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Design construction and analysis of solar ridge concentrator photovoltaic (PV) system to improve battery charging performance
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv
Design construction and analysis of solar ridge concentrator photovoltaic (PV) system to improve battery charging performance Kalaiselvan Narasimman n, Iniyan Selvarasan Institute for Energy Studies, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 8 December 2014 Received in revised form 15 December 2015 Accepted 26 January 2016
A ridge concentrator photovoltaic system for a 10 W multi-crystalline solar panel was designed with the concentration ratios of 1X and 2X. The ray tracing model of ridge concentrator photovoltaic system was carried out using Trace-Pro simulation. The optimum tilt angle for the concentrator PV system throughout the year was computed. The electrical parameters of the 3 panels were analyzed. The effect of temperature on the electrical performance of the panel was also studied. The reduction of voltage due to increasing panel temperature was managed by MPES type Charge controller. Glass reflector with reflectivity 0.95 was chosen as the ridge wall for the concentrator system. The maximum power outputs for the 1X and 2X panel reached were 9 W and 10.5 W with glass reflector. The percentage of power improvement for 1X and 2X concentrations were 22.3% and 45.8% respectively. The 2X concentrated panel connected battery takes lower time to charge compared with normal panel connected battery. & 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Keywords: Ridge concentrator Mirror reflector Temperature effect MPES charge controller
1. Introduction The cost of solar PV cells is high, primarily due to the material synthesizing processes used in manufacturing of solar cells. This hampers the widespread use of the solar photovoltaic, as an alternative to the non-renewable energy generation, when compared to other renewable energy sources in the modern energy production scenario. One of the attractive way to bring down the cost factor is to concentrate light on solar cells, reducing the required cell area for a given output power (Solanki., 2010; Yupeng et al., 2015; Butler et al., 2011). This concentration can be achieved by using linear Glass mirrors, lenses, holographic and other kind of optical reflectors which are very cheap compared to the solar grade silicon material (Masato and Toshiro, 2005; Chi-Feng et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2014; Maria et al., 2004; Chemisana et al., 2013). However High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) which concentrates sun's energy to 100–1000X are yet not considered to be very cost effective due to various parameters like tracking, optics, cooling, complex design, etc. (Yuan-Hsiang and Tian-Shiang, 2014; Fabienne et al., 2015; Rustu and Ali, 2012; Gabriel., 2012). Hence the usage of low concentrators like V-trough, ridge concentrator is deemed to be more viable. As it employs low concentration it avoids complexities like tracking, high maintenance, etc. (Liu and Tang, 2010; Sangani and Solanki, 2007; Najla et al. 2011). In this n
Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (K. Narasimman), [email protected] (I. Selvarasan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.024 0147-6513/& 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.
study a linear ridge concentrator prototype is designed and analyzed with various concentration ratio and the electrical characteristics are analyzed in relation to the temperature of the system. The study was contacted with one axis North-south tracking mechanism (Mosalam et al., 1995; Libra and Poulek, 2000; Runsheng and Xinyue, 2011; Tao et al., 2011; Farong et al., 2014; Hossein et al., 2009). The additional radiation falling on the solar panel due to Ridge wall will increase the panel power output and temperature. This in turn decreases the efficiency of the panel after certain radiation. So proper heat dissipation from panel is essential for the concentrator system to improve the power output and life of the panel (Ze-Dong et al., 2014; Solanki et al., 2008; Zheng et al., 2011; Steven et al., 2012).For concentrator photovoltaic system, the panel voltage is mostly affected when compared with current (Hui et al., 2015; Eduardo and Fernández, 2015). The working performance and circumstances of high-temperature solar receiver has been greatly improved by minimum trough width. It has a significant influence on the maximum inlet width and the minimum flat reflection mirror width of the system. The receiver being put in the trough improves the heat emission circumstances around the receiver. So the biggest economic benefit can be achieved (Clifford and Brian 2014; Ming et al., 2011).
