Der Weizengürtel in südwestaustralien. anbau und siedlung an der trockengrenze

Geoforum

108

more work still needs to be accomplished.

PERLOFF

Rather

werden auf jeden Fall kommen,

its usefulness is to be measured

marily in the pioneering has drawn together implications

pri-

way D. HEROLD

a number

for political

wei

of broad

geographers

obvious. Take for example

statement

that the Vergro&riidterung

done valuable adequately

ANDERSON,

For instance,

that big cities in the

states. Despite

however,

the author

by political

Honor&. M. CATUDAL,

of Agriculture

Modern

Geography

has

geographers. Minn.

RFF forum 13-14

held in Washington

April,

1972.

for the Future,

The Johns Hopkins

has suffered

with ‘King Cotton’,

Die Autoren

sind Stadtplaner,

Nationalokonomen, Namen

darunter

so

wie REPS, Verfasser

juristen,

des

Buches The making R.C. WEAVER,

plantation

vormals Minister

popular

misconceptions

then

darunter

Bodeneigentums,

Gedlchtnis,

fi_ir eine bessere

-

wie viele kolonialzeitliche

Sied-

lungen in der Neuen Welt auf der Basis kommunalen

Bodeneigentums

The Southeastern

quadrant

zoning policy,

Subventionierung

lichen Wohnungsbaues, Gettobildung,

des offent-

Segregation

Besteuerung

Hauseigentum,

Verlagerung

staatsebene

der Zustandig

auf Regional-

zugunsten

und

von Boden- und

keiten in Planungsangelegenheiten Gemeindeebene

-,

von der

und Einzel-

lbergeordneter

Planungsvorstellungen.

conditions,

tourism,

industrial

and agricultural

and quaternary the cropland

United

and capitalized;

techniques

have shrunk

and become more diverse, with cotton,

and rearing of

hogs and poultry.

Some agricul-

aus-

the boll weevil, 1892-1920. been gradual,

including

crops by

Others have

reclamation

of damp,

expansion

is the documenfor, the spatial

of wheat farming

west of Western Australia 1900

to 1968,

expansion Drawing

in the south

over the period

with some forecasts of future

beyond

the latter date.

upon the detailed

DAHLKE

historical

and processes of the

land for soybeans and corn on the

evolution

Carolinas’

coastal plain, and for citrus fruit

reflected

in Florida.

The legacy of soil erosion from

rapid expansion

clean-tilled

cotton

ment beginning in 1900

production

is certainly to this

farmers have converted

land to pastures, cover crops and timber, with the Federal government

supporting

61 % of the Southeast,

ihrem Resiimee sprechen CLAWSON

under crops, and 10 % under grass. The

conservation

measures. Timber

now covers

with a further

20 %

depart-

Professor

recognises four periods during

which the patterns

low-lying

gesprochen, urn die Fehlentwicklungen der Vergangenheit nicht weiter fortzusetzen. In und

The aim of this dissertation

ments and his field experience

of cotton

maps,

DM 62,~

following

devastation

Wissen, Verlag.

records of the various government

serious, but the land area devoted

und Empfehlungen

Franz Steiner

tural changes have been rapid, such as those

crop has declined,

offengelegt

for

giving way to maize, groundnuts,

beef cattle,

Erdkundliches

Vol. 34. 275 pp., 71 figs., 4 folded tables. Wiesbaden:

in

und Siedlung an

tation of, and explanation

The old crop belts,

earlier in the century,

Der Weizengihtel

Anbau

have

have been

da8 in allen Fragen kiinfti-

Politik

are less

yields from cash products

improved.

has

farms are

workers

J. (1973):

Siidwestaustralien. der Trockengrenze.

States

since World War II; farming

fewer but larger; agricultural

example,

DAHLKE,

modernization.

parts of the country

numerous;

have

in

development,

the rise of tertiary

activities,

century

by and reflected

vieles in Flu13 geraten der bisherigen

London

but important

ES wird deutlich,

Es werden die Schwachen

photo-

graphs.

States in terms of social, economic

ger Bodenpolitik

ist.

and in

maps with 3.5 cm margins to

Hugh CLOUT,

lagged behind many other parts of the

soybeans, fruit and timber

entstanden

and cultural

agriculture

This is not always the case for the detailed quantitative

and Arkansas.

recognized

REPS ruft uns ins

index. The author’s verbal

either side, or the black-and-white

stretching to Louisiana

greatly

Fragen des Gffentli-

change

South-

and West Virginia

United

sales,

are not synthesized

many other aspects of regional life is clear.

in his

from Virginia

risen; and cultivation Es geht urn die Grundlagen

corrects

analysis of recent agricultural

been mechanized

und PERLOFF.

income characteristics) by a typological

mansions,

parameters

farm size, agricultural

progress in Southeastern

has declined

fiir Woh-

tenure,

Professor ANDERSON

surface of the Southeastern

CLAWSON

(land-use,

Census of Agri-

individual

countryside.

