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Dengue Epidemiology: Virus Epidemiology, Ecology, and Emergence
ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL 61
DENGUE EPIDEMIOLOGY: VIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EMERGENCE Stephen J. Thomas,* Daniel Strickman, and David W. Vaughn` *Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok, Thailand Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 `Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland 20910
I. II. III. IV.
V.
VI. VII. VIII. IX.
Introduction History Clinical Description Pathophysiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever A. Immune System B. Viral Genotype C. Race, Gender, Age, and Health Status Geographical Distribution A. Americas B. Africa C. Pacific Region D. South and Southeast Asia E. Europe, Mediterranean, and the Middle East Ecology of Dengue from a Biological Perspective Control of DF/DHF by Management of the Mosquito Vector Future Prospects Conclusion References
I. INTRODUCTION Dengue is an expanding public health problem in the tropics and subtropics. Reports suggest 2.5 billion people are at risk for dengue (Gibbons and Vaughn, 2002; Gubler, 1998) with up to 100 million dengue virus infections each year (Halstead, 1988), and more than 60,000 reported deaths to date (Halstead, 1998). Dengue occurs in Central and South America, South and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific regions. While few autochthonous cases have been reported in the United States since the 1940s, there have been recent outbreaks in Texas, Florida, and Hawaii (Anonymous, 2002a; Gill et al., 2000; Rawlings et al., 1998). Given the current pandemic status of dengue, it is clear that vector control is not generally applied with 235
Copyright 2003, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0065-3527/03 $35.00
DENGUE EPIDEMIOLOGY: VIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EMERGENCE Stephen J. Thomas,* Daniel Strickman, and David W. Vaughn` *Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences Bangkok, Thailand Department of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 `Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland 20910
I. II. III. IV.
V.
VI. VII. VIII. IX.
Introduction History Clinical Description Pathophysiology of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever A. Immune System B. Viral Genotype C. Race, Gender, Age, and Health Status Geographical Distribution A. Americas B. Africa C. Pacific Region D. South and Southeast Asia E. Europe, Mediterranean, and the Middle East Ecology of Dengue from a Biological Perspective Control of DF/DHF by Management of the Mosquito Vector Future Prospects Conclusion References
I. INTRODUCTION Dengue is an expanding public health problem in the tropics and subtropics. Reports suggest 2.5 billion people are at risk for dengue (Gibbons and Vaughn, 2002; Gubler, 1998) with up to 100 million dengue virus infections each year (Halstead, 1988), and more than 60,000 reported deaths to date (Halstead, 1998). Dengue occurs in Central and South America, South and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific regions. While few autochthonous cases have been reported in the United States since the 1940s, there have been recent outbreaks in Texas, Florida, and Hawaii (Anonymous, 2002a; Gill et al., 2000; Rawlings et al., 1998). Given the current pandemic status of dengue, it is clear that vector control is not generally applied with 235
Copyright 2003, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 0065-3527/03 $35.00