2. Block diagram of system In ridge concentrator system the individual panel was connected to battery through MPES charge controller. The reduction of voltage was due to increase in panel temperature. This draw
188
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
Fig. 1. Block diagram of ridge concentrator system with MPES charge controller.
Fig. 3. Mathematical model for ridge concentrator system. OE – Height of the reflector from axis, OC – Length of reflector, CD – length of panel, DE- length of reflected ray, θ¼ Trough angle.
distribution was taken to be uniform and solar half angle was not considered. The wave length is considered for global radiation and was optimized as 0.5461 mm. The refractive index is assumed as one. The ray tracing pattern was shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Ray tracing model for ridge concentrator system.
back was overcome by the Maximum Power Extraction System type charge controller (MPES) Fig. 1. The conventional charge controller acts like a preventer for the battery whereas in this type of charge controller additional voltage booster is incorporated within the circuit. So whenever the voltage was decreased it will boost the voltage and then send it to the charge controller. If we have voltage above the 12 V it will directly charge the battery through the charge controller this separation was carried out by the DPDT relay mechanism.
4. Mathematical modeling for trough angle Height of the reflector to be mounted (OE) with respect to axis shown in Fig. 3
ΔOCE, OE =
X 3 2
For trough angle (θ ) , sin θ =
[
X 3 ] 2
X
Δ ODE, (DE)2 = (OC + CD)2 + (OE)2 So the length of the reflected ray =X 3 3. Ray tracing model For the simulation the reflector and panel are assumed as perfect reflector and absorber. Source was considered as lambertian source and this thus defined as grid source. Angular
cos φ =
⎡X 3⎤ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ X 3
Reflected angle ϕ1 = ϕ−θ1
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
5. Optimum tilt angle A solar photovoltaic module (SPV) collects the maximum solar radiation when the sun's rays strikes it at right angle. This can be achieved either by the continuous tracking system or module mounts with optimum tilt angle. However, a small deviation (7 5°) allowable for ideal tilts. The optimal orientation for a solar energy system depends on the site latitude, date & time of the year. Sun tracking mechanism is not cost-effective but an adjustable (tilt angle) solar photovoltaic modules mount (south facing in northern hemisphere & north facing in southern hemisphere) will be cost-effective. The optimal tilt angles for the Concentrator Photovoltaic modules are calculated according to the summer and winter solitude at a site in northern hemisphere with latitude L are calculated as follow (Table 1).
6.1. Construction details A Multi-crystalline solar panel of 10 Wp is taken for the study. The experimental setup is fabricated to carry out the experiments as shown in Fig. 4.
10 Wp 21.5 V 0.65 A 710% 17.1 A 0.59 A 0.345 m 0.285
Reflective material Reflector Back coating
Mirror glass Silver
Thickness of glass
3 mm
The battery selection Nominal voltage Float voltage Cycle Self discharge Maximum charge current Readings were taken between 9:00 AM
12 V, 5 A h 13.3–13.8 14.1–15.5 60 month (25 °C) 1.5 A and 4:30 PM.
Panel 1 is attached with X concentration side and connected to battery through charge controller. Similar manner Panel 2 and panel 3 are attached with 2X concentration side and reference panel. The dimensions of panel are mentioned in the specification. The building chosen for this experimentation has a true south facing structure. Thus, the azimuth of the setup angle is zero. The reflectors are attached to the panel at an angle of 60°. This angle was determined after simulation analysis using Trace Pro software. The Battery charging Voltage and Charging current was measured by solar measuring kit for every one hour. The radiation was measured by a weather station monitor. By adjusting the pot resistance, the resistance value was set approximately to 20 Ώ and voltage and current was measured for various solar radiations.
