) is one of the important methods to investigate the brain responses during sleep. To our knowledge, there are no studies in literature related to research on non-painful tactile stimuli during sleep in adult population. The aim of the present study is to investigate the responses to non-painful somatosensory stimulations during sleep. Ten subjects (mean age: 23; 5 male) participated in this study. Each subject slept in an electromagnetically shielded and soundproof and dimly illuminated room at Sleep Dynamics Research Laboratories of Dokuz Eylul University Department of Biophysics (SDRL-DEU). Study consists of first night sleep. All subjects were right handed. No one reported a history of psychiatric or neurological disorder. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were taken from 40 channels as well as electrooculography (EOG) and electromyography (EMG) via NuAmps. Non-painful tactile stimuli were applied to the two fingers (middle and index) on the right hand, randomly via Somatosensory Stimulus Generator 4-D Neuroimaging pneumatic stimulator. Inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was selected as 3–3.5 s. Scoring was made in accordance with American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). In this study only light (Stage 1 and 2) and deep sleep (Stage 3) were investigated. SPSS 16.0 was used for the statistical analysis. All subjects completed full night sleep (app. 8 h). All EEG recordings presented clear waveforms among which FZ was chosen. N100, P200, N300, P450, N550, P900 and N_late waveforms were clearly observed in light and deep sleep. Deepening of sleep was followed by the increase of N300, P900 and N_late components amplitude (for each waveforms p b 0.005). Somatosensory Event Potentials (SEP) emerge to be a useful research technique in investigating sensory information processing during sleep. In literature sleep has been observed to have a pronounced effect on event potential components. While some components are clearly observed in earlier stages of sleep, some are more pronounced in deep sleep. As a result it can be concluded that sleep is a state of consciousness in which monitoring and cognitive processing of environmental stimuli continuously take place. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.166
ERPs reflect delayed motor activation in trait impulsivity A. Kóbora,b,c, Á. Takácsa,b,c, F. Honbolygóc,b, V. Csépec,b a Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary b Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary c Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary The aim of our study was to compare the cognitive control performance of adults with high and low impulsivity. We assumed that impaired inhibitory functions would characterize impulsive subjects with regard to the Cognitive Energetic Model (CEM). As the CEM proposes, information processing is determined by the interaction of three main factors: executive control; energetic/state factors such as effort; and computational mechanisms consisting of feature extraction, searching, encoding, response choice, and motor organization. According to our hypothesis, impulsive subject would differ from controls in interference control, decision making, and response preparation as predicted by the model. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured during a modified flanker task. The participants were undergraduate students classified as high (n = 15) and low (n = 15) impulsive subjects based on their total score on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. The flanker trials had three levels of required effort manipulated by visual degradation of
the stimuli (by randomly removing 0%, 60%, and 80% of the pixels). Performance-based monetary reward (+10 HUF), punishment (−10 HUF), abstract (correct/incorrect sign) or no-feedback information were given to the subjects after their responses. We measured the ERPs time-locked to the presentation of the flanker stimuli. We obtained three ERP components. The N2 was the largest in the incongruent condition with the highest effort level in both groups indicating interference suppression modulated independent of trait impulsivity. The P3 component peaked later in impulsive subjects compared to controls in the no-feedback condition, while this difference disappeared in the presence of external feedback. The P3 latency increased linearly with effort level, and it was longest in the incongruent condition. Impulsive participants differed from controls in motor preparation. The Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP) peaked later in the impulsive group irrespective of the effects of congruency, feedback, or effort. In the incongruent condition, the initial incorrect response preparation started later. In addition, the amplitude of this positive-going LRP was smaller in impulsive participants, which possibly indicates a lack of impaired inhibitory control in the impulsive group. When the flanker stimulus belonged to the most degraded condition, motor activation took more time for all participants as shown by the latency of negative and positive LRP peaks. LRP and P3 latency results are consistent with group differences in the reaction time of correct responses. In conclusion our results suggest that impaired inhibitory control in impulsivity could not be underpinned. However, a generalized lapse of motor activation appeared according to the ERPs and reaction time results. Trait impulsivity affects response choice and motor adjustment which are the later stages of information processing in CEM. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.167
