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Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
I. Duarte, R. Lazzarini, C. Kobata, and A. Rotter
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Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
Editor’s note: The adverse effects of many drugs that are used to treat some skin diseases are covered in other chapters; for example, monoclonal antibodies in Chapter 37 and non-topical corticosteroids in Chapter 39. Vitamin A (carotenoids) is covered in Chapter 34.
COSMETICS
granulomatous reactions at the sites of injection. These reactions develop within a few months to several years after the procedure. A 48-year-old woman with pulmonary sarcoi
dosis had cosmetic filler injections of Arte colls over both lateral eyebrows, the left zygoma, and the left cheek, and 5 years later developed nodules at the injection sites (2A). A biopsy from a nodule was consistent with both cutaneous sarcoid and a foreign-body granulomatous reaction to the locally injected material.
Of 50 cases of suspected allergy to cos metics most of the men were aged 41–50 years whereas most of the women were aged 21–30 years (1A). Contact dermatitis was confirmed in 38 cases by patch testing. Of 2531 patches, 95 had positive reactions (Table 1).
This case emphasizes that the detection of foreign material within cutaneous granulomas does not exclude sarcoidosis and particularly illustrates that the foreign material in Artecolls facial cosmetic filler can act as a stimulus for cutaneous sarcoidal granulomas in susceptible patients.
Artecolls
Eyelash tint
Artecolls is a permanent synthetic cos metic filler substance, composed of 80% bovine collagen and 20% polymethylacry late. It is used for augmentation of deep wrinkles and is injected subdermally. The collagen is biodegradable with 2–4 months; however, the polymethylacrylate microspheres are non-biodegradable and long-lasting cosmetic effects are achieved. There have been reports of
Ocular argyrosis has been reported after repeated exposure to silver-containing com pounds, usually from topical medicinal solutions or occupational exposure. Three women developed ocular argyrosis after long-term self-application of an eyelash tint (Revlon Professional Roux Lash and Brow Tint; Colomber USA Corp, New York, New York, USA) (3A). There were various degrees of silver deposition on the upper eyelids, lid margins, caruncles, and con junctivae, and diffuse deposits in Desceme tus membrane. In certain circumstances, conjunctival argyrosis can simulate benign and malignant lesions, including conjuncti val melanoma.
Side Effects of Drugs, Annual 31 J.K. Aronson (Editor) ISSN: 0378-6080 DOI: 10.1016/S0378-6080(09)03114-6 r 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Table 1 Positive reactions to various cosmetic ingredients in 50 Indian patients Ingredient
Number with a positive patch test
Gallate mix Cetrimide Thiomersal Paraphenylenediamine Parabens Fragrance mix Quarternium Triethanolamine Tert butylhydroquinone Stearyl alcohol Polyoxyethylene sorbital oleate Benzyl salicylate Jasmine synthetic Imidazolidinyl urea Polyethylene glycol Butylated hydroxyanisole Kathon CG Propylene glycol
20 14 10 7 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I. Duarte, R. Lazzarini, C. Kobata, and A. Rotter
mid-term adverse effects such as exogenous ochronosis and leukoderma en confetti, irritant reactions, and allergic reactions (5R). Long-term adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity have only been demonstrated in animals. A 27-year-old woman used different bleach
ing creams on her face and developed palpable circumscribed, erythematous, tumid, plaques. Patch testing with the German standard series, preservative series, ointment bases, cosmetic products, and the Pigmanorm series (Louis Widmer GmbH, Rheinfelden, Germany) were performed. There were delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to nickel, para-phenylenediamine, cobalt chlor ide, and Pigmanorm. All the substances in Pigmanorm were tested and there was a positive reaction to hydroquinone.
The authors diagnosed lymphocytic infiltration of Jessner-Kanof as a result of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to hydroquinone (6A).
Talc (See also Chapter 49) Hyaluronic acid Hyaluronic acid-based skin fillers have been used since about 1995 in Europe. These substances are used in the nasolabial lines, for lip augmentation, and for treatment of atrophic scars. Some of the thinner, less viscous hyaluronic acid fillers have been used in the forehead, periorbital areas, and glabelar lines. A product called Restylane SubQ (Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden) is a larger molecule than Restylane or Perlane (Q-Med) and this difference increases its thickness and viscosity (4A). Its adverse effects are transient bruising and swelling. Extrusion from the subdermal space and mobility of the material, transient hema toma are also described. Other complica tions described are injury to nerves and vessels, persistent swelling, seroma, and misplacement of the injectable material.
Hydroquinone Hydroquinone has been used in skin-bleach ing formulations for the treatment of hyperpigmentation and can cause short- and
Application of talc to wounds (erosions, ulcers) or crusting and/or exudative derma tosis can give rise to scab formation, infection, and foreign body granulomas in the dermis (7A). Over several months a 7-year-old boy devel
oped multiple papulopustular and erythema tous papular scaly lesions with an inflammatory base on his face. A biopsy showed a dense inflammatory granuloma with abundant epithelioid cells mixed with giant multinuclear cells, abundant lymphocytes, and histiocytes. His mother remembered that 6 months before she had applied an antipruritic powder on exudative lesions caused by Varicella to relieve intense itching in the area.