6. Experimental setup
Module parameters Peak power Open circuit voltage Short circuit current Tolerance Vmpp Impp Length Width
189
7. Results and discussion The power output of the concentrated panels and reference panel are compared, and optimum operating temperatures of the PV panel has been found out. The power output of the panels with concentration X and 2X and without concentration with respect to the radiation. The irradiation map for each panel was simulated by trace–pro simulation shown in Fig. 5a–c. The average power output of 2X concentrated panel high compared to X and reference panel Fig. 6a. The Fig. 6b. shows the comparison of the current with and without concentration. For the increasing radiation the current drawn from the panel was high for the concentrated panel
Table 1 Monthly tilt angle for the ridge concentrator system. Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Tilt
35
26
15
3
0
0
0
0
11
21
31
36
Fig. 4. Photographic views of the ridge concentrator PV system.
190
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
Fig. 5. Irradiation map for various concentration level (A) irradiation map for X concentration panel, (B) irradiation map for 2X concentrated panel and (C) irradiation map for un concentrated panel.
compared with normal panel. The increase in panel temperature not affected much more in the panel current. Fig. 6c. shows the comparison of the voltage variation of the panels with and without concentration for various. The voltage initially increases for lower radiation and decreases, after certain temperature in concentrated panels (X and 2X), due to increasing temperature which caused by concentration effect. The rate of change in voltage for 2X high due to high light concentration compared with the X concentrated panel. This effect was affecting the battery charging performance. But the usage of MPES charge controller the reduction of voltage due to high panel temperature was maintained with optimum level by the voltage booster. The MPES charge controller also senses the battery level when the battery was fully charged the indicator LED was glow. So the battery was charged at floating charge with the concentrated current. The Fig. 6d. shows
the Battery charging performance in that the concentrated panel connected battery has charging current compared with un concentrated panel connected battery. So the concentrated panel connected battery reach full charge with short time compared with the unconcentrated panel connected battery (Table 2).
8. Conclusions The power output of ridge concentrated panels high compare with the un concentrated panel. The ridge concentrator system was constructed with X and 2X concentration level for the 10 W Multi-crystalline panels. This system also eliminates the need of continuous tracking system. The power output of the ridge concentration system is high when compared with the reference
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
12
Power Vs Time
Current Vs Time 0.8
10
0.72
8
Current(A)
Power (W)
191
6 Reference panel
4
0.64
X concentration
X concentrated panel 2X concentrated panel
2
0.48
2X concentration
0.4 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30
0
Reference
0.56
Time(Hrs)
Time(Hrs)
Charging characteristic of Battery
Charge Voltage(V)
Voltage(Volt)
14 13 12 11 Reference
10
X concentration
9
2X concentration
8
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0.9 0.8 Reference Voltage
0.7
Single Reflector
0.6
Double Reflector
0.5
Reference Current
0.4
Single Reflector
0.3
Doule Reflector
0.2
Charge current(A)
Voltage Vs Time
15
0.1 0 0
5
10
15
20
Time (Hrs)
Time (Hrs)
Fig. 6. Electrical characteristics of Ridge concentrator system (A) power output of the panel with and without concentrator (B), output current of the panel with and without concentrator (C), output voltage of the panel with and without concentrator, and (D) charging characteristic of battery and without concentrator.
Table 2 The Experimental observation with battery performance. Time
Radiation Reference Panel 2
X concentrated
2X concentrated
(h)
W/m
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30
664 687 706 766 793 845 860 884 956 982 858 769 731 634 555 476
4.836 5.141 5.742 6.283 6.51 6.848 6.825 6.89 6.93 6.864 6.63 6.324 6.262 5.076 3.48 3.002
0.55 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.1
5.665 6.048 6.771 6.954 7.192 7.434 7.744 8.1 8.255 9.044 8.71 8.385 8.19 7.015 5.141 4.032
0.62 0.69 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.1 0.095 0.09 0.085 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.1
6.322 6.893 7.906 8.174 8.432 8.875 9.125 9.216 10.35 10.575 9.916 9.017 8.47 7.906 6.148 4.992
0.69 0.75 0.8 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.085 0.08 0.085 0.09 0.095 0.095 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1.4 3.4 5.2 6.2 8.1 9.4 10.7 12.85 13.5 13.65 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.85 13.85 13.85
2 4.8 8 9.6 11.5 12.5 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.75 13.8 13.85 13.95 13.95 13.95 13.95
2.8 7.2 9.1 11.3 12.8 13.67 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.85 13.85 13.85 13.9 14.1 14.1
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K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
panel. Average power output of the panel for X and 2X concentration can reach 7.2 W and 8.75 W whereas for the reference panel it is reaches only about 5.84 W. But increase in PV Cell temperature affects the PV panel performance significantly and reduces the power output and affect the battery charging performance. The 2X concentrated panel connected battery take full charge within 6 h, it is lower than the reference and X concentrated panel connected Battery. The reduction of voltage due to temperature increment of the concentrated panel was overcome by the voltage booster charge controller (MPES).
