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Design of EBG antenna with multi-sources excitation for high directivity applications
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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing 22 00 (2018) 598–604 Procedia Manufacturing (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing 0000 (2017) 000–000
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11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October 11th in 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania INTER-ENG 11th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 2017, 5-6 5-6 October October 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Design of EBG antenna with multi-sources excitation for high Design EBG with excitation for high Design of ofEngineering EBG antenna antenna with multi-sources multi-sources excitation for28-30 highJune Manufacturing Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, directivity applications directivity applications 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain directivity applications a b c Abdelmoumen Kaabala,∗ a,∗, Mustapha El halaouia ,aBilal El Jaafarib , Saida Ahyoudc , Adel Abdelmoumen Kaabal , Mustapha El halaoui , Bilal El Jaafari , Saida Ahyoud a,∗ b c , Adel Asselman Abdelmoumen Kaabal ,capacity Mustapha El halaouia ,aBilal El Jaafari , Saida Ahyoud , Adel Costing models for optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off Asselman a Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Asselman Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. between used and operational efficiency Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆ a(IETR), di University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. Institute of Electronics and capacity Telecommunications of Rennes INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. a
a b a b Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. c Information Technology and Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, b Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. c Information Technology Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Essaˆ University, P.O. 2121, a a,* Abdelmalek b aadi b Box c Information Technology and and Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆ di University, P.O. Box 2121,
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke a
Tetouan, Morocco. Tetouan, Morocco. Tetouan, Morocco.
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract b Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil Abstract Abstract In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna with multi-sources excitation is proposed. The objective is to In this paper, an electromagnetic bandthe gap (EBG) resonator antenna withThe multi-sources excitation proposed. TheEBG objective is to broaden the radiation bandwidth and directivity of the EBG antenna. directivity is increasedis 13dB using resonator In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna with multi-sources excitation isby proposed. The objective is to broaden thetoradiation bandwidth and the directivity of the EBG antenna. The directivity is increased by 13dB using EBG resonator compared the conventional patch antenna case; a value of 20dB is obtained. The multi-sources excitation was considered to broaden the radiation bandwidth and the directivity of the EBG antenna. The directivity is increased by 13dB using EBG resonator Abstract compared to the conventional patch antenna case; a value 20dB isBy obtained. excitation device was considered to moderate problem of the low radiation bandwidth of theof means ofThe themulti-sources multi-source excitation (16 patches compared the to the conventional patch antenna case; a value ofantenna. 20dB is obtained. The multi-sources excitation was considered to moderate theeffect problem of the of lowthe radiation bandwidththe of the antenna.is By means of the multi-source excitation device (16 patches are used to excitation EBG resonator), directivity increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source moderate the problem of the low radiation bandwidth of the antenna. By means of the multi-source excitation device (16 patches Under concept of lobes "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, are usedthe to effect of were the EBG resonator), directivity is increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source excitation, theexcitation lateral reduced by 5dB.the are used toand effect excitation of the EBG resonator), the directivity is increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source excitation, and the lateral lobes were reduced by 5dB. information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization c 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. excitation, and the lateral lobes were reduced by 5dB. c 2017 The Authors. Published bythe Elsevier B.V.committee of thecontributing Peer-review responsibility of scientific 11th International Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. goes beyond the traditional aim capacity also Conference for organization’s profitability and value. c 2018 2017 The under Authors. Published byof Elsevier B.V.maximization, © The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Peer-review responsibility ofthe thescientific scientific committee ofthe the11th 11thInternational International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. understructures; responsibility of committee Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. patch antenna array; high directivityofcharacteristics; bandwidthConference enhancement; multi-sources excitation Keywords: EBG maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Keywords: EBG structures; patch antenna array; high directivity characteristics; bandwidth enhancement; multi-sources excitation Keywords: EBGfrom structures; antenna array; directivity perspectives. characteristics; bandwidth enhancement; excitation contributions both patch the practical andhigh theoretical This paper presentsmulti-sources and discusses a mathematical