HAIR DYES Tumorigenicity Previous studies have sug gested an association between the use of hair dyes and some cancers (SED-15, 1573; SEDA-30, 182). The risk of lymphoid malignancies asso ciated with personal use of hair dyes has been studied in a case–control study of 2302
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
cases of lymphoid neoplasms and 2417 controls from the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain (1998– 2003) (8C). Hair dyes were used by 74% of women and 7% of men. The risk of lymphoma among dye users was signifi cantly increased by 19% compared with never use (OR ¼ 1.19; 95% CI ¼ 1.00, 1.41) and by 26% among persons who used hair dyes 12 or more times per year (OR ¼ 1.26; 95% CI ¼ 1.00, 1.60). The risk was significantly higher among those who had started coloring their hair before 1980 (OR ¼ 1.37; 95% CI ¼ 1.09, 1.72) and those who had used hair dyes only before 1980 (OR ¼ 1.62; 95% CI ¼ 1.10, 2.40). The association between the use of synthetic hair dyes and the risk of brain tumors has been evaluated in a case– control study, including adults with gliomas (n ¼ 489), meningiomas (n ¼ 197), or acoustic neuromas (n ¼ 96) between 1994 and 1998 at three urban US hospitals and 799 controls (9C). There was no consistent pattern of increased odds ratios for any of these tumors with use or prolonged use of permanent, semipermanent, temporary, or gradual hair dyes. Although the use of permanent brown hair dye for 20 or more years was associated with glioma among women, the estimate was imprecise (OR ¼ 3.8; 95% CI ¼ 1.2, 13) and was based on just 13 exposed cases; this could be a chance finding, although a previous study has suggested a similar association (SEDA-30, 182). In a case–control study of 712 patients with bladder cancer 712 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control, after adjusting for confounding variables, the use of permanent hair dye was not associated with a risk of bladder cancer in all subjects (OR ¼ 0.81; 95% CI ¼ 0.50, 1.30), in women (OR ¼ 0.90; 95% CI ¼ 0.41, 1.96), or in men (OR ¼ 0.68; 95% CI ¼ 0.36, 1.29) (10C). The lack of association was not modified by duration of use, frequency of use, lifetime use, age at first use, or color of use in subsequent stratified analyses. In a case–control study in 152 women and 166 controls in Spain the use of any hair dye (OR ¼ 0.8; CI ¼ 0.5, 1.4) or of perma nent hair dyes (OR ¼ 0.8; CI ¼ 0.5, 1.5)
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was not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (11C). There were no differences in women with different drug metabolic genotypes—NAT1, NAT2, CYP1A2, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1.
Para-phenylenediamine Skin Phenylenediamine is present in black dyes widely used in permanent hair dyes and leather, printer’s ink, fax machine ink, and lithography (12A). It can cause contact dermatitis (13A). The risk is particularly increased in those who also use temporary black tattoos, and as such tattoos have become fashionable among adolescents, the risk of sensitization has increased. Sensitization in eight children under 16 years of age with suspected hair dye allergic reactions and positive patch tests to phenylenediamine has been studied over 2 years in two Danish clinics (14c). They all reacted to several hair dye ingredients. Five were hospitalized, one in the intensive care unit. Six gave a history of a prior reaction to a temporary black tattoo. They had positive patch reactions to N-isopropyl-N phenyl-para-phenylenediamine and local anesthetics, and such reactions were not seen in children with hair dye reactions only. A 16-year-old Moroccan girl developed a
allergic contact dermatitis on her scalp, ears, and neck 36 hours after dyeing her hair for the first time with LuOreal Féria (15A). She had previously used black henna tattoos, common in Moroccan culture.
The authors attributed the initial sensitization for the development of contact to the black henna. In another similar phenylenediamine cross-reacted with azoic dyes used to dye textiles, 5,4-aminophenol, Yellow 3, Orange Red, and Red 1 (16A). A 65-year-old man with recurrent episodes of
severe hand dermatitis was patch tested with the European standard, cream, facial, per fume, and plant series showed a 2+ positive reaction to 0.1% phenylenediamine base in petroleum and a 3+ reaction to 5% benzocaine
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in petroleum (17A). He had regularly helped his wife color her hair with a paraphenylenediamine-containing permanent dye, without the protection of gloves, which had coincided with exacerbations of his eczema.
The mechanism whereby phenylenediamine causes sensitization has been explored in a study of Bandrowski’s base (a phenylenediamine trimer) and 1,4-benzoquinone (a phenylenediamine hapten) (18c). Patients who had positive patch tests to phenylenediamine were patch tested to Bandrowski’s base and benzoquinone. All tests were negative to 0.01% benzoquinone and 0.01% Bandrowski’s base. Five of 14 tested had true positive reactions to 0.1% benzoquinone. Benzoquinone 1% was irritant. Seven of 43 tested were positive to either 0.1% or 1% Bandrowski’s base. The positive reactions to Bandrowski’s base were weak, even while phenylenediamine reactions were strong, but Bandrowski’s base was about 10 times more potent than phenylenediamine, taking into account molarity. The authors suggested that while phenylenediamine may act as a prohapten, there is probably a spectrum of antigenic determinants in vivo, and that Bandrowski’s base may be bound or metabolized by keratinocytes before it reacts with Langerhans cells.
showed cornoid lamellae on the edges of the specimen and psoriasiform acanthosis and spongiotic pustules in the center.
Immunologic Glucocorticoids can be grouped into four classes, based on chemical structure (Table 2). An allergic reaction to one member of a class usually implies that other members of the same class will produce a reaction. However, cross-reactivity can occur across the class boundaries (21A). A 60-year-old man developed a bullous con
tact dermatitis after topical glucocorticoid
Table 2 Classes of glucocorticoids according to structure Group
Examples
A
Cortisone acetate Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone acetate Methyprednisolone Prednisolone Prednisone Tixocortol pivalate Amcinonide Budesonide Desonide Fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinonide Halcinonide Mometasone Triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone alcohol Betamethasone Betamethasone sodium phosphate Desoximetasone Dexamethasone Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Fluocortolone Aclometasone dipropionate Betamethasone dipropionate Betamethasone valerate Clobetasol-17-propionate Clobetasone-17-butyrate Fluocortolone caproate Fluocortolone pivalate Fluprednidene acetate Hydrocortisone-17-butyrate Hydrocortisone-17-valerate Mometasone Prednicarbate
B
Glucocorticoids, topical Skin Earlobe perforation has been reported after long-term application of a topical glucocorticoid cream (19A).
C
A 52-year-old woman used topical hydrocorti
sone cream 0.1% for contact dermatitis of the earlobe for 24 months. She developed gradual atrophy of the epidermis, dermis, and sub cutaneous fat, eventually resulting in incom plete clefting of the earlobe. She stopped using the cream and after surgical correction the wound healed well.
Porokeratosis of Mibelli, a chronic disorder that is characterized by slightly atrophic plaques surrounded by keratotic border, has been attributed to a topical glucocorticoid (20A). A 45-year-old patient used clobetazole pro
pionate ointment for psoriasis for 15 years and developed characteristic lesions of porokera tosis of Mibelli on the elbows. Histopathology
D
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics treatment of dermatitis on his lower leg. Patch testing showed cross-reactions to several glu cocorticoids, including desoximetasone and mometasone furoate, but negative results with hydrocortisone and tixocortol pivalate.
Colophony
(SEDA-29, 156)
Immunologic Hypersensitivity reactions to colophony continue to be reported (22A, 23A, 24A).