Acknowledgments Authors would like to acknowledge Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai for providing instrumental facilities.
References Butler, B.A., Dyk, E.E., Vorster, F.J., Okullo, W., Munji, M.K., Booysen, P., 2011. Characterization of a low concentrator photovoltaic module. Physica B: Condens. Matter 407, 1501–1504. Chemisana, D., Barrau, J., Rosell, J.I., Abdel-Mesih, B., Souliotis, M., Badia, F., 2013. Optical performance of solar reflective concentrators: a simple method for optical assessment. Renew. Energy 57, 120–129. Chi-Feng, C., Chih-Hao, L., Huang-Tzung, J., 2010. A solar concentrator with two reflection mirrors designed by using a ray tracing method. Optik 121 (11), 1042–1051. Clifford, K.H., Brian, D.I., 2014. Review of high-temperature central receiver designs for concentrating solar power. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 29, 835–846. Eduardo, F., Fernández, F.A., 2015. A new procedure for estimating the cell temperature of a high concentrator photovoltaic grid connected system based on atmospheric parameters. Energy Convers. Manag. 103, 1031–1039. Fabienne, S., Alberto, G.J., José-Luis, T., Ramón, P.-N., 2015. Optical losses due to tracking error estimation for a low concentrating solar collector. Energy Convers. Manag. 92, 194–206. Farong, H., Longlong, L., Weidong, H., 2014. Optical performance of an azimuth tracking linear Fresnel solar concentrator. Sol. Energy 108, 1–12. Gabriel, S., 2012. Chapter II d-1-Concentrator Systems Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, second edition, pp. 837–862. Hossein, M., Alireza, K., Arzhang, J., Hossein, M., Karen, A., Ahmad, S., 2009. A review of principle and sun-tracking methods for maximizing solar systems output. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 13 (8), 1800–1818. Hui, L., Fei, S., Jinmei, D., Wen, L., Chunfu, C., Jinye, Z., 2015. Temperature-dependent model of concentrator photovoltaic modules combining optical elements and
III–V multi-junction solar cells. Sol. Energy 112, 351–360. Libra, M., Poulek, V., 2000. A new low-cost tracking ridge concentrator. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 61, 199–202. Liu, X., Tang, R., 2010. Design optimization of fixed V-trough concentrators. In: Proceedings of IEEE, APPEEC, vol. 78, pp. 4244–4250. Maria, B., Anna, H., Björn, K., Johan, N., Arne, R., 2004. Optical properties, durability, and system aspects of a new aluminium-polymer-laminated steel reflector for solar concentrators. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 82 (3), 387–412. Masato, M., Toshiro, M., 2005. Static solar concentrator with vertical flat plate photovoltaic cells and switchable white/transparent bottom plate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 87 (1–4), 299–309. Ming, L., Xu, Ji, Guoliang, Li, Shengxian, W., YingFeng, L., Feng, S., 2011. Performance study of solar cell arrays based on a trough concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system. Appl. Energy 88 (9), 3218–3227. Mosalam, S.M.A., Ghettas, A., Sabry, M., 1995. V-trough concentrator on a photovoltaic full tracking system in a hot desert climate. Renew. Energy 6 (5–6), 527–532. Najla, El.G., Halima, D., Sofiane, B., Noureddine, S., 2011. A comparative study between parabolic trough collector and linear Fresnel reflector technologies. Energy Procedia 6, 565–572. Runsheng, T., Xinyue, L., 2011. Optical performance and design optimization of V-trough concentrators for photovoltaic applications. Sol. Energy 85 (9), 2154–2166. Rustu, E., Ali, S., 2012. Performance comparison of a double-axis sun tracking versus fixed PV system. Sol. Energy 86, 2665–2672. Sangani, C.S., Solanki, C.S., 2007. Experimental evaluation of V–trough (2 suns) PV concentrator system using commercial PV Modules. