- Email: [email protected]
Decolorization of azo dye with Pseudomonas luteola in a membrane bioreactor
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
subsequently can be degraded in a biological process. A mixture of five pesticides (oxamyl, methomyl, imidacloprid, dimethoate and pirimethanyl) was chosen to assess photo-Fenton and biological treatment integration in a two-stage process. Photo-Fenton was conducted using a compound parabolic solar collector in a 50-L pilot plant. The change of wastewater biodegradability at increasing photo-oxidation treatment times was evaluated with the bacteria Pseudomonas putida as a test microorganism (Ballesteros Martín et al., 2008). At a 57% of mineralization by photo-Fenton wastewater was biologically treated in a 6-L stirred tank bioreactor with activated sludge, reaching an overall C-removal efficiency of 94%. Therefore combined solar photo-Fenton and biological system has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for the treatment of wastewaters polluted with a mixture of pesticides.
S675
less susceptibility to IT than that of the planktonic cells sloughed from the non-acclimatized biofilms. The results also showed that biodegradability of IT did not totally relate with the susceptibility of cells to the biocide indicating by minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values. The resistant bacterium to IT was tentatively identified as predominantly of the species Burkholderia cepacia. Due to the severe inhibition of bio-oxidation by the biocide, BOD test was not an appropriate analytical procedure for investigating the efficiency of wastewater treatment units contaminated with the biocide even though adapted seed was used and/or the incubation time was prolonged. References Collier, P.J., Ramsey, A., Waigh, R.D., Douglas, K.T., Austin, P., Gilbert, P., 1990. Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69, 578–584. Laopaiboon, L., Phukoetphim, N., Laopaiboon, P., 2006. Effect of glutaraldehyde biocide on laboratory-scale rotating biological contactors. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 9, 1–12.
Acknowledgements Authors acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CTQ2006-14743-C03-03/PPQ).
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1566
References
VII4-P-070
Ballesteros Martín, M.M., Sánchez Pérez, J.A., Acién Fernández, F.G., Casas López, J.L., García-Ripoll, A.M., Arques, A., Oller, I., Malato Rodríguez, S., 2008. Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for pesticide degradation: effect of photo-treated intermediates on biodegradation kinetics. Chemosphere 70 (8), 1476–1483. Esplugas, S., Ollis, D.F., 1997. Economic aspects of integrated (chemical + biological) processes for water treatment. Journal of Advances in Oxidation Technology 2, 197–202. Gogate, P.R., Pandit, A., 2004. A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Advances in Environmental Research 8, 501–551.
Decolorization of azo dye with Pseudomonas luteola in a membrane bioreactor
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1565 VII4-P-069 Susceptibility of mixed populations in rotating biological contactors to isothiazolone biocide and treatment efficiency of the system Prapaparn Sirikhansaeng 1,∗ , Pattana Vichitphan 1 , Lakkana Laopaiboon 1,2
Laopaiboon 1 , Kanit
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2 Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Sirikhansaeng). Isothiazolone (IT) biocide achieves its biocidal activity by reaction with thiol-containing enzymes (Collier et al., 1990). The effects of IT on treatment efficiency of laboratory-scale rotating biological contactors (RBCs) as well as biocide efficacy were studied. Biofilms were established on the RBCs (Laopaiboon et al., 2006) and then exposed to the synthetic wastewater containing 0 (control) and 6 ppm IT. The results showed that the degree of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biocide degradation of the system depended on hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Acclimatized biofilms could degrade IT via cometabolism using lab-lemco broth as a growth substrate. Biofilms on the discs could retain their microbial activities in the presence of 6 ppm IT, while bio-oxidation of the planktonic cells in the RBCs expressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) was almost totally inhibited in the presence of 0.6 ppm IT. The planktonic cells sloughed from the acclimatized biofilms on IT showed
Jyh-Ping Chen ∗ , Yung-Sheng Lin Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-P. Chen). In this study, Pseudomonas luteola was used in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) employing a cross-flow microfiltration unit for continuous decolorization of Reactive Red 22 azo dye in wastewater (Fan et al., 2006). The influences of biomass loading, feed dye concentration, and feed rate on decolorization efficiency (DE) and overall decolorization rate (ODR) were studied (Chen and Lin, 2007). The DE and ODR increased with the increase in biomass loading until reaching 1 g and a biomass concentration of 2 g/l is the limit in the current system. The DE decreased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate. At a constant feed dye concentration, a higher feeding rate led to a higher dye loading rate, but lowered the retention time and led to incomplete dye decolorization. The amount of dye needed to be processed in a unit time increased with the rise of feed dye concentration when the system was operated at a constant feed rate. Therefore, the increase in either feed dye concentration or feed rate subsequently led to a higher residual dye concentration in the effluent, further decreasing the DE. In contrast, the ODR increased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate. This behavior arises from the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model where reaction rate will be dependent on the residual dye concentration in the bioreactor. A lower DE gave higher residual dye concentrations in the bioreactor, thus resulting in a higher ODR. In conclusion, the DE and ODR were influenced by biomass loading, feed dye concentration, and feed rate for decolorization of azo dye in the MBR. Excess cell loading in the bioreactor with limited working volume would not raise DE and ODR. The ODR increased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate at the expense of DE, which would set a lower limit on the dye concentration in the effluent stream. References Chen, J.P., Lin, Y.S., 2007. Decolorization of azo dye by immobilized Pseudomonas luteola entrapped in alginate-silicate sol-gel beads. Process Biochem. 42, 934–942.