Declarative interference affects off-line processing of motor imagery learning U. Debarnota,b,c, E. Castellania, A. Guillota,d, V. Giannottia, M. Dimarcoa, L. Sebastiania a Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiologiche “G. Moruzzi”, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italy b Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le sport, EA 647, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, France c Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences (Inserm UMR S894), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France d Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France Retroactive interference by declarative memory can prevent the consolidation of motor skill memories over wakefulness, but not over a night of sleep. Recently, motor imagery (MI) learning has been shown to allow for a stronger resistance against procedural interference rather than physical practice, but whether declarative interference might impact sleep-dependent consolidation process of a mentally learned sequence of movement remains unknown. To address this issue, fifty-seven subjects mentally rehearsed a finger tapping sequence, and half of them were then requested to practice an interferential declarative task. All participants were retested on the initial procedural task either after a night of sleep or a similar daytime interval. The main findings provided evidence that declarative interference after MI practice blocked the expression of delayed performance gains after a night of sleep, and even deteriorated motor performance over a wake period. These results extend our previous findings by underlying that declarative interference might impact more strongly MI practice than
Poster Abstracts / International Journal of Psychophysiology 85 (2012) 361–430
physical practice. The relationships between memories in MI practice, as well as how they interact during off-line consolidation are discussed.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.07.168
The effect of age on time dependent EEG-synchronization changes during the performance of mental arithmetic task R. Bohaa,b, B. Tótha,b, Z. Anna Gaála, M. Molnára,b a Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary b Psychophysiology Group, Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary During the accomplishment of a task the activation patterns of brain networks are presumably different in the young and in the elderly. In the present study linear and nonlinear computational techniques were used to quantify time dependent EEGsynchronization changes of evoked potentials during a mental arithmetic task. It was hypothesized that region-, and frequency specific EEG-changes will be different in young and in elderly subjects. The participants were 14 young (age: 21.57 yrs, SD: 2.62, 6 females in task and age: 22.36 yrs, SD: 3.54, 7 females in control conditions) and 16 old (age: 65.37 yrs, SD: 3.24, 8 females in task and age: 66.69 yrs, SD: 3.46, 8 females in control conditions), all right handed subjects. The EEG was recorded by 33 electrodes, sampling frequency was 1000 Hz. Synchronization likelihood (SL) is a measure of dynamic interdependence between different time series (i.e. EEG-channels). In case of maximal synchronization SL = 1. In case of complete independence SL tends to 0. SL is sensitive to both the linear and nonlinear properties of the time series. In this mental arithmetic task the subjects were shown a 2-digit number which was followed by a presentation of a subtraction operation (i.e. 81−13−4). The task was to solve the subtraction and decide if the result equaled or not the 2 digit number, signaled by appropriate button pressing. The control was recorded in a passive viewing and a number recognition condition. EEG-epochs (1024 ms) corresponding to the evoked potentials evoked by the 2-digit numbers were analyzed; behavioral data, ERP amplitudes and SL in the theta band (4–8 Hz) were calculated. No significant differences were found either in the behavioral data, or in the amplitude of N2 potential between the two groups. Significantly higher amplitudes were observed at Cz, Pz, O1, O2 in the young group for the P3 amplitudes. Significantly higher SL values were found in the young at Fz, Pz, O1, and O2 in the N2 time domain. No significant differences were revealed by the age × electrodes interaction in the SL data in the range of the P3 component. Time-dependent linear and nonlinear synchronization changes that accompany ERPs were not studied before. Changes of SL were found to be dependent upon the specific ERP components. SL that accompanied the N2 component was more robust in the young probably reflecting higher network reactivity related to attentional processes. The similar behavioral results in the two age groups probably indicate that task difficulty was not different for the young and the elderly participants. Thus, the pattern of timedependent SL proved to be a sensitive indicator of differences between young and elderly subjects performing a mental arithmetic task revealing decreased task-evoked synchronization in the elderly.