As in other

of urban America,

nungsbau und Stadtentwicklung,

Stadtplanung,

in too many minds

Unfortunately

message of social, economic

urbanization,

Planungsmo’glich-

in this

production

proposes a

in the region, mapping on a county

basis data from the 1964 culture.

on

change, depicts

shacks, and erosion-devastated

been both provoked

im Zu-

typology

estates.

presents

influences

agricultural

sharecropper

and cultural

acht Beitrage zu einem

mit kiinftigen

agricultural succinctly

the land-use mosaic, summarizes

by many

particularly

changes during the past quarter

iiber Bodenrechtsfragen

sammenhang

bekannte

D.C.,

Inc. 248 pp., 6 figs., 6 tables.

Der Band enthalt

keiten.

at an

US# 11.00.

Symposion

is still cluttered

eastern and Delta subdivisions,

Published for Resources

Baltimore/London: PressX5.25.

The old plantations,

for major crops, and finally

DM 16,60.

in the states of the Appalachian,

Modernizing

Southeastern

regional images. The American

Southeast

detailed

Urban Land Policy. Papers presented

Kiado.

respect, being associated

Jr., Collegeville,

M., Hrsg. (1973):

uses. This trend will

in the future.

inter- and intra-regional

A Geography

in the United States’

Akademiai

numerous

CLAWSON,

and transportation

136 pp., 10 tables, 28 figs.

antiquated

spade work in a field not

explored

Berlin

J. R. (1973):

Southeast. Budapest:

power and bases for the

these shortcomings,

large areas of farm-

Professor ANDERSON

must be seen not only

of national

HOFMEISTER,

accelerate

of the west” but as major

development

increases involving pastures In addition,

as large, capital-intensive

many of his con-

as “windows

compensatory and timber.

the

zed world.

centers of political

decreasing since 194.5 and

associated with slaves and sharecropping, have disappeared but neo-plantations survive

in the industriali-

countries

has not stabilized,

with cropland

land have been taken for urban, industrial

process is most advanced

review the proposition

Art

Resultat.

are

somewhat

developing

genau, wann, von welcher

On the

one hand, some of his observations

clusions are hardly original.

region’s land-use pattern

aber noch

and Burkhard

here, however.

On the other,

niemand

und mit welchem

students of big cities alike. There are problems

es klar aus: Veranderungen

20/74

of the wheat-farming some homogeneity.

landscape From the

of agricultural

land settle-

until the end of the

First World War he sees a period of pioneer land use; from

1919

to 1930

is identified

a period of both consolidation and expansion

as

of existing

into new areas; the world

depression ushered in a period of economic and political crises and attempted solutions from

1931

to 1945;

while from

1946

to

Geoforum

20/74

1968 is recognised to be a period of intensification of settlement and renewed expansion of the wheat-farming frontier. Within each of these periods the initial historical and geographical control of agriculture in general and wheat-farming in particular is first examined, and then the changes in patterns of wheat production outlined. The explanations for these dynamic trends are sought subsequently in the relationships between contemporary attitudes and official policies towards the role of agriculture in the settlement process; the state of technology and its relevance to the evaluation of the natural resources, particularly of climate and soils; and the various economic constraints, including accessibility to transport routes, the price of the new lands and the permitted sizes of the farms. Finally, the relative importance of these variables is considered and a summary map of the spatial framework and the interrelationship particularly between evalued soil quality and accessibility to railroads, is used as basis for a concluding statement on the spatial dynamics of each period. As Professor DAHLKE so aptly displays, the spread of wheat-farming in Western Australia reflects a complex interplay between socio-political attitudes, available knowledge of the environment and the limited technological capacity to exploit that knowledge. The whole complex is seen to have changed not only in response to internal forces - particularly the environmental learning process - but also in response to external pressures - particularly the world wheat market. With Professor DAHLKE’s study the complex background to the pattern of twentieth century wheatfarming in Western Australia is illuminated and it is now possible to compare the broad sequences of trial and error, advances and retreats, which have marked wheat farming here with not only other areas of Australia (as with D. W. MEINIG’s On the Margins of the Good Earth, t 962) but other parts of the New World, particularly Canada (W.L.G. jOERG and W.A. MACKINTOSH, eds., Canadian Frontiers of Settlement, 9 vols, 1936, and K. LENZ, Die Prtirieprovinren Kunadas, 1965) and the United States (J.C. MALIN’s Winter Wheat in Kansas, 1944 and D.W. MEINIG’s The Great Columbia Plain, 1968).

The broad brush and concentration upon official sources evident in DAHLKE’s work leave questions of local detail and the decision-making processes at individual farmer levels often obscure, but the overall framework is there both for comparison with the international patterns of wheat farming and as a starting point for more.detailed investigations of the ways by which official

109

policies and economic constraints were interpreted and coped with at the local community and farm level. The scrub has been cleared and the first good harvest reaped with the promise of more to come. R.L. HEATHCOTE,