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total repigmentation in 18%. There were no skin cancers of any kind. Skin Bullous pemphigoid has been described in a 65-year-old woman with psoriasis after several courses of bath psoralen plus UV-A (cumulative dose 467 J/cm2) and UV-B (2.96 J/cm2) plus topical acetonide triamcinolone 0.1% (27A).
SUNSCREENS PHOTOTHERAPY AND PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY (SED-15, 2823; SEDA-28, 171; SEDA-29, 158)
Immunologic Although sunscreen do not commonly cause allergic contact dermatitis, they are among the most common causes of photoallergic reactions and have been reviewed (28R).
Aminolevulinic acid Genotoxicity The genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexylester have been studied using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the alkaline comet assay (25E). Aminolevulinic 750 mmol/l caused marked cytotoxicity and DNA damage in lymphocytes but aminolevulinic hexylester 10 mmol/l did not.
(SED-15, 3653; SEDA-28, 171; SEDA-29, 158; SEDA-30, 185; for vitamin A carotenoids see Chapter 34)
PUVA
Ear, nose, throat Dysphonia occurred in a woman taking acitretin, resolved after withdrawal, and reappeared when acitretin was reintroduced; it was accompanied by bilateral vocal fold edema and congestion (see also isotretinoin below) (29A).
Observational studies The files of 31 patients with vitiligo treated with PUVA between 1982 and 1996 were surveyed and each patient was interviewed by telephone and invited to have a medical examination; 28 completed the questionnaire and 12 were also examined (26c). The average age was 47 (range 25–84) years. The median amount of radiation to which each patient had been exposed was 337 (range 27–1561) J/cm2. The median number of treatments was 77. The average time that elapsed since the start of treatment was 11 (range 7–20) years, and the average time since the end of treatment was 9.4 (range 2–23) years. There was partial or total repigmentation in 60% and total or almost
VITAMIN A (RETINOIDS)
Acitretin
Isotretinoin Ear, nose, throat Hoarseness has been attributed to isotretinoin (30A). A 45-year-old woman with acne and took
isotretinoin 1 mg/kg/day and became hoarse 5 weeks after the start of therapy. She continued to take isotretinoin; the hoarseness improved with time and disappeared 3 weeks after withdrawal of isotretinoin.
It is thought that granulation tissue or swelling of the vocal cords caused by isotretinoin favors hoarseness (see also acitretin above).
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Psychiatric The use of mental health services in the Israeli Defense Forces during 5 years by 1419 subjects who had been exposed to isotretinoin has been studied in a case–control comparison with 1102 controls with psoriasis (31C). The subjects were aged 18–21 years and were in compulsory military service. The index group had made more use of the mental health services: 245/1419 (17%) compared with 12.5% in the control group. Although the study had several limitations, the find ings support a cautious approach to patient with acne who take isotretinoin. There is a clear need to monitor patients during treatment, to educate them about possible psychiatric effects, and to screen subjects to identify those at risk before treatment. Metabolism In 23 patients who had taken oral retinoids between 1979 and 1981 for a mean duration of 5.2 years there were raised cholesterol and/or triglycerides in eight cases, raised serum alkaline phospha tase activity in three, and diffuse skeletal hyperostosis in one patient after 2 years of retinoid therapy (32C). In a retrospective cohort study of 13772 patients aged 13–50 years with acne, who took oral isotretinoin between March 1995 and September 2002, there were substantial increases in the cumulative incidence of abnormalities in serum lipid concentrations and transaminase activities, but not in hematology parameters, during isotretinoin treatment compared with baseline (33c). The cumulative incidence of new abnormalities in patients with normal values at baseline was 44% for triglyceride concentration, 31% for total cholesterol concentration, and 11% for transaminase activity. Moderate-to severe abnormalities in lipid and transami nase activities were generally transient and reversible. New abnormalities in hematolo gical test results were uncommon. The clinical significance of these laboratory abnormalities remains to be determined. Gastrointestinal In a study of all the adverse effects reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1997 and 2002, 85 cases of inflammatory bowel disease associated with
I. Duarte, R. Lazzarini, C. Kobata, and A. Rotter
isotretinoin were reported (34c). According to the Naranjo probability scale, four cases scored in the highly probable range for isotretinoin as the cause, 58 were probable, 23 were possible, and none was doubtful. The authors concluded that isotretinoin might trigger inflammatory bowel disease. Two adult men developed anal fissures with burning pain and rectal bleeding a few days after starting systemic isotretinoin for acne and rosacea (35A). Musculoskeletal Arthralgia or myalgia develops in about 25% of patients taking isotretinoin and arthritis can occur (36C). A 19-year-old woman developed acute mono-
arthritis in the right hip after taking isotreti noin for 2 months. Synovial fluid cultures were negative. There was prompt improvement after withdrawal of isotretinoin.
Autacoids Angioedema has been attribu ted to isotretinoin (37A). An 18-year-old girl with acne took isotretinoin
1 mg/kg and developed facial swelling a few hours after the first dose. She had edema of the lips and periorbital regions, with promi nent swelling and erythema of the eyelids. She improved when the drug was withdrawn. The symptoms reappeared on rechallenge.
Infection risk Vitamin A derivatives have virucidal activity, both in vivo and in vitro, and isotretinoin has been used to treat recurrent herpes simplex infection, with encouraging results. However, frequent attacks of herpes labialis occurred during isotretinoin therapy for acne and were reduced in frequency following strict use of sunscreens (38A).
Tazarotene Tazarotene is a retinoid that is formulated in a gel and used in acne vulgaris and psoriasis. It can cause an irritant contact dermatitis, which is clinically similar to that caused by other topical retinoids, character ized by erythema, edema, xerosis/scaling, pruritus, and burning. It is usually mild to
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
moderate in intensity and concentration related in areas such as the palmoplantar region, where the rash is mild. Skin in an Italian, multicenter, open study of short contact therapy with tazar otene gel 0.1% in psoriasis vulgaris, irritant contact dermatitis was less frequent and severe than traditional treatment with the same drug (39C).