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity optimization might hide operational inefficiency. 1. 2017 Introduction © The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 1. Introduction Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) resonator antenna have attracted considerable interest recently due to their highly 2017. Electromagnetic (EBG) antenna have attracted interest recently due tobut their directional radiationbandgap properties [1,2].resonator This type of antenna has easilyconsiderable reached a fairly high directivity, thehighly bandElectromagnetic bandgap (EBG) resonator antenna have attracted considerable interest recently due to their highly directional radiation properties [1,2]. This type of antenna has easily reached a fairly high directivity, but the bandKeywords: Cost Models; ABC;narrow TDABC;[3–5]. Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; is Operational Efficiency width remains relatively The bandwidth widening achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first directional radiation properties [1,2]. This type of antenna has easily reached a fairly high directivity, but the bandwidth remains relatively narrow [3–5]. The bandwidth widening is achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first step is to choose a high efficiency excitation antenna, then the EBG resonator capable to provide a large bandwidth. width remains relatively narrow [3–5]. The bandwidth widening is achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first step is to choose a high efficiency excitation antenna, then the EBG resonator capable to provide a large bandwidth. This providesa high the essential information the size of the the EBG antenna, the resonator the number of bandwidth. sources. It step isstep to choose efficiency excitation on antenna, then resonator capableand to provide a large 1. Introduction This step provides the essential information antenna on the size ofmeets the antenna, the resonator and theresonator number ofis sources. It finally allows to realize a high performance that the specifications. The EBG excited by This step provides the essential information on the size of the antenna, the resonator and the number of sources. It finally allows to realize a high performance antenna that meets the specifications. The EBG resonator is excited by one or more its role is to realise bothantenna a frequency spatial filtering on theThe radiation the excitation device finally allowssources, to realize a high performance that and meets the specifications. EBG of resonator is excited by The cost of idle capacity and their management ofthe extreme importance one or more sources, its roleisisatofundamental realise bothinformation a frequencyfor andcompanies spatial filtering on the radiation of excitation device [6–8]. one or more sources, its role is to realise both a frequency and spatial filtering on the radiation of the excitation device in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured [6–8]. [6–8]. in several ways: tons of production, available hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. *∗ Paulo Afonso. Tel.: +351 253 510 761; fax: +351 253 604 741 ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. [email protected] address: [email protected] ∗ E-mail Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected] c 2017 2351-9789 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. 2351-9789 © cunder 2351-9789 2017responsibility The Authors.of Published by Elsevier B.V.of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review the scientific committee Peer-review the scientific committee cunder 2351-9789 2017responsibility The Authors.of Published by Elsevier B.V.of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.087
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599
W
x L
dx
y dy
l
c
Fig. 1. Geometry of the mono-source patch antenna.
Nomenclature EBG Hiperlan WLAN HFSS
Electromagnetic Band Gap High Performance Radio Local Area Network Wireless Local Area Network High Frequency Structural Simulator
2. Mono-source excitation of the EBG-resonator 2.1. The excitation choice The excitation choice is based on the Hiperlan standard, which has the advantage of a working frequency of 5.8GHz and which allows a realization neither too cumbersome nor too difficult to make. On this basis, a microstrip patch antenna is chosen. This antenna is printed on a dielectric FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity εr = 4.4, a thickness of 1.6mm and a dielectric loss tangent tgδ = 0.02. The antenna is excited using a 50Ω feed line, and the inset technique for adaptation. The geometry of the patch antenna with its dimensions are shown in Fig. 1. The values of the design parameters are shown in the Table 1, were chosen to have a real part of the input impedance in the vicinity of 50Ω around the operating frequency 5.8GHz, and an imaginary part almost nil to allow an acceptable adaptation (see Fig. 2). Table 1. Optimal values of the design parameters. Desin parameters
value (mm)
Desin parameters
value (mm)
W L c l
33.2 37.1 3 12
x y dx dx
16 10 1 3.7
The antenna was designed by HFSS software, the Fig. 3 shows that the operating bandwidth of the antenna is 200MHz around the frequency 5.8GHz. The Fig. 4 illustrates the maximum directivity as a function of frequency and the radiation pattern at 5.8GHz, it shows that the directivity does not exceed 7dB for a simple patch antenna.
Abdelmoumen Kaabal et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 598–604 Abdelmoumen Kaabal et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 605–611
600
0
50
-10
30
-15
20
S11 (dB)
Input impedance (Ω)
-5
Re Im
40
10 0
-20 -25
-10
-30
-20
-35
-30
-40
5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
6,2
6,4
Frequency (GHz)
6,6
5,4
Fig. 2. Input impedance.
5,6
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
6,2
6,4
6,6
0 330
5
8
30
E Plane H Plane
0
7
-5
6
-10
Directivity (dB)
Directivity (dB)
5,8
Fig. 3. The reflection coefficient. 10
300
60
-15
5
-20
4
-20
270
90
-15
3
-10
2
-5
1 0 5,4
607
240
120
0 5
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequrncy (GHz)
6,2
6,4
6,6
10
210
150 180
Fig. 4. The directivity and the radiation pattern.