S676
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
Fan, Y., Li, G.L., Wu, M., Yang, O., Dong, C., Xu, H., Fan, W., 2006. Treatment and reuse of toilet wastewater by an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 41, 1364–1370.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1567 VII4-P-071 Enhanced biodecolorization of reactive dyes by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium Hong Liang 1 , Dawen Gao 1,2,∗ 1 School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Water Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (D. Gao). The research and development of treatment technologies for textile wastewater containing reactive dyes is still a tremendous challenge in water pollution control. The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium due to their nonspecific characteristics (John, 1985) in degrading a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants (Blanquez and Guieysse, 2007) such as synthetic dyes (Eichlerova et al., 2007) are becoming promising microorganisms in textile wastewater treatment. Biodecolorization of reactive dyes by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized polyurethane foam carriers was investigated in agitated Erlenmeyer flasks. Results showed that high and stable degrees of decolorization of 95% were achieved in the immobilized system only after incubating Phanerochaete chrysosporium for 2 days, which is 15% higher than what were achieved in the free suspended culture for 5 days. The maximum activity of MnP was 915.62 U/L in the immobilized culture, compared with 324.90 U/L in the suspended culture. Moreover, the consumption of carbon and nitrogen substrates in the immobilized culture was more rapid than that in the free suspended culture. So, we propose that the enhanced biodecolorization of reactive dyes in immobilized culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is due to the increased activity of MnP caused by carbon and nitrogen substrates in the fast consuming culture.
much stricter than present national discharge standard which is 450 mg/l. In order to meet the stricter national and local discharge standards of paper-making wastewater in China, MBR (membrane bio-reactor) has been put more attention as one of the promising treatment technologies in which microbe character of activated sludge acts an important role in COD removal rate and membrane fouling (Huang et al., 2000). This study adopted MBR to replace the second sediment in pulp-making wastewater treatment to approach a high removal rate of COD and explore the microbe character variation of activated sludge in MBR compared with that in the second sediment. The results showed that the active sludge in MBR had obvious differences in appearance under electron microscope, SMP, EPS, grain size dispersity and OUR (Meng et al., 2006), compared with the activated sludge in the second sediment; meanwhile, during 100 days stead running, more than 45% COD was removed, and membrane fouling could be controlled though chemical cleaning when the activated sludge concentration was lower than 8 mg/l. It is concluded that MBR can be used to replace the second sediment in deeply pulp-making wastewater treating system (Stephen et al., 2000) when operation parameters are correctly controlled. References Huang, X., Liu, R., Qian, Y., 2000. Behavior of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 36, 394–402. Meng, F.G., Zhang, H.M., Yu, L.S., Yang, F.L., Li, Y.S., Zhang, X.W., 2006. Effect of activated sludge properties on short term membrane fouling in submerged membrane based on statistical analysis. Environ. Sci. 27, 1348–1352. Stephen, T., Judd, S., Jefferson, B., Brindle, K., 2000. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment. WA Publishing, London, UK.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1569 VII4-YP-006 Effect of a pairing microbe to Geobacter sulfurreducens start up in microbial fuel cells Xiaoxin Cao ∗ , Fang Zhang, Mingzhi Fan, Peng Liang, Xia Huang Division of Water Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Cao).