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 91, 453–459. Solanki, C.S., 2010. Solar Photovoltaic, Fundamentals, Technologies and Applications, second edition. PHI publications, India, Second edition. Solanki, C.S., Sangani, C.S., Gunashekar, D., Antony, G., 2008. Enhanced heat dissipation of V-trough PV modules for better performance. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. C 92, 1634–1638. Steven, C.R., Connor, B., Greg, C., Matt, Kinni, Nik, G., Peter, V.S., 2012. Concentrating sunlight with an immobile primary mirror and immobile receiver: ray-tracing results. Sol. Energy 86 (1), 132–138. Tao, T., Hongfei, Z., Kaiyan, H., Mayere, A., 2011. A new trough solar concentrator and its performance analysis. Sol. Energy 85, 198–207. Yuan-Hsiang, Z., Tian-Shiang, Y., 2014. Optical performance analysis of a HCPV solar concentrator yielding highly uniform cell irradiance. Sol. Energy 107, 1–11. Yun, S.L., Chin, K.L., Shin, Y.K., Hong, T.E., Abd Rahman, F., 2014. Design and evaluation of passive concentrator and reflector systems for bifacial solar panel on a highly cloudy region – a case study in Malaysia. Renew. Energy 63, 415–425. Yupeng, X., Peide, H., Shuai, W., Peng, L., Shishu, L., Yuanbo, Z., Shaoxu, H.Z., Chunhua, Z., Yanhong, M., 2015. A review of concentrator silicon solar cells. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 51, 1697–1708. Ze-Dong, C., Ya-Ling, H., Kun, W., Bao-Cun, D., Cui, F.Q., 2014. A detailed parameter study on the comprehensive characteristics and performance of a parabolic trough solar collector system. Appl. Therm. Eng. 63 (1), 278–289. Zheng, H., Tao, T., Dai, J., Kang, H., 2011. Light tracing analysis of a new kind of trough solar concentrator. Energy Convers. Manag. 52, 2373–2377.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ecoenv
Design construction and analysis of solar ridge concentrator photovoltaic (PV) system to improve battery charging performance Kalaiselvan Narasimman n, Iniyan Selvarasan Institute for Energy Studies, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history: Received 8 December 2014 Received in revised form 15 December 2015 Accepted 26 January 2016
A ridge concentrator photovoltaic system for a 10 W multi-crystalline solar panel was designed with the concentration ratios of 1X and 2X. The ray tracing model of ridge concentrator photovoltaic system was carried out using Trace-Pro simulation. The optimum tilt angle for the concentrator PV system throughout the year was computed. The electrical parameters of the 3 panels were analyzed. The effect of temperature on the electrical performance of the panel was also studied. The reduction of voltage due to increasing panel temperature was managed by MPES type Charge controller. Glass reflector with reflectivity 0.95 was chosen as the ridge wall for the concentrator system. The maximum power outputs for the 1X and 2X panel reached were 9 W and 10.5 W with glass reflector. The percentage of power improvement for 1X and 2X concentrations were 22.3% and 45.8% respectively. The 2X concentrated panel connected battery takes lower time to charge compared with normal panel connected battery. & 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Keywords: Ridge concentrator Mirror reflector Temperature effect MPES charge controller
1. Introduction The cost of solar PV cells is high, primarily due to the material synthesizing processes used in manufacturing of solar cells. This hampers the widespread use of the solar photovoltaic, as an alternative to the non-renewable energy generation, when compared to other renewable energy sources in the modern energy production scenario. One of the attractive way to bring down the cost factor is to concentrate light on solar cells, reducing the required cell area for a given output power (Solanki., 2010; Yupeng et al., 2015; Butler et al., 2011). This concentration can be achieved by using linear Glass