2.2. The EBG-antenna To apply the EBG structure in the antenna, its properties are used. The first design step is the construction of a cavity in the center of the multilayer EBG structure corresponding to the wavelength λ0 of which the transmission in this structure is prohibited. To determine the band gap of the EBG structure, the properties of S-parameters are exploited [9], these parameters are calculated using the transfer matrix method. The matrix of each layer is given by the following Eq. 1: cos(δ ) j sin(δi ) i Mi = (1) γi jγi sin(δi ) cos(δi )
ki . ω ω √ In the case of a normal incidence ki = ( )ni , with ni = εr,i is the refractive index of the ith layer, a its thickness, c c the celerity and ω = 2π f0 the angular frequency. with δi = aki and γi =
The global transfer matrix corresponding to the whole structure is the product of particular transfer matrix Mi is given by the Eq. 2, the structure treated like a stack of 11 layers consists of alternating the dielectric layer with another layer of the air (see Fig. 5(a)): M=
T= Γ0 =
11 m11 m12 Mi = m21 m22
Γ0 m11 +
(2)
i=1
2Γ0 + m21 + Γ0 m22
Γ20 m12
n0 , n0 is the refractive index of the medium at the edges of the unit cell, in our case n0 = 1. c
(3)
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Transmission coefficient (dB)
8
13 13
z y
52.8
0 -3 -6 -9
-12
Symmetry plane
-15
13
EBG Periodic layers EBG 1-resonator
-18 -21
13
0
2
4
6
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
8
10
12
(b)
Fig. 5. The EBG structure: (a) mono-resonator and (b) The transmission coefficient 0 -5 -10
S11 (dΒ)
-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 5,4
Fig. 6. Mono-source EBG-antenna consisting of three Neltec-NY926 layers.
5,8
6,0
6,2
Frequency (GHz)
6,4
6,6
Fig. 7. Reflection coefficient of the mono-source EBG-antenna.
0
25
330
20
30
15
25
E Plane H Plane
10 5
300
60
0
Directivity (dB)
20
Directivity (dB)
5,6
-5
-10 -15
15
-20
270
90
-15
10
-10 -5 0
5
5
240
120
10 15
0 5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
6,2
6,4
6,6
20 25
210
150 180
(b)
Fig. 8. Characterization of the mono-source EBG-antenna: (a) the frequency directivity and (b) the radiation pattern.
The Fig. 5(b) shows the evolution of the transmission coefficient in the Eq. 3 of a structure having six dielectric layers without and with cavity of thickness λ0 in the middle of the structure. From this figure, a transmission peak is formed at the central frequency f0 = 5.8GHz of the band gap, which reflects a phenomenon of resonance. This phenomenon of frequency filtering is exploited to design a directional EBG antenna by introducing a ground plane containing a excitation at the symmetry plane of the EBG resonator in middle of the cavity which is described by Thevenot et al. [10–12]. The Fig. 6 illustrates the mono-source EBG antenna, it’s composed of an excitation source shown in Fig. 1 accompanied by three dielectric plates of Neltec NY9260 whose relative dielectric constant is εr = 2.6, the dielectric loss tangent tan(δ) = 0.002 and thickness of 8mm positioned at height of 26.4mm from the ground plane. In the Fig. 7, the reflection coefficient shows that the mono-source EBG antenna is well adapted. The Fig. 8(a) shows that the coupling between the excitation patch and the electromagnetic band-gap structure properties creates a highly directive radiation pattern for the overall mono-source antenna. Unfortunately, this type of antenna has a very narrow radiation bandwidth and does not exceed 5% (see Fig. 8), which limits their utilisation.
Abdelmoumen Kaabal et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 22 (2018) 598–604 Abdelmoumen Kaabal et al. / Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 605–611
602 y
609
0 -5
x
S11 (dB)
-10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35
Fig. 9. 4 × 4 array antenna.
5,6
5,8
Frequency (GHz)
6,0
Fig. 10. Reflection coefficient of array antenna. 0
15
330
10
30
5 300
0
Directivity (dB)
5,4
E Plane H Plane 60
-5
-10 -15 -15
270
90
-10 -5 0
240
120
5 10 15
210
150 180
Fig. 11. The radiation pattern of antenna array.
3. EBG-antenna with milti-sources excitation: bandwidth increasing 3.1. Array antenna design The multi-sources excitation of an antenna increases both; the gain and the radiation bandwidth [3–5,13]. While the use of EBG structures increases the directivity in an extraordinary manner. The assembly of these two techniques can reach the specification. The design of the excitation network is based on the Wilkinson divisor model [14] to ensure that the power is distributed in an equivalent manner in each branch of the network. This network is used to distribute the power to design an antenna array of 4 × 4 patches, where the patch sizes are shown in table 1. The patch spacing corresponds to 0.77λ0 in both directions x and y, with λ0 is the free space wavelength at 5.8GHz. The Fig. 9 represents the array antenna, is printed on FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm and a surface 184 × 184mm2 . 3.2. EBG-antenna with muti-sources excitation The antenna has been designed to operate in the WLAN band and specifically cover the frequencies from 5.725GHz to 5.875GHz for mobile phone base stations. The design is dedicated to the antenna which have weak lateral lobes, good impedance matching and a directivity reasonably constant with high value. Above the patch array, we dispose the previous EBG resonator. The Fig. 13 represents the reflection coefficient of the proposed EBG antenna, it shows that the antenna is well adapted and covers the entire objective band (5.75GHz − 5.85GHz) of WLAN1 or HiperLAN2 . In Fig. 14, it can be seen that for the same inter-source distance, the bandwidth and directivity increases when the number of sources increase. The radiation bandwidth is represented by the percentage of band at −3dB with respect to the maximum directivity at the operating frequency. The EBG antenna with multi-sources excitation has a bandwidth of 6.4% using 4 × 4 patches, as much as that of the single-source BIE antenna is 5%. In addition, the proposed antenna design has decreased the amplitude of secondary lobes with 5dB which promotes energy to transmiter and to radiate in the preferred direction. 1 2
Normes IEEE.802.11. Norme ETSI : European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
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603
0
EBG: Neltec NY9260 (IM)
S11 (dB)
-5
D2 D1 D
-10
-15
z y
Ground plane
-20
4x4 patch antenna array
x
Fig. 12. EBG-antenna with multi-sources excitation.