References Blanquez, P., Guieysse, B., 2007. Biodegradation of estrogenic compounds by white rot fungi. J. Biotechnol. 131, S244–S245. Eichlerova, I., Homolka, L., Benada, O., et al., 2007. Decolorization of Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R by the white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens: toxicological evaluation and morphological study. Chemosphere 69, 795–802. John, A.B., 1985. Oxidation of persistent environmental pollutants by a white rot fungus. Science 228, 1434–1436.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1568 VII4-P-072 Microbe character of active sludge in mbr adopted for pulpmaking wastewater treatment Ming Ji Environmental Science & Engineering Academy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) utilizes the catalytic activity of electricigen for efficient conversion of a variety of organic substances to electricity (Lovley, 2006). Following inoculation in anode chamber, there is usually a start-up period before power production reaching the first maximum. Mixed culture with shorter start-up period than pure culture is usually observed in similar condition (Cheng and Logan, 2007; Logan and Regan, 2006). In this paper, model systems comprised of a facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli and an obligate anaerobic electricigen Geobacter sulfurreducens were constructed to elucidate the mechanism of the start-up difference. In batch experiments using “H” typed MFCs with ferricyanide as the catholyte, the start-up period of the binary system was 5 h while that of the sole G. sulfurreducens system was 24 h. The reduction of start-up time in binary system was found to be reproducible in additional tests. Attachment of electricigen to anode surface was the first step in start up of MFC. Biomass measurement with lipid phosphorous as the index showed that hydraulic stir led to the initial attachment of bacteria. E. coli addition lowered the proportion of G. sulfurreducens in anode chamber thus resulted in the decrease of biomass attached
E-mail address: [email protected]. The discharge standard of COD in pulp-making wastewater will be limited lower than 100 mg/l in 2010 in Shandong province, it is
∗ Corresponding author.
subsequently can be degraded in a biological process. A mixture of five pesticides (oxamyl, methomyl, imidacloprid, dimethoate and pirimethanyl) was chosen to assess photo-Fenton and biological treatment integration in a two-stage process. Photo-Fenton was conducted using a compound parabolic solar collector in a 50-L pilot plant. The change of wastewater biodegradability at increasing photo-oxidation treatment times was evaluated with the bacteria Pseudomonas putida as a test microorganism (Ballesteros Martín et al., 2008). At a 57% of mineralization by photo-Fenton wastewater was biologically treated in a 6-L stirred tank bioreactor with activated sludge, reaching an overall C-removal efficiency of 94%. Therefore combined solar photo-Fenton and biological system has been demonstrated to be an effective approach for the treatment of wastewaters polluted with a mixture of pesticides.
S675
less susceptibility to IT than that of the planktonic cells sloughed from the non-acclimatized biofilms. The results also showed that biodegradability of IT did not totally relate with the susceptibility of cells to the biocide indicating by minimum lethal concentration (MLC) values. The resistant bacterium to IT was tentatively identified as predominantly of the species Burkholderia cepacia. Due to the severe inhibition of bio-oxidation by the biocide, BOD test was not an appropriate analytical procedure for investigating the efficiency of wastewater treatment units contaminated with the biocide even though adapted seed was used and/or the incubation time was prolonged. References Collier, P.J., Ramsey, A., Waigh, R.D., Douglas, K.T., Austin, P., Gilbert, P., 1990. Chemical reactivity of some isothiazolone biocides. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 69, 578–584. Laopaiboon, L., Phukoetphim, N., Laopaiboon, P., 2006. Effect of glutaraldehyde biocide on laboratory-scale rotating biological contactors. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 9, 1–12.
Acknowledgements Authors acknowledge the financial support of Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (CTQ2006-14743-C03-03/PPQ).
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1566
References
VII4-P-070
Ballesteros Martín, M.M., Sánchez Pérez, J.A., Acién Fernández, F.G., Casas López, J.L., García-Ripoll, A.M., Arques, A., Oller, I., Malato Rodríguez, S., 2008. Combined photo-Fenton and biological oxidation for pesticide degradation: effect of photo-treated intermediates on biodegradation kinetics. Chemosphere 70 (8), 1476–1483. Esplugas, S., Ollis, D.F., 1997. Economic aspects of integrated (chemical + biological) processes for water treatment. Journal of Advances in Oxidation Technology 2, 197–202. Gogate, P.R., Pandit, A., 2004. A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Advances in Environmental Research 8, 501–551.