mirrors, lenses, holographic and other kind of optical reflectors which are very cheap compared to the solar grade silicon material (Masato and Toshiro, 2005; Chi-Feng et al., 2010; Yun et al., 2014; Maria et al., 2004; Chemisana et al., 2013). However High Concentration Photovoltaic (HCPV) which concentrates sun's energy to 100–1000X are yet not considered to be very cost effective due to various parameters like tracking, optics, cooling, complex design, etc. (Yuan-Hsiang and Tian-Shiang, 2014; Fabienne et al., 2015; Rustu and Ali, 2012; Gabriel., 2012). Hence the usage of low concentrators like V-trough, ridge concentrator is deemed to be more viable. As it employs low concentration it avoids complexities like tracking, high maintenance, etc. (Liu and Tang, 2010; Sangani and Solanki, 2007; Najla et al. 2011). In this n
Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (K. Narasimman), [email protected] (I. Selvarasan). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.01.024 0147-6513/& 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc.
study a linear ridge concentrator prototype is designed and analyzed with various concentration ratio and the electrical characteristics are analyzed in relation to the temperature of the system. The study was contacted with one axis North-south tracking mechanism (Mosalam et al., 1995; Libra and Poulek, 2000; Runsheng and Xinyue, 2011; Tao et al., 2011; Farong et al., 2014; Hossein et al., 2009). The additional radiation falling on the solar panel due to Ridge wall will increase the panel power output and temperature. This in turn decreases the efficiency of the panel after certain radiation. So proper heat dissipation from panel is essential for the concentrator system to improve the power output and life of the panel (Ze-Dong et al., 2014; Solanki et al., 2008; Zheng et al., 2011; Steven et al., 2012).For concentrator photovoltaic system, the panel voltage is mostly affected when compared with current (Hui et al., 2015; Eduardo and Fernández, 2015). The working performance and circumstances of high-temperature solar receiver has been greatly improved by minimum trough width. It has a significant influence on the maximum inlet width and the minimum flat reflection mirror width of the system. The receiver being put in the trough improves the heat emission circumstances around the receiver. So the biggest economic benefit can be achieved (Clifford and Brian 2014; Ming et al., 2011).
2. Block diagram of system In ridge concentrator system the individual panel was connected to battery through MPES charge controller. The reduction of voltage was due to increase in panel temperature. This draw
188
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
Fig. 1. Block diagram of ridge concentrator system with MPES charge controller.
Fig. 3. Mathematical model for ridge concentrator system. OE – Height of the reflector from axis, OC – Length of reflector, CD – length of panel, DE- length of reflected ray, θ¼ Trough angle.
distribution was taken to be uniform and solar half angle was not considered. The wave length is considered for global radiation and was optimized as 0.5461 mm. The refractive index is assumed as one. The ray tracing pattern was shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 2. Ray tracing model for ridge concentrator system.
back was overcome by the Maximum Power Extraction System type charge controller (MPES) Fig. 1. The conventional charge controller acts like a preventer for the battery whereas in this type of charge controller additional voltage booster is incorporated within the circuit. So whenever the voltage was decreased it will boost the voltage and then send it to the charge controller. If we have voltage above the 12 V it will directly charge the battery through the charge controller this separation was carried out by the DPDT relay mechanism.