VITAMIN D ANALOGS, TOPICAL Calcipotriol
(SED-15, 594; SEDA-28, 169; SEDA-29, 156; for oral vitamin D analogs see Chapter 34)
A combination of calcipotriol+betametha sone dipropionate has been marketed for use in the treatment of psoriasis for up to 8 weeks. In a randomized double-blind study
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634 patients were divided into three groups: (i) 52 weeks of the two-compound product; (ii) 52 weeks of alternating 4-week periods of the two-compound product and calcipotriol alone; and (iii) 4 weeks of the two-compound product followed by 48 weeks of calcipotriol alone (40C). There were adverse drug reac tions in 45 (22%) patients in the twocompound group, 63 (30%) in the alter nating group, and 78 (38%) in the calcipo triol alone group. The odds ratio for an adverse drug reaction in the two-compound group relative to the calcipotriol alone group was 0.46 (95% CI ¼ 0.30, 0.70). There were adverse drug reactions of concern associated with long-term topical corticosteroid use in ten (4.8%) patients in the two-compound group, six (2.8%) in the alternating group, and six (2.9%) in the calcipotriol alone group; those with the highest incidence were skin atrophy, which occurred in four (1.9%), one (0.5%), and two (1.0%) patients respec tively, and folliculitis in three (1.4%), one (0.5%), and no patients.
References 1. Kumar P, Paulose R. Cosmetic dermatitis in an Indian city. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55 (2):114–5. 2. Sidwell RU, Mcl Jonhson N, Francis N, Bunker CB. Cutaneous sarcoidal granulo mas developing after Artecolls, facial cosmetic filler in a patient with newly diagnosed systemic sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:208–11. 3. Gallardo MJ, Randleman JB, Price KM, Johnson DA, Acosta S, Grossniklaus HE, Stulting RD. Ocular argyrosis after longterm self-application of eyelash tint. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141:198–200. 4. Lowe NJ, Grover R. Injectable hyaluronic acid implant for malar and mental enhance ment. Dermatol Surg 2006;32(7):881–5. 5. O’Donoghue JL. Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology—a risk-benefit viewpoint. J Cosmet Dermatol 2006;5(3): 196–203. 6. Caroli UM, Berner D, Schlegel C, Metzler G, Rocken M, Biedermann T. Lymphocytic infiltration of skin Jessner–Kanof after
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treatment with a hydroquinone-containing bleaching cream. Arch Dermatol 2006;142: 1655–6. Lázaro C, Reichelt C, Lázaro J, Grasa MP, Carapeto FJ. Foreign body post-varicella granulomas due to talc. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(1):75–8. de Sanjosé S, Benavente Y, Nieters A, Foretova L, Maynadié M, Cocco PL, Staines A, Vornanen M, Boffetta P, Becker N, Alvaro T, Brennan P. Association between personal use of hair dyes and lymphoid neoplasms in Europe. Am J Epidemiol 2006;164(1):47–55. Gallardo MJ, Randleman JB, Price KM, Johnson DA, Acosta S, Grossniklaus HE, Stulting RD. Ocular argyrosis after longterm self-application of eyelash tint. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141:198–200. Lin J, Dinney CP, Grossman HB, Wu X. Personal permanent hair dye use is not associated with bladder cancer risk: evidence from a case–control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(9):1746–9.
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11. Kogevinas M, Fernandez F, Garcia-Closas M, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Castano-Vinyals G, Yeager M, Chanock SJ, Lloreta J, Rothman N, Real FX, Dosemeci M, Malats N, Silverman D. Hair dye use is not associated with risk for bladder cancer: evidence from a case– control study in Spain. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42(10):1448–54. 12. Gawkrodger DJ, English JSC. How safe is patch testing to PPD? Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:1025–7. 13. Ballard MS. Contact dermatitis after henna skin tattooing. J R Army Med Corps 2006; 152(4):242–3. 14. Sosted H, Duus Johansen J, Andersen K E, Menne T. Severe allergic hair dye reactions in 8 children. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54 (2):87. 15. Hink E, Winter JP. Hair-dye allergy: a coloured case. Eur J Pediatr 2006;165:195–6. 16. Di Prisco MC, Puig L, Alomar A. Contact dermatitis due to para-phenylenediamine (PPD) on a temporal tattoo with henna. Cross reaction to azoic dyes. Invest Clin 2006;47(3):295–9. 17. Gass JK, Todd PM. PPD: is this a connubial dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 2006;55(5): 309. 18. White JM, Kullavanijaya P, Duangdeeden I, Zazzeroni R, Gilmour NJ, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. p-Phenylenediamine allergy: the role of Bandrowski’s base. Clin Exp Allergy 2006;36(10):1289–93. 19. Rogge FJ, Pacifico MD, Grobbelaar AO. Earlobe perforation after prolonged use of a topical corticosteroid. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007;60(1):100–1. 20. Yazkan F, Turk BG, Dereli T, Kazandi AC. Porokeratosis of Mibelli induced by topical corticosteroid. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33(7): 516–8. 21. Donovan JC, Dekoven JG. Cross-reactions to desoximetasone and mometasone furo ate in a patient with multiple topical corticosteroid allergies. Dermatitis 2006;17 (3):147–51. 22. Sharma PR. Allergic contact stomatitis from colophony. Dent Update 2006;33(7):440–2. 23. Booken D, Velten FW, Utikal J, Goerdt S, Bayerl C. Allergische Kontaktdermatitis durch Kolophonium und Terpentin in Har zen unbehandelter Kiefernholzmobel.
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[Allergic contact dermatitis from colophony and turpentine in resins of untreated pine wood.] Hautarzt 2006;57(11):1013–5. Körber A, Kohaus S, Geisheimer M, Grabbe S, Dissemond J. Allergisches Kon taktekzem durch einen Hydrokolloidver band bei Sensibilisierung auf Kolofonium. [Allergic contact dermatitis from a hydro colloid dressing due to colophony sensitiza tion.] Hautarzt 2006;57(3):242–5. Chu ES, Wu RW, Yow CM, Wong TK, Chen JY. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid on lym phocytes: a comet assay study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006;58(3):408–14. Vussuki E, Ziv M, Rosenman D, David M. [Long-term effects of PUVA therapy on Israeli patients with vitiligo.]. Harefuah 2006;145(7):483–5 552, 551. Barnadas MA, Gilaberte M, Pujol R, Agustí M, Gelpí C, Alomar A. Bullous pemphigoid in a patient with psoriasis during the course of PUVA therapy: study by ELISA test. Int J Dermatol 2006;45(9): 1089–92. Scheuer E, Warshaw E. Sunscreen allergy: a review of epidemiology, clinical char acteristics, and responsible allergens. Der matitis 2006;17(1):3–11 Erratum 2006; 17 (3):162. Petitpain N, Pouaha J, Cosserat F, Gambier N, Truchetet F, Cuny JF. Recurrent dys phonia and acitretin. J Voice 2006;20(4): 642–3. Kim HS, Lee JY, Chow BK. A rare sideeffect of systemic isotretinoin treatment: hoarseness. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1328–9. Friedman T, Wahl Y, Nobler HY, Lubing G, Brenner S, Levi Y, Bark Y. Increased use of mental heath services related to isotretinoin treatment: a 5-year analysis. Eur Neuropsycopharmacol 2006;16:413–6. Katugampola RP, Finlay AY. Oral retinoid therapy for disorders of keratinization: single-centre retrospective 25 years’ experi ence on 23 patients. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:267–76. Gazerani P, Staahl C, Drewes AM, ArendtNielsen L. A population-based analysis of laboratory abnormalities during isotretinoin therapy for acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:315–25.