Decolorization of azo dye with Pseudomonas luteola in a membrane bioreactor
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1565 VII4-P-069 Susceptibility of mixed populations in rotating biological contactors to isothiazolone biocide and treatment efficiency of the system Prapaparn Sirikhansaeng 1,∗ , Pattana Vichitphan 1 , Lakkana Laopaiboon 1,2
Laopaiboon 1 , Kanit
1
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand 2 Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Sirikhansaeng). Isothiazolone (IT) biocide achieves its biocidal activity by reaction with thiol-containing enzymes (Collier et al., 1990). The effects of IT on treatment efficiency of laboratory-scale rotating biological contactors (RBCs) as well as biocide efficacy were studied. Biofilms were established on the RBCs (Laopaiboon et al., 2006) and then exposed to the synthetic wastewater containing 0 (control) and 6 ppm IT. The results showed that the degree of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biocide degradation of the system depended on hydraulic loading rate (HLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Acclimatized biofilms could degrade IT via cometabolism using lab-lemco broth as a growth substrate. Biofilms on the discs could retain their microbial activities in the presence of 6 ppm IT, while bio-oxidation of the planktonic cells in the RBCs expressed as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ) was almost totally inhibited in the presence of 0.6 ppm IT. The planktonic cells sloughed from the acclimatized biofilms on IT showed
Jyh-Ping Chen ∗ , Yung-Sheng Lin Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan E-mail address: [email protected] (J.-P. Chen). In this study, Pseudomonas luteola was used in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) employing a cross-flow microfiltration unit for continuous decolorization of Reactive Red 22 azo dye in wastewater (Fan et al., 2006). The influences of biomass loading, feed dye concentration, and feed rate on decolorization efficiency (DE) and overall decolorization rate (ODR) were studied (Chen and Lin, 2007). The DE and ODR increased with the increase in biomass loading until reaching 1 g and a biomass concentration of 2 g/l is the limit in the current system. The DE decreased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate. At a constant feed dye concentration, a higher feeding rate led to a higher dye loading rate, but lowered the retention time and led to incomplete dye decolorization. The amount of dye needed to be processed in a unit time increased with the rise of feed dye concentration when the system was operated at a constant feed rate. Therefore, the increase in either feed dye concentration or feed rate subsequently led to a higher residual dye concentration in the effluent, further decreasing the DE. In contrast, the ODR increased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate. This behavior arises from the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model where reaction rate will be dependent on the residual dye concentration in the bioreactor. A lower DE gave higher residual dye concentrations in the bioreactor, thus resulting in a higher ODR. In conclusion, the DE and ODR were influenced by biomass loading, feed dye concentration, and feed rate for decolorization of azo dye in the MBR. Excess cell loading in the bioreactor with limited working volume would not raise DE and ODR. The ODR increased with increasing feed dye concentration and feed rate at the expense of DE, which would set a lower limit on the dye concentration in the effluent stream. References Chen, J.P., Lin, Y.S., 2007. Decolorization of azo dye by immobilized Pseudomonas luteola entrapped in alginate-silicate sol-gel beads. Process Biochem. 42, 934–942.
S676
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
Fan, Y., Li, G.L., Wu, M., Yang, O., Dong, C., Xu, H., Fan, W., 2006. Treatment and reuse of toilet wastewater by an airlift external circulation membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 41, 1364–1370.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1567 VII4-P-071 Enhanced biodecolorization of reactive dyes by immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium Hong Liang 1 , Dawen Gao 1,2,∗ 1 School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Water Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (D. Gao). The research and development of treatment technologies for textile wastewater containing reactive dyes is still a tremendous challenge in water pollution control. The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium due to their nonspecific characteristics (John, 1985) in degrading a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants (Blanquez and Guieysse, 2007) such as synthetic dyes (Eichlerova et al., 2007) are becoming promising microorganisms in textile wastewater treatment. Biodecolorization of reactive dyes by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized polyurethane foam carriers was investigated in agitated Erlenmeyer flasks. Results showed that high and stable degrees of decolorization of 95% were achieved in the immobilized system only after incubating Phanerochaete chrysosporium for 2 days, which is 15% higher than what were achieved in the free suspended culture for 5 days. The maximum activity of MnP was 915.62 U/L in the immobilized culture, compared with 324.90 U/L in the suspended culture. Moreover, the consumption of carbon and nitrogen substrates in the immobilized culture was more rapid than that in the free suspended culture. So, we propose that the enhanced biodecolorization of reactive dyes in immobilized culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium is due to the increased activity of MnP caused by carbon and nitrogen substrates in the fast consuming culture.