4. Mathematical modeling for trough angle Height of the reflector to be mounted (OE) with respect to axis shown in Fig. 3
ΔOCE, OE =
X 3 2
For trough angle (θ ) , sin θ =
[
X 3 ] 2
X
Δ ODE, (DE)2 = (OC + CD)2 + (OE)2 So the length of the reflected ray =X 3 3. Ray tracing model For the simulation the reflector and panel are assumed as perfect reflector and absorber. Source was considered as lambertian source and this thus defined as grid source. Angular
cos φ =
⎡X 3⎤ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ X 3
Reflected angle ϕ1 = ϕ−θ1
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
5. Optimum tilt angle A solar photovoltaic module (SPV) collects the maximum solar radiation when the sun's rays strikes it at right angle. This can be achieved either by the continuous tracking system or module mounts with optimum tilt angle. However, a small deviation (7 5°) allowable for ideal tilts. The optimal orientation for a solar energy system depends on the site latitude, date & time of the year. Sun tracking mechanism is not cost-effective but an adjustable (tilt angle) solar photovoltaic modules mount (south facing in northern hemisphere & north facing in southern hemisphere) will be cost-effective. The optimal tilt angles for the Concentrator Photovoltaic modules are calculated according to the summer and winter solitude at a site in northern hemisphere with latitude L are calculated as follow (Table 1).
6.1. Construction details A Multi-crystalline solar panel of 10 Wp is taken for the study. The experimental setup is fabricated to carry out the experiments as shown in Fig. 4.
10 Wp 21.5 V 0.65 A 710% 17.1 A 0.59 A 0.345 m 0.285
Reflective material Reflector Back coating
Mirror glass Silver
Thickness of glass
3 mm
The battery selection Nominal voltage Float voltage Cycle Self discharge Maximum charge current Readings were taken between 9:00 AM
12 V, 5 A h 13.3–13.8 14.1–15.5 60 month (25 °C) 1.5 A and 4:30 PM.
Panel 1 is attached with X concentration side and connected to battery through charge controller. Similar manner Panel 2 and panel 3 are attached with 2X concentration side and reference panel. The dimensions of panel are mentioned in the specification. The building chosen for this experimentation has a true south facing structure. Thus, the azimuth of the setup angle is zero. The reflectors are attached to the panel at an angle of 60°. This angle was determined after simulation analysis using Trace Pro software. The Battery charging Voltage and Charging current was measured by solar measuring kit for every one hour. The radiation was measured by a weather station monitor. By adjusting the pot resistance, the resistance value was set approximately to 20 Ώ and voltage and current was measured for various solar radiations.
6. Experimental setup
Module parameters Peak power Open circuit voltage Short circuit current Tolerance Vmpp Impp Length Width
189
7. Results and discussion The power output of the concentrated panels and reference panel are compared, and optimum operating temperatures of the PV panel has been found out. The power output of the panels with concentration X and 2X and without concentration with respect to the radiation. The irradiation map for each panel was simulated by trace–pro simulation shown in Fig. 5a–c. The average power output of 2X concentrated panel high compared to X and reference panel Fig. 6a. The Fig. 6b. shows the comparison of the current with and without concentration. For the increasing radiation the current drawn from the panel was high for the concentrated panel
Table 1 Monthly tilt angle for the ridge concentrator system. Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Tilt
35
26
15
3
0
0
0
0
11
21
31
36
Fig. 4. Photographic views of the ridge concentrator PV system.
190
K. Narasimman, I. Selvarasan / Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 127 (2016) 187–192
Fig. 5. Irradiation map for various concentration level (A) irradiation map for X concentration panel, (B) irradiation map for 2X concentrated panel and (C) irradiation map for un concentrated panel.
compared with normal panel. The increase in panel temperature not affected much more in the panel current. Fig. 6c. shows the comparison of the voltage variation of the panels with and without concentration for various. The voltage initially increases for lower radiation and decreases, after certain temperature in concentrated panels (X and 2X), due to increasing temperature which caused by concentration effect. The rate of change in voltage for 2X high due to high light concentration compared with the X concentrated panel. This effect was affecting the battery charging performance. But the usage of MPES charge controller the reduction of voltage due to high panel temperature was maintained with optimum level by the voltage booster. The MPES charge controller also senses the battery level when the battery was fully charged the indicator LED was glow. So the battery was charged at floating charge with the concentrated current. The Fig. 6d. shows
the Battery charging performance in that the concentrated panel connected battery has charging current compared with un concentrated panel connected battery. So the concentrated panel connected battery reach full charge with short time compared with the unconcentrated panel connected battery (Table 2).