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics 34. Reddy D, Sigel CA, Sands BE, Kane S. Possible association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1569–73. 35. Radmanesh M. Anal fissure, rectal bleeding and proctitis as complication of systemic isotretinoin therapy: report of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1394. 36. Pedraz T, Martinez A, Pascual E. Acute hip monoarthritis in a patient treated with isotretinoin. J Clin Rheumatol 2006;12(2): 105–6. 37. Saray Y, Sec- kin D. Angioedema and urticaria due to isotretinoin therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:118–20. 38. Yazici AC, Baz K, Ikizoglu G. Recurrent herpes labialis during isotretinoin therapy:
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is there a role for photosensitivity? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(1):93–5. 39. Veraldi S, Caputo R, Pacifici A, Peris K, Soda R, Chimeti S. Short contact therapy with tazarotene in psoriasis vulgaris. Der matology 2006;12:235–7. 40. Kragballe K, Austad J, Barnes L, Bibby A, de la Brassinne M, Cambazard F, Fleming C, Heikkilä H, Jolliffe D, Peyri J, Svensson A, Toole J, Wozel G. A 52-week rando mized safety study of a calcipotriol/beta methasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(6):1155–60.
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Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
Editor’s note: The adverse effects of many drugs that are used to treat some skin diseases are covered in other chapters; for example, monoclonal antibodies in Chapter 37 and non-topical corticosteroids in Chapter 39. Vitamin A (carotenoids) is covered in Chapter 34.
COSMETICS
granulomatous reactions at the sites of injection. These reactions develop within a few months to several years after the procedure. A 48-year-old woman with pulmonary sarcoi
dosis had cosmetic filler injections of Arte colls over both lateral eyebrows, the left zygoma, and the left cheek, and 5 years later developed nodules at the injection sites (2A). A biopsy from a nodule was consistent with both cutaneous sarcoid and a foreign-body granulomatous reaction to the locally injected material.
Of 50 cases of suspected allergy to cos metics most of the men were aged 41–50 years whereas most of the women were aged 21–30 years (1A). Contact dermatitis was confirmed in 38 cases by patch testing. Of 2531 patches, 95 had positive reactions (Table 1).
This case emphasizes that the detection of foreign material within cutaneous granulomas does not exclude sarcoidosis and particularly illustrates that the foreign material in Artecolls facial cosmetic filler can act as a stimulus for cutaneous sarcoidal granulomas in susceptible patients.
Artecolls
Eyelash tint
Artecolls is a permanent synthetic cos metic filler substance, composed of 80% bovine collagen and 20% polymethylacry late. It is used for augmentation of deep wrinkles and is injected subdermally. The collagen is biodegradable with 2–4 months; however, the polymethylacrylate microspheres are non-biodegradable and long-lasting cosmetic effects are achieved. There have been reports of
Ocular argyrosis has been reported after repeated exposure to silver-containing com pounds, usually from topical medicinal solutions or occupational exposure. Three women developed ocular argyrosis after long-term self-application of an eyelash tint (Revlon Professional Roux Lash and Brow Tint; Colomber USA Corp, New York, New York, USA) (3A). There were various degrees of silver deposition on the upper eyelids, lid margins, caruncles, and con junctivae, and diffuse deposits in Desceme tus membrane. In certain circumstances, conjunctival argyrosis can simulate benign and malignant lesions, including conjuncti val melanoma.
Side Effects of Drugs, Annual 31 J.K. Aronson (Editor) ISSN: 0378-6080 DOI: 10.1016/S0378-6080(09)03114-6 r 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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Table 1 Positive reactions to various cosmetic ingredients in 50 Indian patients Ingredient
Number with a positive patch test
Gallate mix Cetrimide Thiomersal Paraphenylenediamine Parabens Fragrance mix Quarternium Triethanolamine Tert butylhydroquinone Stearyl alcohol Polyoxyethylene sorbital oleate Benzyl salicylate Jasmine synthetic Imidazolidinyl urea Polyethylene glycol Butylated hydroxyanisole Kathon CG Propylene glycol
20 14 10 7 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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mid-term adverse effects such as exogenous ochronosis and leukoderma en confetti, irritant reactions, and allergic reactions (5R). Long-term adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity have only been demonstrated in animals. A 27-year-old woman used different bleach
ing creams on her face and developed palpable circumscribed, erythematous, tumid, plaques. Patch testing with the German standard series, preservative series, ointment bases, cosmetic products, and the Pigmanorm series (Louis Widmer GmbH, Rheinfelden, Germany) were performed. There were delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to nickel, para-phenylenediamine, cobalt chlor ide, and Pigmanorm. All the substances in Pigmanorm were tested and there was a positive reaction to hydroquinone.
The authors diagnosed lymphocytic infiltration of Jessner-Kanof as a result of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to hydroquinone (6A).
Talc (See also Chapter 49) Hyaluronic acid Hyaluronic acid-based skin fillers have been used since about 1995 in Europe. These substances are used in the nasolabial lines, for lip augmentation, and for treatment of atrophic scars. Some of the thinner, less viscous hyaluronic acid fillers have been used in the forehead, periorbital areas, and glabelar lines. A product called Restylane SubQ (Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden) is a larger molecule than Restylane or Perlane (Q-Med) and this difference increases its thickness and viscosity (4A). Its adverse effects are transient bruising and swelling. Extrusion from the subdermal space and mobility of the material, transient hema toma are also described. Other complica tions described are injury to nerves and vessels, persistent swelling, seroma, and misplacement of the injectable material.