5,4
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 13. The antenna response. 0
25
330
20
30
15
25
20
E Plane H Plane
10
mono-source 2x1 sources 2x2 sources 4x4 sources
5
300
60
0
Directivity (dB)
Directivity (dB)
5,6
-5
-10 -15 -20
270
90
-15 -10
15
-5 0 5
240
120
10 15
10 5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
6,2
6,4
20 25
210
150 180
(b)
Fig. 14. Multi-sources EBG-antenna characterization: (a) the frequency directivity and (b) the radiation pattern at 5.8GHz.
4. Conclusion It’s possible to obtain a high directivity using electromagnetic band gap with mono-source excitation, but remaining in a limited application because of the very narrow bandwidth. The multi-sources excitation of the EBG resonator has an advantage for simultaneously increasing the directivity and the width of the radiation bandwidth of the EBG antenna. This increase depends on the number of sources and their spacing. References [1] L. Leger, C. Serier, R. Chantalat, M. Thevenot, T. Monedi`ere, B. Jecko, 1D dielectric electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna design, Annales des t´el´ecommunications 59 (3-4) (2004) 242–260. [2] A. Weily, K. Esselle, T. Bird, B. Sanders, Dual resonator 1-D EBG antenna with slot array feed for improved radiation bandwidth, IET microwaves, antennas & propagation 1 (1) (2007) 198–203. [3] R. C. Hadarig, M. De Cos, F. Las-Heras, Microstrip patch antenna bandwidth enhancement using AMC/EBG structures, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012. [4] M. T. Ali, T. A. Rahman, M. R. Kamarudin, M. N. Md Tan, R. Sauleau, A planar antenna array with separated feed line for higher gain and sidelobe reduction, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 8 (2009) 69–82. [5] P. Kamphikul, P. Krachodnok, R. Wongsan, High Gain Mobile Base Station Antenna Using Curved Woodpile EBG Technique, in: the 2014 International Conference on Communications and Telecommunications Engineering (ICCTE 2014), The world Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET), 5–6, 2014. [6] L. Leger, Nouveaux d´eveloppements autour des potentialit´es de l’antenne BIE planaire, Ph.D. thesis, Universit´e de Limoges. Facult´e des sciences et techniques, 2004. [7] L. Leger, T. Monediere, B. Jecko, Enhancement of gain and radiation bandwidth for a planar 1-D EBG antenna, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 15 (9) (2005) 573–575. [8] Y. J. Lee, J. Yeo, R. Mittra, W. S. Park, Application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) superstrates with controllable defects for a class of patch antennas as spatial angular filters, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53 (1) (2005) 224–235. [9] S. Mishra, S. Satpathy, One-dimensional photonic crystal: The Kronig-Penney model, Physical Review B 68 (4) (2003) 045121. [10] M. Thevenot, C. Cheype, A. Reineix, B. Jecko, Directive photonic-bandgap antennas, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47 (11) (1999) 2115–2122. [11] M. Thevenot, M. Denis, A. Reineix, B. Jecko, Design of a new photonic cover to increase antenna directivity, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 22 (2) (1999) 136–139.
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[12] C. Serier, C. Cheype, R. Chantalat, M. Thevenot, T. Monediere, A. Reineix, B. Jecko, 1-D photonic bandgap resonator antenna, Microwave and optical technology letters 29 (5) (2001) 312–315. [13] A. Kaabal, M. El halaoui, S. Ahyoud, A. Asselman, A Low Mutual Coupling Design for Array Microstrip Antennas Integrated with Electromagnetic Band-Gap Structures, Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 549–555. [14] S. Horst, R. Bairavasubramanian, M. M. Tentzeris, J. Papapolymerou, Modified Wilkinson power dividers for millimeter-wave integrated circuits, IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques 55 (11) (2007) 2439–2446.