much stricter than present national discharge standard which is 450 mg/l. In order to meet the stricter national and local discharge standards of paper-making wastewater in China, MBR (membrane bio-reactor) has been put more attention as one of the promising treatment technologies in which microbe character of activated sludge acts an important role in COD removal rate and membrane fouling (Huang et al., 2000). This study adopted MBR to replace the second sediment in pulp-making wastewater treatment to approach a high removal rate of COD and explore the microbe character variation of activated sludge in MBR compared with that in the second sediment. The results showed that the active sludge in MBR had obvious differences in appearance under electron microscope, SMP, EPS, grain size dispersity and OUR (Meng et al., 2006), compared with the activated sludge in the second sediment; meanwhile, during 100 days stead running, more than 45% COD was removed, and membrane fouling could be controlled though chemical cleaning when the activated sludge concentration was lower than 8 mg/l. It is concluded that MBR can be used to replace the second sediment in deeply pulp-making wastewater treating system (Stephen et al., 2000) when operation parameters are correctly controlled. References Huang, X., Liu, R., Qian, Y., 2000. Behavior of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochem. 36, 394–402. Meng, F.G., Zhang, H.M., Yu, L.S., Yang, F.L., Li, Y.S., Zhang, X.W., 2006. Effect of activated sludge properties on short term membrane fouling in submerged membrane based on statistical analysis. Environ. Sci. 27, 1348–1352. Stephen, T., Judd, S., Jefferson, B., Brindle, K., 2000. Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment. WA Publishing, London, UK.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1569 VII4-YP-006 Effect of a pairing microbe to Geobacter sulfurreducens start up in microbial fuel cells Xiaoxin Cao ∗ , Fang Zhang, Mingzhi Fan, Peng Liang, Xia Huang Division of Water Environment, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China E-mail address: [email protected] (X. Cao).
References Blanquez, P., Guieysse, B., 2007. Biodegradation of estrogenic compounds by white rot fungi. J. Biotechnol. 131, S244–S245. Eichlerova, I., Homolka, L., Benada, O., et al., 2007. Decolorization of Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R by the white rot fungus Dichomitus squalens: toxicological evaluation and morphological study. Chemosphere 69, 795–802. John, A.B., 1985. Oxidation of persistent environmental pollutants by a white rot fungus. Science 228, 1434–1436.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1568 VII4-P-072 Microbe character of active sludge in mbr adopted for pulpmaking wastewater treatment Ming Ji Environmental Science & Engineering Academy, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) utilizes the catalytic activity of electricigen for efficient conversion of a variety of organic substances to electricity (Lovley, 2006). Following inoculation in anode chamber, there is usually a start-up period before power production reaching the first maximum. Mixed culture with shorter start-up period than pure culture is usually observed in similar condition (Cheng and Logan, 2007; Logan and Regan, 2006). In this paper, model systems comprised of a facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli and an obligate anaerobic electricigen Geobacter sulfurreducens were constructed to elucidate the mechanism of the start-up difference. In batch experiments using “H” typed MFCs with ferricyanide as the catholyte, the start-up period of the binary system was 5 h while that of the sole G. sulfurreducens system was 24 h. The reduction of start-up time in binary system was found to be reproducible in additional tests. Attachment of electricigen to anode surface was the first step in start up of MFC. Biomass measurement with lipid phosphorous as the index showed that hydraulic stir led to the initial attachment of bacteria. E. coli addition lowered the proportion of G. sulfurreducens in anode chamber thus resulted in the decrease of biomass attached
E-mail address: [email protected]. The discharge standard of COD in pulp-making wastewater will be limited lower than 100 mg/l in 2010 in Shandong province, it is
∗ Corresponding author.