Hydroquinone Hydroquinone has been used in skin-bleach ing formulations for the treatment of hyperpigmentation and can cause short- and
Application of talc to wounds (erosions, ulcers) or crusting and/or exudative derma tosis can give rise to scab formation, infection, and foreign body granulomas in the dermis (7A). Over several months a 7-year-old boy devel
oped multiple papulopustular and erythema tous papular scaly lesions with an inflammatory base on his face. A biopsy showed a dense inflammatory granuloma with abundant epithelioid cells mixed with giant multinuclear cells, abundant lymphocytes, and histiocytes. His mother remembered that 6 months before she had applied an antipruritic powder on exudative lesions caused by Varicella to relieve intense itching in the area.
HAIR DYES Tumorigenicity Previous studies have sug gested an association between the use of hair dyes and some cancers (SED-15, 1573; SEDA-30, 182). The risk of lymphoid malignancies asso ciated with personal use of hair dyes has been studied in a case–control study of 2302
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
cases of lymphoid neoplasms and 2417 controls from the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain (1998– 2003) (8C). Hair dyes were used by 74% of women and 7% of men. The risk of lymphoma among dye users was signifi cantly increased by 19% compared with never use (OR ¼ 1.19; 95% CI ¼ 1.00, 1.41) and by 26% among persons who used hair dyes 12 or more times per year (OR ¼ 1.26; 95% CI ¼ 1.00, 1.60). The risk was significantly higher among those who had started coloring their hair before 1980 (OR ¼ 1.37; 95% CI ¼ 1.09, 1.72) and those who had used hair dyes only before 1980 (OR ¼ 1.62; 95% CI ¼ 1.10, 2.40). The association between the use of synthetic hair dyes and the risk of brain tumors has been evaluated in a case– control study, including adults with gliomas (n ¼ 489), meningiomas (n ¼ 197), or acoustic neuromas (n ¼ 96) between 1994 and 1998 at three urban US hospitals and 799 controls (9C). There was no consistent pattern of increased odds ratios for any of these tumors with use or prolonged use of permanent, semipermanent, temporary, or gradual hair dyes. Although the use of permanent brown hair dye for 20 or more years was associated with glioma among women, the estimate was imprecise (OR ¼ 3.8; 95% CI ¼ 1.2, 13) and was based on just 13 exposed cases; this could be a chance finding, although a previous study has suggested a similar association (SEDA-30, 182). In a case–control study of 712 patients with bladder cancer 712 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched control, after adjusting for confounding variables, the use of permanent hair dye was not associated with a risk of bladder cancer in all subjects (OR ¼ 0.81; 95% CI ¼ 0.50, 1.30), in women (OR ¼ 0.90; 95% CI ¼ 0.41, 1.96), or in men (OR ¼ 0.68; 95% CI ¼ 0.36, 1.29) (10C). The lack of association was not modified by duration of use, frequency of use, lifetime use, age at first use, or color of use in subsequent stratified analyses. In a case–control study in 152 women and 166 controls in Spain the use of any hair dye (OR ¼ 0.8; CI ¼ 0.5, 1.4) or of perma nent hair dyes (OR ¼ 0.8; CI ¼ 0.5, 1.5)
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was not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (11C). There were no differences in women with different drug metabolic genotypes—NAT1, NAT2, CYP1A2, GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1.
Para-phenylenediamine Skin Phenylenediamine is present in black dyes widely used in permanent hair dyes and leather, printer’s ink, fax machine ink, and lithography (12A). It can cause contact dermatitis (13A). The risk is particularly increased in those who also use temporary black tattoos, and as such tattoos have become fashionable among adolescents, the risk of sensitization has increased. Sensitization in eight children under 16 years of age with suspected hair dye allergic reactions and positive patch tests to phenylenediamine has been studied over 2 years in two Danish clinics (14c). They all reacted to several hair dye ingredients. Five were hospitalized, one in the intensive care unit. Six gave a history of a prior reaction to a temporary black tattoo. They had positive patch reactions to N-isopropyl-N phenyl-para-phenylenediamine and local anesthetics, and such reactions were not seen in children with hair dye reactions only. A 16-year-old Moroccan girl developed a
allergic contact dermatitis on her scalp, ears, and neck 36 hours after dyeing her hair for the first time with LuOreal Féria (15A). She had previously used black henna tattoos, common in Moroccan culture.
The authors attributed the initial sensitization for the development of contact to the black henna. In another similar phenylenediamine cross-reacted with azoic dyes used to dye textiles, 5,4-aminophenol, Yellow 3, Orange Red, and Red 1 (16A). A 65-year-old man with recurrent episodes of
severe hand dermatitis was patch tested with the European standard, cream, facial, per fume, and plant series showed a 2+ positive reaction to 0.1% phenylenediamine base in petroleum and a 3+ reaction to 5% benzocaine
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in petroleum (17A). He had regularly helped his wife color her hair with a paraphenylenediamine-containing permanent dye, without the protection of gloves, which had coincided with exacerbations of his eczema.
The mechanism whereby phenylenediamine causes sensitization has been explored in a study of Bandrowski’s base (a phenylenediamine trimer) and 1,4-benzoquinone (a phenylenediamine hapten) (18c). Patients who had positive patch tests to phenylenediamine were patch tested to Bandrowski’s base and benzoquinone. All tests were negative to 0.01% benzoquinone and 0.01% Bandrowski’s base. Five of 14 tested had true positive reactions to 0.1% benzoquinone. Benzoquinone 1% was irritant. Seven of 43 tested were positive to either 0.1% or 1% Bandrowski’s base. The positive reactions to Bandrowski’s base were weak, even while phenylenediamine reactions were strong, but Bandrowski’s base was about 10 times more potent than phenylenediamine, taking into account molarity. The authors suggested that while phenylenediamine may act as a prohapten, there is probably a spectrum of antigenic determinants in vivo, and that Bandrowski’s base may be bound or metabolized by keratinocytes before it reacts with Langerhans cells.
showed cornoid lamellae on the edges of the specimen and psoriasiform acanthosis and spongiotic pustules in the center.