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Procedia Manufacturing 00 (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing 22 00 (2018) 598–604 Procedia Manufacturing (2018) 605–611 Procedia Manufacturing 0000 (2017) 000–000
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11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 5-6 October 11th in 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania INTER-ENG 11th International International Conference Conference Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, Engineering, INTER-ENG 2017, 2017, 5-6 5-6 October October 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania 2017, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
Design of EBG antenna with multi-sources excitation for high Design EBG with excitation for high Design of ofEngineering EBG antenna antenna with multi-sources multi-sources excitation for28-30 highJune Manufacturing Society International Conference 2017, MESIC 2017, directivity applications directivity applications 2017, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain directivity applications a b c Abdelmoumen Kaabala,∗ a,∗, Mustapha El halaouia ,aBilal El Jaafarib , Saida Ahyoudc , Adel Abdelmoumen Kaabal , Mustapha El halaoui , Bilal El Jaafari , Saida Ahyoud a,∗ b c , Adel Asselman Abdelmoumen Kaabal ,capacity Mustapha El halaouia ,aBilal El Jaafari , Saida Ahyoud , Adel Costing models for optimization in Industry 4.0: Trade-off Asselman a Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Asselman Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. between used and operational efficiency Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆ a(IETR), di University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. Institute of Electronics and capacity Telecommunications of Rennes INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. Optics and Photonics Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, Tetouan, Morocco. a
a b a b Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. c Information Technology and Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆadi University, P.O. Box 2121, b Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), INSA of Rennes, Rennes, France. c Information Technology Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Essaˆ University, P.O. 2121, a a,* Abdelmalek b aadi b Box c Information Technology and and Systems Modeling Team, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaˆ di University, P.O. Box 2121,
A. Santana , P. Afonso , A. Zanin , R. Wernke a
Tetouan, Morocco. Tetouan, Morocco. Tetouan, Morocco.
University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Abstract b Unochapecó, 89809-000 Chapecó, SC, Brazil Abstract Abstract In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna with multi-sources excitation is proposed. The objective is to In this paper, an electromagnetic bandthe gap (EBG) resonator antenna withThe multi-sources excitation proposed. TheEBG objective is to broaden the radiation bandwidth and directivity of the EBG antenna. directivity is increasedis 13dB using resonator In this paper, an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna with multi-sources excitation isby proposed. The objective is to broaden thetoradiation bandwidth and the directivity of the EBG antenna. The directivity is increased by 13dB using EBG resonator compared the conventional patch antenna case; a value of 20dB is obtained. The multi-sources excitation was considered to broaden the radiation bandwidth and the directivity of the EBG antenna. The directivity is increased by 13dB using EBG resonator Abstract compared to the conventional patch antenna case; a value 20dB isBy obtained. excitation device was considered to moderate problem of the low radiation bandwidth of theof means ofThe themulti-sources multi-source excitation (16 patches compared the to the conventional patch antenna case; a value ofantenna. 20dB is obtained. The multi-sources excitation was considered to moderate theeffect problem of the of lowthe radiation bandwidththe of the antenna.is By means of the multi-source excitation device (16 patches are used to excitation EBG resonator), directivity increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source moderate the problem of the low radiation bandwidth of the antenna. By means of the multi-source excitation device (16 patches Under concept of lobes "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, are usedthe to effect of were the EBG resonator), directivity is increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source excitation, theexcitation lateral reduced by 5dB.the are used toand effect excitation of the EBG resonator), the directivity is increased by by 1.38% compared to that the mono-source excitation, and the lateral lobes were reduced by 5dB. information based on a real time basis and, necessarily, much more efficient. In this context, capacity optimization c 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. excitation, and the lateral lobes were reduced by 5dB. c 2017 The Authors. Published bythe Elsevier B.V.committee of thecontributing Peer-review responsibility of scientific 11th International Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. goes beyond the traditional aim capacity also Conference for organization’s profitability and value. c 2018 2017 The under Authors. Published byof Elsevier B.V.maximization, © The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Indeed, lean management and continuous improvement approaches suggest capacity optimization instead of Peer-review responsibility ofthe thescientific scientific committee ofthe the11th 11thInternational International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. understructures; responsibility of committee Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. patch antenna array; high directivityofcharacteristics; bandwidthConference enhancement; multi-sources excitation Keywords: EBG maximization. The study of capacity optimization and costing models is an important research topic that deserves Keywords: EBG structures; patch antenna array; high directivity characteristics; bandwidth enhancement; multi-sources excitation Keywords: EBGfrom structures; antenna array; directivity perspectives. characteristics; bandwidth enhancement; excitation contributions both patch the practical andhigh theoretical This paper presentsmulti-sources and discusses a mathematical
