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Design for legibility of visual displays
3.4.387 (60043)
Goldman, R.F. Physical fitness, flight requirements and age. AGARD Physical Fitness in Flying including the Aging and Aged Aircrew, Mar. 1971, 9 pp.; abstr, in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (Report No. N71-22304) (see N71-22301 11-05).
T1L ReportNo. P-158319, Feb. 1959, 53 pp.; abstr, in R and D Abstracts. Analysis of existing study data and recommendation of the alphabetic and numeric designs best suited to the provision of higher error free legibility.
3.4.390 (60079)
Ferguson, H.M. and Mainwaring, G. Muscular strength, cardiorespiratory capacity and relative body weight are frequently used criteria of physical fitness. These different aspects of fitness all alter predictably with age and can be altered by training. Considering the physical work involved in flight, it seems appropriate to consider what degree physical fitness and which aspects of it should be important to an aircrew. Excess weight m a y require premature replacement of an individual because of the decreased longevity associated with being overweight, but should not hinder flight performance as long as the man fits into his workspace, and agility and reach are unimpaired. The energy cost of flying only averages 125 kcal/ hr and even an average 65 year old in fair condition has a maximum work capacity at least three times that. Finally, the muscular forces required to fly modern aircraft are minimized by electro-mechanical control systems.
A survey of visual guidance aids for aircraft. Lighting Research and Technology, 1971, 3.4, 2 5 1 - 2 6 7 .
3.4.388 (60312 ~, Casey, D. Quantitative technique for assessing physically handicapped patients for hand-propelled wheelchairs. H e l d b y N L L , May 1971, 37 pp.; abstr, in R and D Abstracts.
Operbeck, H.
The paper first summarizes the visual information required to enable the pilot of an aircraft to close and hold a desired course. It then describes various visual aids which have been proposed or used, identifying three principal types, namely 'geometric' (patterns and indicators), ' p h o t o m e t r i c ' (colour and brightness assessment or matching) and 'flashing' (including sequential flashing to produce a running sign). Composite devices using more than one of these types are included, but a distinction is drawn between these devices and those which are, for example, coloured or flashed merely to increase their conspicuity. ' S t o p ' indicators for aircraft parking, though not strictly tracking aids, are also included.
3.4.391 (60080)
A technique for the assessment of physically handicapped patients for hand-propelled wheelchairs is described. Tests carried out on the patients, in a stationary chair, determine the remaining force available for self-propulsion, and so provide data for a c o m p u t e r programme which simulates the behaviour of user-appliance systems. Criteria are established for the evaluation of system performance for the range of wheelchairs available for prescription. This particular approach enables a quantitative assessment to be made, complementary to the qualitative investigation as practised at present.
Visual displays 3.4.389 (60069) Bendix Corporation, Radio Division, Baltimore, USA Design for legibility of visual displays.
242
Effect of paper and ink gloss on legibility. Journal of Typographic Research, 1970, 4.2, 1 8 7 - 188;abstr. in Legibility Research Abstracts. The speed and accuracy of identifying the position of the gaps in Landolt rings printed on papers of differing degrees of gloss and in inks of differing degrees of gloss were recorded. The scores were lowest for glossy ink, highest for matt ink; the scores for the mediumgloss ink were in between. The glossiness of the paper did not affect the scores. Contrary to the experimental data, subjects believed it was easier to read from the matt papers. 3.4.392 (60081 )
Gibbons, H.L. and Lewis, M.F. Color signals and general aviation. Aerospace Medicine, Jun. 1969, 40.6, 6 6 8 - 6 6 9 . The history of colour signal use in air traffic control is reviewed. The extent of use of the colour signal light gun for control of aircraft at control towers in the southwest and western United States is reported. Also the
Applied Ergonomics December 1972
results of testing of pilots for their knowledge of the meaning of the signal lights are reported. The data suggests that pilots do not retain familiarity with the colour signal meaning, apparently due to infrequent use. Although this would support simplification of the colour signal code, relaxation of the colour vision standards is not supported, since there are other uses of colour codes in aviation. 3.4.393 (60083,) Sullivan, H.W. Warning light study. A study of the effect on driver behaviour on operating emergency amber lights. Jan. 1971, 199 pp.; abstr, in U.S. Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. PB-199 108). The study was conducted m co-operation with the California Division of Highways during the summer of 1969 to determine the effect of operating amber warning lights on driver behaviour, with the main emphasis on traffic flow. Amber Lights were operatedon three types of vehicles; black and white enforcement, tow service truck, and Division of Highways Maintenance Pickup, for three levels of traffic volume. The amber light had little effect on traffic flow during the day. There was some slowing of traffic at night on the two lane, light volume road. The vehicle effect varied; the black and white vehicle had the greatest effect, the pickup the least effect. Experimental design, statistical m e t h o d o l o g y and analysis of findings are described in detail. 3.4.394 (60084)
Kuether, C.L. Effective use of visual materials in lecture. A merican Journal of Optometry and Archives oJ A merican A c~:demy of Optometry, Aug. 1971,48.8, 693-699 Basic concepts in the presentation of visual materials are developed, including rules of t h u m b for ensuring visibility of projection slides, suggestions on presentation of materials, and direction of audience attention, and simple inexpensive methods of preparing suitable materials. Data are gathered from educational, optometric and industrial literature. 3.4.395 (60085)
Best, G. Direction finding in large buildings. A rchitectura l Psychology. L ondo n.