Immunologic Glucocorticoids can be grouped into four classes, based on chemical structure (Table 2). An allergic reaction to one member of a class usually implies that other members of the same class will produce a reaction. However, cross-reactivity can occur across the class boundaries (21A). A 60-year-old man developed a bullous con
tact dermatitis after topical glucocorticoid
Table 2 Classes of glucocorticoids according to structure Group
Examples
A
Cortisone acetate Hydrocortisone Hydrocortisone acetate Methyprednisolone Prednisolone Prednisone Tixocortol pivalate Amcinonide Budesonide Desonide Fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinonide Halcinonide Mometasone Triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone alcohol Betamethasone Betamethasone sodium phosphate Desoximetasone Dexamethasone Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Fluocortolone Aclometasone dipropionate Betamethasone dipropionate Betamethasone valerate Clobetasol-17-propionate Clobetasone-17-butyrate Fluocortolone caproate Fluocortolone pivalate Fluprednidene acetate Hydrocortisone-17-butyrate Hydrocortisone-17-valerate Mometasone Prednicarbate
B
Glucocorticoids, topical Skin Earlobe perforation has been reported after long-term application of a topical glucocorticoid cream (19A).
C
A 52-year-old woman used topical hydrocorti
sone cream 0.1% for contact dermatitis of the earlobe for 24 months. She developed gradual atrophy of the epidermis, dermis, and sub cutaneous fat, eventually resulting in incom plete clefting of the earlobe. She stopped using the cream and after surgical correction the wound healed well.
Porokeratosis of Mibelli, a chronic disorder that is characterized by slightly atrophic plaques surrounded by keratotic border, has been attributed to a topical glucocorticoid (20A). A 45-year-old patient used clobetazole pro
pionate ointment for psoriasis for 15 years and developed characteristic lesions of porokera tosis of Mibelli on the elbows. Histopathology
D
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics treatment of dermatitis on his lower leg. Patch testing showed cross-reactions to several glu cocorticoids, including desoximetasone and mometasone furoate, but negative results with hydrocortisone and tixocortol pivalate.
Colophony
(SEDA-29, 156)
Immunologic Hypersensitivity reactions to colophony continue to be reported (22A, 23A, 24A).
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total repigmentation in 18%. There were no skin cancers of any kind. Skin Bullous pemphigoid has been described in a 65-year-old woman with psoriasis after several courses of bath psoralen plus UV-A (cumulative dose 467 J/cm2) and UV-B (2.96 J/cm2) plus topical acetonide triamcinolone 0.1% (27A).
SUNSCREENS PHOTOTHERAPY AND PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY (SED-15, 2823; SEDA-28, 171; SEDA-29, 158)
Immunologic Although sunscreen do not commonly cause allergic contact dermatitis, they are among the most common causes of photoallergic reactions and have been reviewed (28R).
Aminolevulinic acid Genotoxicity The genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its hexylester have been studied using the 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the alkaline comet assay (25E). Aminolevulinic 750 mmol/l caused marked cytotoxicity and DNA damage in lymphocytes but aminolevulinic hexylester 10 mmol/l did not.
(SED-15, 3653; SEDA-28, 171; SEDA-29, 158; SEDA-30, 185; for vitamin A carotenoids see Chapter 34)
PUVA
Ear, nose, throat Dysphonia occurred in a woman taking acitretin, resolved after withdrawal, and reappeared when acitretin was reintroduced; it was accompanied by bilateral vocal fold edema and congestion (see also isotretinoin below) (29A).
Observational studies The files of 31 patients with vitiligo treated with PUVA between 1982 and 1996 were surveyed and each patient was interviewed by telephone and invited to have a medical examination; 28 completed the questionnaire and 12 were also examined (26c). The average age was 47 (range 25–84) years. The median amount of radiation to which each patient had been exposed was 337 (range 27–1561) J/cm2. The median number of treatments was 77. The average time that elapsed since the start of treatment was 11 (range 7–20) years, and the average time since the end of treatment was 9.4 (range 2–23) years. There was partial or total repigmentation in 60% and total or almost
VITAMIN A (RETINOIDS)
Acitretin
Isotretinoin Ear, nose, throat Hoarseness has been attributed to isotretinoin (30A). A 45-year-old woman with acne and took
isotretinoin 1 mg/kg/day and became hoarse 5 weeks after the start of therapy. She continued to take isotretinoin; the hoarseness improved with time and disappeared 3 weeks after withdrawal of isotretinoin.
It is thought that granulation tissue or swelling of the vocal cords caused by isotretinoin favors hoarseness (see also acitretin above).
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Psychiatric The use of mental health services in the Israeli Defense Forces during 5 years by 1419 subjects who had been exposed to isotretinoin has been studied in a case–control comparison with 1102 controls with psoriasis (31C). The subjects were aged 18–21 years and were in compulsory military service. The index group had made more use of the mental health services: 245/1419 (17%) compared with 12.5% in the control group. Although the study had several limitations, the find ings support a cautious approach to patient with acne who take isotretinoin. There is a clear need to monitor patients during treatment, to educate them about possible psychiatric effects, and to screen subjects to identify those at risk before treatment. Metabolism In 23 patients who had taken oral retinoids between 1979 and 1981 for a mean duration of 5.2 years there were raised cholesterol and/or triglycerides in eight cases, raised serum alkaline phospha tase activity in three, and diffuse skeletal hyperostosis in one patient after 2 years of retinoid therapy (32C). In a retrospective cohort study of 13772 patients aged 13–50 years with acne, who took oral isotretinoin between March 1995 and September 2002, there were substantial increases in the cumulative incidence of abnormalities in serum lipid concentrations and transaminase activities, but not in hematology parameters, during isotretinoin treatment compared with baseline (33c). The cumulative incidence of new abnormalities in patients with normal values at baseline was 44% for triglyceride concentration, 31% for total cholesterol concentration, and 11% for transaminase activity. Moderate-to severe abnormalities in lipid and transami nase activities were generally transient and reversible. New abnormalities in hematolo gical test results were uncommon. The clinical significance of these laboratory abnormalities remains to be determined. Gastrointestinal In a study of all the adverse effects reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1997 and 2002, 85 cases of inflammatory bowel disease associated with
I. Duarte, R. Lazzarini, C. Kobata, and A. Rotter
isotretinoin were reported (34c). According to the Naranjo probability scale, four cases scored in the highly probable range for isotretinoin as the cause, 58 were probable, 23 were possible, and none was doubtful. The authors concluded that isotretinoin might trigger inflammatory bowel disease. Two adult men developed anal fissures with burning pain and rectal bleeding a few days after starting systemic isotretinoin for acne and rosacea (35A). Musculoskeletal Arthralgia or myalgia develops in about 25% of patients taking isotretinoin and arthritis can occur (36C). A 19-year-old woman developed acute mono-
arthritis in the right hip after taking isotreti noin for 2 months. Synovial fluid cultures were negative. There was prompt improvement after withdrawal of isotretinoin.