model for capacity management based on different costing models (ABC and TDABC). A generic model has been developed and it was used to analyze idle capacity and to design strategies towards the maximization of organization’s value. The trade-off capacity maximization vs operational efficiency is highlighted and it is shown that capacity optimization might hide operational inefficiency. 1. 2017 Introduction © The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 1. Introduction Electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) resonator antenna have attracted considerable interest recently due to their highly 2017. Electromagnetic (EBG) antenna have attracted interest recently due tobut their directional radiationbandgap properties [1,2].resonator This type of antenna has easilyconsiderable reached a fairly high directivity, thehighly bandElectromagnetic bandgap (EBG) resonator antenna have attracted considerable interest recently due to their highly directional radiation properties [1,2]. This type of antenna has easily reached a fairly high directivity, but the bandKeywords: Cost Models; ABC;narrow TDABC;[3–5]. Capacity Management; Idle Capacity; is Operational Efficiency width remains relatively The bandwidth widening achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first directional radiation properties [1,2]. This type of antenna has easily reached a fairly high directivity, but the bandwidth remains relatively narrow [3–5]. The bandwidth widening is achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first step is to choose a high efficiency excitation antenna, then the EBG resonator capable to provide a large bandwidth. width remains relatively narrow [3–5]. The bandwidth widening is achieved using a multi-sources excitation. The first step is to choose a high efficiency excitation antenna, then the EBG resonator capable to provide a large bandwidth. This providesa high the essential information the size of the the EBG antenna, the resonator the number of bandwidth. sources. It step isstep to choose efficiency excitation on antenna, then resonator capableand to provide a large 1. Introduction This step provides the essential information antenna on the size ofmeets the antenna, the resonator and theresonator number ofis sources. It finally allows to realize a high performance that the specifications. The EBG excited by This step provides the essential information on the size of the antenna, the resonator and the number of sources. It finally allows to realize a high performance antenna that meets the specifications. The EBG resonator is excited by one or more its role is to realise bothantenna a frequency spatial filtering on theThe radiation the excitation device finally allowssources, to realize a high performance that and meets the specifications. EBG of resonator is excited by The cost of idle capacity and their management ofthe extreme importance one or more sources, its roleisisatofundamental realise bothinformation a frequencyfor andcompanies spatial filtering on the radiation of excitation device [6–8]. one or more sources, its role is to realise both a frequency and spatial filtering on the radiation of the excitation device in modern production systems. In general, it is defined as unused capacity or production potential and can be measured [6–8]. [6–8]. in several ways: tons of production, available hours of manufacturing, etc. The management of the idle capacity Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. *∗ Paulo Afonso. Tel.: +351 253 510 761; fax: +351 253 604 741 ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. [email protected] address: [email protected] ∗ E-mail Corresponding author. Tel.: +212-666-427-272. E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected] c 2017 2351-9789 2017 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by by Elsevier Elsevier B.V. B.V. 2351-9789 © cunder 2351-9789 2017responsibility The Authors.of Published by Elsevier B.V.of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review the scientific committee Peer-review the scientific committee cunder 2351-9789 2017responsibility The Authors.of Published by Elsevier B.V.of the Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference 2017. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 2351-9789 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 11th International Conference Interdisciplinarity in Engineering. 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.087
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599
W
x L
dx
y dy
l
c
Fig. 1. Geometry of the mono-source patch antenna.
Nomenclature EBG Hiperlan WLAN HFSS
Electromagnetic Band Gap High Performance Radio Local Area Network Wireless Local Area Network High Frequency Structural Simulator
2. Mono-source excitation of the EBG-resonator 2.1. The excitation choice The excitation choice is based on the Hiperlan standard, which has the advantage of a working frequency of 5.8GHz and which allows a realization neither too cumbersome nor too difficult to make. On this basis, a microstrip patch antenna is chosen. This antenna is printed on a dielectric FR-4 substrate with relative permittivity εr = 4.4, a thickness of 1.6mm and a dielectric loss tangent tgδ = 0.02. The antenna is excited using a 50Ω feed line, and the inset technique for adaptation. The geometry of the patch antenna with its dimensions are shown in Fig. 1. The values of the design parameters are shown in the Table 1, were chosen to have a real part of the input impedance in the vicinity of 50Ω around the operating frequency 5.8GHz, and an imaginary part almost nil to allow an acceptable adaptation (see Fig. 2). Table 1. Optimal values of the design parameters. Desin parameters
value (mm)
Desin parameters
value (mm)
W L c l
33.2 37.1 3 12
x y dx dx
16 10 1 3.7
The antenna was designed by HFSS software, the Fig. 3 shows that the operating bandwidth of the antenna is 200MHz around the frequency 5.8GHz. The Fig. 4 illustrates the maximum directivity as a function of frequency and the radiation pattern at 5.8GHz, it shows that the directivity does not exceed 7dB for a simple patch antenna.
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600
0
50
-10
30
-15
20
S11 (dB)
Input impedance (Ω)
-5
Re Im
40
10 0
-20 -25
-10
-30
-20
-35
-30
-40
5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
6,2
6,4
Frequency (GHz)
6,6
5,4
Fig. 2. Input impedance.