Goldman, R.F. Physical fitness, flight requirements and age. AGARD Physical Fitness in Flying including the Aging and Aged Aircrew, Mar. 1971, 9 pp.; abstr, in Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (Report No. N71-22304) (see N71-22301 11-05).
T1L ReportNo. P-158319, Feb. 1959, 53 pp.; abstr, in R and D Abstracts. Analysis of existing study data and recommendation of the alphabetic and numeric designs best suited to the provision of higher error free legibility.
3.4.390 (60079)
Ferguson, H.M. and Mainwaring, G. Muscular strength, cardiorespiratory capacity and relative body weight are frequently used criteria of physical fitness. These different aspects of fitness all alter predictably with age and can be altered by training. Considering the physical work involved in flight, it seems appropriate to consider what degree physical fitness and which aspects of it should be important to an aircrew. Excess weight m a y require premature replacement of an individual because of the decreased longevity associated with being overweight, but should not hinder flight performance as long as the man fits into his workspace, and agility and reach are unimpaired. The energy cost of flying only averages 125 kcal/ hr and even an average 65 year old in fair condition has a maximum work capacity at least three times that. Finally, the muscular forces required to fly modern aircraft are minimized by electro-mechanical control systems.
A survey of visual guidance aids for aircraft. Lighting Research and Technology, 1971, 3.4, 2 5 1 - 2 6 7 .
3.4.388 (60312 ~, Casey, D. Quantitative technique for assessing physically handicapped patients for hand-propelled wheelchairs. H e l d b y N L L , May 1971, 37 pp.; abstr, in R and D Abstracts.
Operbeck, H.
The paper first summarizes the visual information required to enable the pilot of an aircraft to close and hold a desired course. It then describes various visual aids which have been proposed or used, identifying three principal types, namely 'geometric' (patterns and indicators), ' p h o t o m e t r i c ' (colour and brightness assessment or matching) and 'flashing' (including sequential flashing to produce a running sign). Composite devices using more than one of these types are included, but a distinction is drawn between these devices and those which are, for example, coloured or flashed merely to increase their conspicuity. ' S t o p ' indicators for aircraft parking, though not strictly tracking aids, are also included.
3.4.391 (60080)
A technique for the assessment of physically handicapped patients for hand-propelled wheelchairs is described. Tests carried out on the patients, in a stationary chair, determine the remaining force available for self-propulsion, and so provide data for a c o m p u t e r programme which simulates the behaviour of user-appliance systems. Criteria are established for the evaluation of system performance for the range of wheelchairs available for prescription. This particular approach enables a quantitative assessment to be made, complementary to the qualitative investigation as practised at present.
Visual displays 3.4.389 (60069) Bendix Corporation, Radio Division, Baltimore, USA Design for legibility of visual displays.
242
Effect of paper and ink gloss on legibility. Journal of Typographic Research, 1970, 4.2, 1 8 7 - 188;abstr. in Legibility Research Abstracts. The speed and accuracy of identifying the position of the gaps in Landolt rings printed on papers of differing degrees of gloss and in inks of differing degrees of gloss were recorded. The scores were lowest for glossy ink, highest for matt ink; the scores for the mediumgloss ink were in between. The glossiness of the paper did not affect the scores. Contrary to the experimental data, subjects believed it was easier to read from the matt papers. 3.4.392 (60081 )
Gibbons, H.L. and Lewis, M.F. Color signals and general aviation. Aerospace Medicine, Jun. 1969, 40.6, 6 6 8 - 6 6 9 . The history of colour signal use in air traffic control is reviewed. The extent of use of the colour signal light gun for control of aircraft at control towers in the southwest and western United States is reported. Also the
Applied Ergonomics December 1972
results of testing of pilots for their knowledge of the meaning of the signal lights are reported. The data suggests that pilots do not retain familiarity with the colour signal meaning, apparently due to infrequent use. Although this would support simplification of the colour signal code, relaxation of the colour vision standards is not supported, since there are other uses of colour codes in aviation. 3.4.393 (60083,) Sullivan, H.W. Warning light study. A study of the effect on driver behaviour on operating emergency amber lights. Jan. 1971, 199 pp.; abstr, in U.S. Government Research and Development Reports (Report No. PB-199 108). The study was conducted m co-operation with the California Division of Highways during the summer of 1969 to determine the effect of operating amber warning lights on driver behaviour, with the main emphasis on traffic flow. Amber Lights were operatedon three types of vehicles; black and white enforcement, tow service truck, and Division of Highways Maintenance Pickup, for three levels of traffic volume. The amber light had little effect on traffic flow during the day. There was some slowing of traffic at night on the two lane, light volume road. The vehicle effect varied; the black and white vehicle had the greatest effect, the pickup the least effect. Experimental design, statistical m e t h o d o l o g y and analysis of findings are described in detail. 3.4.394 (60084)
Kuether, C.L. Effective use of visual materials in lecture. A merican Journal of Optometry and Archives oJ A merican A c~:demy of Optometry, Aug. 1971,48.8, 693-699 Basic concepts in the presentation of visual materials are developed, including rules of t h u m b for ensuring visibility of projection slides, suggestions on presentation of materials, and direction of audience attention, and simple inexpensive methods of preparing suitable materials. Data are gathered from educational, optometric and industrial literature. 3.4.395 (60085)
Best, G. Direction finding in large buildings. A rchitectura l Psychology. L ondo n.