8. Conclusions The power output of ridge concentrated panels high compare with the un concentrated panel. The ridge concentrator system was constructed with X and 2X concentration level for the 10 W Multi-crystalline panels. This system also eliminates the need of continuous tracking system. The power output of the ridge concentration system is high when compared with the reference
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12
Power Vs Time
Current Vs Time 0.8
10
0.72
8
Current(A)
Power (W)
191
6 Reference panel
4
0.64
X concentration
X concentrated panel 2X concentrated panel
2
0.48
2X concentration
0.4 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1:00 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30
0
Reference
0.56
Time(Hrs)
Time(Hrs)
Charging characteristic of Battery
Charge Voltage(V)
Voltage(Volt)
14 13 12 11 Reference
10
X concentration
9
2X concentration
8
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0.9 0.8 Reference Voltage
0.7
Single Reflector
0.6
Double Reflector
0.5
Reference Current
0.4
Single Reflector
0.3
Doule Reflector
0.2
Charge current(A)
Voltage Vs Time
15
0.1 0 0
5
10
15
20
Time (Hrs)
Time (Hrs)
Fig. 6. Electrical characteristics of Ridge concentrator system (A) power output of the panel with and without concentrator (B), output current of the panel with and without concentrator (C), output voltage of the panel with and without concentrator, and (D) charging characteristic of battery and without concentrator.
Table 2 The Experimental observation with battery performance. Time
Radiation Reference Panel 2
X concentrated
2X concentrated
(h)
W/m
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
Power(W) Battery voltage (V)
Battery current (A)
9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 1 1:30 2:00 2:30 3:00 3:30 4:00 4:30
664 687 706 766 793 845 860 884 956 982 858 769 731 634 555 476
4.836 5.141 5.742 6.283 6.51 6.848 6.825 6.89 6.93 6.864 6.63 6.324 6.262 5.076 3.48 3.002
0.55 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.1 0.1 0.1
5.665 6.048 6.771 6.954 7.192 7.434 7.744 8.1 8.255 9.044 8.71 8.385 8.19 7.015 5.141 4.032
0.62 0.69 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.1 0.095 0.09 0.085 0.08 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.1
6.322 6.893 7.906 8.174 8.432 8.875 9.125 9.216 10.35 10.575 9.916 9.017 8.47 7.906 6.148 4.992
0.69 0.75 0.8 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.085 0.08 0.085 0.09 0.095 0.095 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
1.4 3.4 5.2 6.2 8.1 9.4 10.7 12.85 13.5 13.65 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.85 13.85 13.85
2 4.8 8 9.6 11.5 12.5 13.4 13.6 13.7 13.75 13.8 13.85 13.95 13.95 13.95 13.95
2.8 7.2 9.1 11.3 12.8 13.67 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.75 13.85 13.85 13.85 13.9 14.1 14.1
192
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panel. Average power output of the panel for X and 2X concentration can reach 7.2 W and 8.75 W whereas for the reference panel it is reaches only about 5.84 W. But increase in PV Cell temperature affects the PV panel performance significantly and reduces the power output and affect the battery charging performance. The 2X concentrated panel connected battery take full charge within 6 h, it is lower than the reference and X concentrated panel connected Battery. The reduction of voltage due to temperature increment of the concentrated panel was overcome by the voltage booster charge controller (MPES).
Acknowledgments Authors would like to acknowledge Institute for Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai for providing instrumental facilities.
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