5,6
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
6,2
6,4
6,6
0 330
5
8
30
E Plane H Plane
0
7
-5
6
-10
Directivity (dB)
Directivity (dB)
5,8
Fig. 3. The reflection coefficient. 10
300
60
-15
5
-20
4
-20
270
90
-15
3
-10
2
-5
1 0 5,4
607
240
120
0 5
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequrncy (GHz)
6,2
6,4
6,6
10
210
150 180
Fig. 4. The directivity and the radiation pattern.
2.2. The EBG-antenna To apply the EBG structure in the antenna, its properties are used. The first design step is the construction of a cavity in the center of the multilayer EBG structure corresponding to the wavelength λ0 of which the transmission in this structure is prohibited. To determine the band gap of the EBG structure, the properties of S-parameters are exploited [9], these parameters are calculated using the transfer matrix method. The matrix of each layer is given by the following Eq. 1: cos(δ ) j sin(δi ) i Mi = (1) γi jγi sin(δi ) cos(δi )
ki . ω ω √ In the case of a normal incidence ki = ( )ni , with ni = εr,i is the refractive index of the ith layer, a its thickness, c c the celerity and ω = 2π f0 the angular frequency. with δi = aki and γi =
The global transfer matrix corresponding to the whole structure is the product of particular transfer matrix Mi is given by the Eq. 2, the structure treated like a stack of 11 layers consists of alternating the dielectric layer with another layer of the air (see Fig. 5(a)): M=
T= Γ0 =
11 m11 m12 Mi = m21 m22
Γ0 m11 +
(2)
i=1
2Γ0 + m21 + Γ0 m22
Γ20 m12
n0 , n0 is the refractive index of the medium at the edges of the unit cell, in our case n0 = 1. c
(3)
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Transmission coefficient (dB)
8
13 13
z y
52.8
0 -3 -6 -9
-12
Symmetry plane
-15
13
EBG Periodic layers EBG 1-resonator
-18 -21
13
0
2
4
6
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
8
10
12
(b)
Fig. 5. The EBG structure: (a) mono-resonator and (b) The transmission coefficient 0 -5 -10
S11 (dΒ)
-15 -20 -25 -30 -35 5,4
Fig. 6. Mono-source EBG-antenna consisting of three Neltec-NY926 layers.
5,8
6,0
6,2
Frequency (GHz)
6,4
6,6
Fig. 7. Reflection coefficient of the mono-source EBG-antenna.
0
25
330
20
30
15
25
E Plane H Plane
10 5
300
60
0
Directivity (dB)
20
Directivity (dB)
5,6
-5
-10 -15
15
-20
270
90
-15
10
-10 -5 0
5
5
240
120
10 15
0 5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
6,2
6,4
6,6
20 25
210
150 180
(b)
Fig. 8. Characterization of the mono-source EBG-antenna: (a) the frequency directivity and (b) the radiation pattern.
The Fig. 5(b) shows the evolution of the transmission coefficient in the Eq. 3 of a structure having six dielectric layers without and with cavity of thickness λ0 in the middle of the structure. From this figure, a transmission peak is formed at the central frequency f0 = 5.8GHz of the band gap, which reflects a phenomenon of resonance. This phenomenon of frequency filtering is exploited to design a directional EBG antenna by introducing a ground plane containing a excitation at the symmetry plane of the EBG resonator in middle of the cavity which is described by Thevenot et al. [10–12]. The Fig. 6 illustrates the mono-source EBG antenna, it’s composed of an excitation source shown in Fig. 1 accompanied by three dielectric plates of Neltec NY9260 whose relative dielectric constant is εr = 2.6, the dielectric loss tangent tan(δ) = 0.002 and thickness of 8mm positioned at height of 26.4mm from the ground plane. In the Fig. 7, the reflection coefficient shows that the mono-source EBG antenna is well adapted. The Fig. 8(a) shows that the coupling between the excitation patch and the electromagnetic band-gap structure properties creates a highly directive radiation pattern for the overall mono-source antenna. Unfortunately, this type of antenna has a very narrow radiation bandwidth and does not exceed 5% (see Fig. 8), which limits their utilisation.
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602 y
609
0 -5
x
S11 (dB)
-10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35
Fig. 9. 4 × 4 array antenna.
5,6
5,8
Frequency (GHz)
6,0
Fig. 10. Reflection coefficient of array antenna. 0
15
330
10
30
5 300
0
Directivity (dB)
5,4
E Plane H Plane 60
-5
-10 -15 -15
270
90
-10 -5 0
240
120
5 10 15
210
150 180
Fig. 11. The radiation pattern of antenna array.