Autacoids Angioedema has been attribu ted to isotretinoin (37A). An 18-year-old girl with acne took isotretinoin
1 mg/kg and developed facial swelling a few hours after the first dose. She had edema of the lips and periorbital regions, with promi nent swelling and erythema of the eyelids. She improved when the drug was withdrawn. The symptoms reappeared on rechallenge.
Infection risk Vitamin A derivatives have virucidal activity, both in vivo and in vitro, and isotretinoin has been used to treat recurrent herpes simplex infection, with encouraging results. However, frequent attacks of herpes labialis occurred during isotretinoin therapy for acne and were reduced in frequency following strict use of sunscreens (38A).
Tazarotene Tazarotene is a retinoid that is formulated in a gel and used in acne vulgaris and psoriasis. It can cause an irritant contact dermatitis, which is clinically similar to that caused by other topical retinoids, character ized by erythema, edema, xerosis/scaling, pruritus, and burning. It is usually mild to
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics
moderate in intensity and concentration related in areas such as the palmoplantar region, where the rash is mild. Skin in an Italian, multicenter, open study of short contact therapy with tazar otene gel 0.1% in psoriasis vulgaris, irritant contact dermatitis was less frequent and severe than traditional treatment with the same drug (39C).
VITAMIN D ANALOGS, TOPICAL Calcipotriol
(SED-15, 594; SEDA-28, 169; SEDA-29, 156; for oral vitamin D analogs see Chapter 34)
A combination of calcipotriol+betametha sone dipropionate has been marketed for use in the treatment of psoriasis for up to 8 weeks. In a randomized double-blind study
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634 patients were divided into three groups: (i) 52 weeks of the two-compound product; (ii) 52 weeks of alternating 4-week periods of the two-compound product and calcipotriol alone; and (iii) 4 weeks of the two-compound product followed by 48 weeks of calcipotriol alone (40C). There were adverse drug reac tions in 45 (22%) patients in the twocompound group, 63 (30%) in the alter nating group, and 78 (38%) in the calcipo triol alone group. The odds ratio for an adverse drug reaction in the two-compound group relative to the calcipotriol alone group was 0.46 (95% CI ¼ 0.30, 0.70). There were adverse drug reactions of concern associated with long-term topical corticosteroid use in ten (4.8%) patients in the two-compound group, six (2.8%) in the alternating group, and six (2.9%) in the calcipotriol alone group; those with the highest incidence were skin atrophy, which occurred in four (1.9%), one (0.5%), and two (1.0%) patients respec tively, and folliculitis in three (1.4%), one (0.5%), and no patients.
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[Allergic contact dermatitis from colophony and turpentine in resins of untreated pine wood.] Hautarzt 2006;57(11):1013–5. Körber A, Kohaus S, Geisheimer M, Grabbe S, Dissemond J. Allergisches Kon taktekzem durch einen Hydrokolloidver band bei Sensibilisierung auf Kolofonium. [Allergic contact dermatitis from a hydro colloid dressing due to colophony sensitiza tion.] Hautarzt 2006;57(3):242–5. Chu ES, Wu RW, Yow CM, Wong TK, Chen JY. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid on lym phocytes: a comet assay study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006;58(3):408–14. Vussuki E, Ziv M, Rosenman D, David M. [Long-term effects of PUVA therapy on Israeli patients with vitiligo.]. Harefuah 2006;145(7):483–5 552, 551. Barnadas MA, Gilaberte M, Pujol R, Agustí M, Gelpí C, Alomar A. Bullous pemphigoid in a patient with psoriasis during the course of PUVA therapy: study by ELISA test. Int J Dermatol 2006;45(9): 1089–92. Scheuer E, Warshaw E. Sunscreen allergy: a review of epidemiology, clinical char acteristics, and responsible allergens. Der matitis 2006;17(1):3–11 Erratum 2006; 17 (3):162. Petitpain N, Pouaha J, Cosserat F, Gambier N, Truchetet F, Cuny JF. Recurrent dys phonia and acitretin. J Voice 2006;20(4): 642–3. Kim HS, Lee JY, Chow BK. A rare sideeffect of systemic isotretinoin treatment: hoarseness. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1328–9. Friedman T, Wahl Y, Nobler HY, Lubing G, Brenner S, Levi Y, Bark Y. Increased use of mental heath services related to isotretinoin treatment: a 5-year analysis. Eur Neuropsycopharmacol 2006;16:413–6. Katugampola RP, Finlay AY. Oral retinoid therapy for disorders of keratinization: single-centre retrospective 25 years’ experi ence on 23 patients. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:267–76. Gazerani P, Staahl C, Drewes AM, ArendtNielsen L. A population-based analysis of laboratory abnormalities during isotretinoin therapy for acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:315–25.
Dermatological drugs, topical agents, and cosmetics 34. Reddy D, Sigel CA, Sands BE, Kane S. Possible association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1569–73. 35. Radmanesh M. Anal fissure, rectal bleeding and proctitis as complication of systemic isotretinoin therapy: report of two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:1394. 36. Pedraz T, Martinez A, Pascual E. Acute hip monoarthritis in a patient treated with isotretinoin. J Clin Rheumatol 2006;12(2): 105–6. 37. Saray Y, Sec- kin D. Angioedema and urticaria due to isotretinoin therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:118–20. 38. Yazici AC, Baz K, Ikizoglu G. Recurrent herpes labialis during isotretinoin therapy:
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is there a role for photosensitivity? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(1):93–5. 39. Veraldi S, Caputo R, Pacifici A, Peris K, Soda R, Chimeti S. Short contact therapy with tazarotene in psoriasis vulgaris. Der matology 2006;12:235–7. 40. Kragballe K, Austad J, Barnes L, Bibby A, de la Brassinne M, Cambazard F, Fleming C, Heikkilä H, Jolliffe D, Peyri J, Svensson A, Toole J, Wozel G. A 52-week rando mized safety study of a calcipotriol/beta methasone dipropionate two-compound product (Dovobet/Daivobet/Taclonex) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(6):1155–60.