429
References Barratt, E.S., 1985. Impulsiveness subtraits: arousal and information processing. In: Spence, J.T., Itard, C.E. (Eds.), Motivation, Emotion, and Personality. Elsevier Science Publishers, North Holland, pp. 137–146. Barratt, E.S., 1994. Impulsiveness and aggression. In: Monahan, J., Steadman, H.J. (Eds.), Violence and Mental Disorder: Developments in Risk Assessment. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 61–79. Bell, A.J., Sejnowski, T.J., 1995. An information-maximization approach to blind separation and blind deconvolution. Neural Computation 7, 1129–1159. Benito-Leon, J., Louis, E.D., 2006. Essential tremor: emerging views of a common disorder. Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 2, 666–678. Bottomley, P.A., Hart Jr., H.R., Edelstein, W.A., et al., 1984. Radiology 150, 441–446. Braff, D.L., Geyyer, M.A., 1990. Sensorimotor gating and schizophrenia; human and animal model studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 181–188. Bramon, E., Rabe-Hesketh, S., 2004. Meta-analysis of P300 and P50 wave forms in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 70, 315–329. Chabot, N., Charbonneau, V., et al., 2008. Neurosci Lett. 433, 129–134. Craig, A.D., 2009a. How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 59–70. Craig, A.D., 2009b. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 59–70. García, R., Rojas, F., Puntonet, C., San Román, B., Velázquez, L., Rodríguez, R., 2010. Computer-aided diagnosis of ataxia SCA-2 using a blind source separation algorithm. Cognitive Computation 2, 165–169. Garcia, R.V., Rojas, F., Gonzalez, J., Rojas, I., Velazquez, L., Canales, N., Becerra, R., 2010. Modifications in saccadic pulse and step components in Cuban ataxia SCA2 patients. International Journal of Psychophysiology 77, 249–250. Gian, B., Gianclaudio, C., Thomas, B., Lutz, J., 2008. Modulating presence and impulsiveness by external stimulation of the brain. Behavioral and Brain Functions 4, 33. Isbell, L.A., 2006. Snakes as agents of evolutionary change in primate brains. Journal of human evolution 51, 1–35. Jäger, T., Mecklinger, A., Kipp, K.H., 2006. Neuron 52 (3), 535–545. Khoroshikh, V., Kopeykina, E., Kulikov, G., Ivanova, V., 2012. Neural correlates of the unconscious phonological priming: an ERP study. V. E. Kopeykina, Gennadiy Kulikov, V. Ivanova. 1st Conference of the European Society for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. May 9-12 2012, Marseille, France. Kringelbach, M.L., Berridge, K.C., 2007a. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13 (11), 479–487. Kringelbach, M.L., Berridge, K.C., 2007b. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13, 479–487. Kupers, R., Ptito, M., 2011. Progress In Brain Research. 192, 17–31. Kupers, R., Ricciardi, E., Pietrini, P., Ptito, M., 2011. Frontiers in Psychology 2, 19–29. Leporé, N., Voss, P., et al., 2010. Neuroimage. 49, 134–140. Marinkovic, K., et al., 2007a. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiment Research 33 (11), 1880–1892. Marinkovic, K., Oscar-Berman, M., Urban, T., O'Reilly, C.E., Howard, J.A., Sawyer, K., Harris, G.J., 2007b. Alcoholism and dampened temporal limbic activation to emotional faces. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experiment Research. 33, 1880–1892. Mayes, A., Montaldi, D., Migo, E., 2007. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 11 (3), 126–135. Naatanen, R., Kujala, T., Winkler, I., 2011. Auditory processing that leads to conscious perception: a unique window to central auditory processing opened by the mismatch negativity and related responses. Psychophysiology 48, 4–22. New, J., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., 2007. Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the