3. EBG-antenna with milti-sources excitation: bandwidth increasing 3.1. Array antenna design The multi-sources excitation of an antenna increases both; the gain and the radiation bandwidth [3–5,13]. While the use of EBG structures increases the directivity in an extraordinary manner. The assembly of these two techniques can reach the specification. The design of the excitation network is based on the Wilkinson divisor model [14] to ensure that the power is distributed in an equivalent manner in each branch of the network. This network is used to distribute the power to design an antenna array of 4 × 4 patches, where the patch sizes are shown in table 1. The patch spacing corresponds to 0.77λ0 in both directions x and y, with λ0 is the free space wavelength at 5.8GHz. The Fig. 9 represents the array antenna, is printed on FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6mm and a surface 184 × 184mm2 . 3.2. EBG-antenna with muti-sources excitation The antenna has been designed to operate in the WLAN band and specifically cover the frequencies from 5.725GHz to 5.875GHz for mobile phone base stations. The design is dedicated to the antenna which have weak lateral lobes, good impedance matching and a directivity reasonably constant with high value. Above the patch array, we dispose the previous EBG resonator. The Fig. 13 represents the reflection coefficient of the proposed EBG antenna, it shows that the antenna is well adapted and covers the entire objective band (5.75GHz − 5.85GHz) of WLAN1 or HiperLAN2 . In Fig. 14, it can be seen that for the same inter-source distance, the bandwidth and directivity increases when the number of sources increase. The radiation bandwidth is represented by the percentage of band at −3dB with respect to the maximum directivity at the operating frequency. The EBG antenna with multi-sources excitation has a bandwidth of 6.4% using 4 × 4 patches, as much as that of the single-source BIE antenna is 5%. In addition, the proposed antenna design has decreased the amplitude of secondary lobes with 5dB which promotes energy to transmiter and to radiate in the preferred direction. 1 2
Normes IEEE.802.11. Norme ETSI : European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
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0
EBG: Neltec NY9260 (IM)
S11 (dB)
-5
D2 D1 D
-10
-15
z y
Ground plane
-20
4x4 patch antenna array
x
Fig. 12. EBG-antenna with multi-sources excitation.
5,4
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
Fig. 13. The antenna response. 0
25
330
20
30
15
25
20
E Plane H Plane
10
mono-source 2x1 sources 2x2 sources 4x4 sources
5
300
60
0
Directivity (dB)
Directivity (dB)
5,6
-5
-10 -15 -20
270
90
-15 -10
15
-5 0 5
240
120
10 15
10 5,4
5,6
5,8
6,0
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
6,2
6,4
20 25
210
150 180
(b)
Fig. 14. Multi-sources EBG-antenna characterization: (a) the frequency directivity and (b) the radiation pattern at 5.8GHz.
4. Conclusion It’s possible to obtain a high directivity using electromagnetic band gap with mono-source excitation, but remaining in a limited application because of the very narrow bandwidth. The multi-sources excitation of the EBG resonator has an advantage for simultaneously increasing the directivity and the width of the radiation bandwidth of the EBG antenna. This increase depends on the number of sources and their spacing. References [1] L. Leger, C. Serier, R. Chantalat, M. Thevenot, T. Monedi`ere, B. Jecko, 1D dielectric electromagnetic band gap (EBG) resonator antenna design, Annales des t´el´ecommunications 59 (3-4) (2004) 242–260. [2] A. Weily, K. Esselle, T. Bird, B. Sanders, Dual resonator 1-D EBG antenna with slot array feed for improved radiation bandwidth, IET microwaves, antennas & propagation 1 (1) (2007) 198–203. [3] R. C. Hadarig, M. De Cos, F. Las-Heras, Microstrip patch antenna bandwidth enhancement using AMC/EBG structures, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012. [4] M. T. Ali, T. A. Rahman, M. R. Kamarudin, M. N. Md Tan, R. Sauleau, A planar antenna array with separated feed line for higher gain and sidelobe reduction, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C 8 (2009) 69–82. [5] P. Kamphikul, P. Krachodnok, R. Wongsan, High Gain Mobile Base Station Antenna Using Curved Woodpile EBG Technique, in: the 2014 International Conference on Communications and Telecommunications Engineering (ICCTE 2014), The world Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology (WASET), 5–6, 2014. [6] L. Leger, Nouveaux d´eveloppements autour des potentialit´es de l’antenne BIE planaire, Ph.D. thesis, Universit´e de Limoges. Facult´e des sciences et techniques, 2004. [7] L. Leger, T. Monediere, B. Jecko, Enhancement of gain and radiation bandwidth for a planar 1-D EBG antenna, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters 15 (9) (2005) 573–575. [8] Y. J. Lee, J. Yeo, R. Mittra, W. S. Park, Application of electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) superstrates with controllable defects for a class of patch antennas as spatial angular filters, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 53 (1) (2005) 224–235. [9] S. Mishra, S. Satpathy, One-dimensional photonic crystal: The Kronig-Penney model, Physical Review B 68 (4) (2003) 045121. [10] M. Thevenot, C. Cheype, A. Reineix, B. Jecko, Directive photonic-bandgap antennas, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 47 (11) (1999) 2115–2122. [11] M. Thevenot, M. Denis, A. Reineix, B. Jecko, Design of a new photonic cover to increase antenna directivity, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 22 (2) (1999) 136–139.
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