Adelaide

SCHLEGEL, W. (1973): Der Weinbau in der Schweiz. Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung, Bd. VI. 257 S., 35 Abb., 2 Faltkarten, 38 Tab. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Veriag, DM 96,-. Der Verfasser versucht, den Weinbau der Schweiz in Wnf Hauptkapiteln zu beschreiben und zu erklaren. Nach einer kurzen Einfirhrung (3 5.) werden die natiirlichen Grundlagen des Rebbaus aufgezeichnet (19 S.). Der dritte Teil ist der Geschichte von der vorromischen Zeit bis in die Gegenwart gewidmet (46 5.); der vierte Teil behandelt die Weinkultur der Gegenwart (21 S.), und der letzte Teil charakterisiert abschliel3end die Hauptanbaugebiete (110 S.). Wie aus der einleitenden Problemstellung hervorgeht, war der Verfasser bestrebt, das raumwirtschaftliche Phanomen ,,Rebbau” unter sdrkerer Betonung der funktionalen und sozialgeographischen Betrachtungsweise zu untersuchen. Angesichts der Materialfiille bieten die im traditionellen Rahmen gehaltenen Teile 2 und 3 einen verl~8lichen prop;ideutischen Uberblick. Der vierteqeii gibt eine straffe, aber notwendige K&rung der marktwirtschaftlichen und wirtschaftspolitischen Situation (Weinmarkt, friihere staatliche Eingriffe, Landwirtschaftsgesetz und Weinstatut), deren Analyse wesentlich zum Verst;indnis der heutigen Produktionsrlume beitrzgt. Vielleicht ware es an dieser Steile ratsam gewesen, die Stellung des Rebbaues im Gesamtrahmen der Schweizer Volkswirtschaft zu kennzeichnen. Der ftinfte Teil, such in bezug auf die Seitenzahl gewichtig, verdient eine besondere kritische Aufmerksamkeit. Vorerst ist der regionalen Aufteilung der Weinbaugebjete und deren exemplarischer Darstellung beizupflichten. Ebenso seien die dokumentarischen Angaben, so die Landnutzungskarten, die illustrativen Diagramme der Bodennutzungssysteme (Abb. 16) und die graph&hen Darstellungen der Rebbauernbetriebe (Abb. 18) als positive Leistungen hervorgehoben. Leider fehlen hier aber z.B. graphische Belege fur den in der Einleitung angekbndigten funktions- und sozialrfumlichen Ansatz. Wohl werden die sozialiikonomischen Hintergriinde der Rebnutzung (z.B. S. 1.52) und die ebenso hinterg~ndigen Grundbesi~fragen gelegentlich angel&t; es kommt jedoch kaum zu einem systematischen Einbezug dieser Betrachtungsweise. Wenn man urn die Standortkonkur-

renz des Reblandes mit exkfusiven Wohnlagen wei8, oder urn die variantenreichen Ubergange vom Eigentiimer-Rebbau zum Regiebetrieb staatlicher oder agrarfremder Besitzer bis zu den Freizeit-Winzern, dann bedauert man, da8 nicht explizite versucht worden ist, die Schweizer Rebgebiete wenigstens im Uberblick nicht nur naturAumlich sondern such nach den mannigfathen kulturraumlichen Strukturen zu ordnen. Vielleicht hatte sich dann die etwas ungliickliche Grobgliederung der Schweizer Weinbaugebiete vermeiden lassen (Base1 gehiirt nicht zur ,,Ostschweiz”, S. 121 - ,,Nordschweiz“ hatte sich wohl als zutreffenderer Regionalbegriff angeboten; das &eland”, S. 142, wurde entgegen den einheimischen Gepflogenheiten bis nach Neuenburg und in die Waadt ausgedehnt; da8 das italienische Veltlin in eine Darstellung der Schweizer Rebgebiete Eingang gefunden hat, wird der Schweizer wohl mit leisem Schmunzeln registrieren). Des weiteren seien die einleitenden Kapitel LU den vier GroBregionen insofern kritisch hervorgehoben, als sie sich wegen ihrer ungleichen Textgliederung nicht sehr zum Quervergleich eignen. Trotz der zahlreichen Einwendungen, zu denen ein Pionierwerk wie das vorliegende zwangslaufig Anlag gibt, seien abschliel3end die Bemiihungen von W. SCHLEGEL ebenso deutlich anerkannt. Aufgrund einer Uberfiilte von Tatsachen auf wenig beackertem Wissensfeld hat der Verfasser einen weiterWhrenden Beitrag zu einem wichtigen Teilaspekt des Schweizer Agrarraumes erarbeitet. Damit ist vorauszusehen, da13der Schweizer Weinbau zu vertiefter geographischer Auseinandersetzung anregen dbrfte. W.A. GALLUSSER,

Base1

ALBRECHT, R. (1972): Landwirtschaft geht neue Wege. 360 pp., 32 photos. Frankfurt: SocietHts-Verlag DM 22,~ Writing a kaleidoscopic work as the present presupposes a thorough knowledge of e. g. practical agriculture, biology, biochemistry, biophysics, nuclear physics, history, geography, meteorology, climatology, glaciology, oceanography, hydrology, methods of preservation, pollution, combating of diseases, etc. But nobody is an expert in all these fields, and one may doubt e. g. the correctness of the overwhelming number of figures. Spot tests justify the doubt. Thus the glacial cover of Scandinavia during the Ice Age is stated as 100 meters, and the number of cultivated plants to 100. Some of the historical information differs from the views of the historians. The num-