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Design of tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity
Accepted Manuscript Title: Design of Tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity Authors: S. Maheswaran, Bikash Kumar Paul, Md. Abdul Khalek, Sujan Chakma, Kawsar Ahmed, M.S. Mani Rajan PII: DOI: Reference:
S0030-4026(18)31957-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.033 IJLEO 62049
To appear in: Received date: Accepted date:
9 December 2018 11 December 2018
Please cite this article as: Maheswaran S, Paul BK, Khalek MA, Chakma S, Ahmed K, Mani Rajan MS, Design of Tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity, Optik (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.033 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Design of Tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity
SC RI PT
S. Maheswaran1, Bikash Kumar Paul2,3,4, Md. Abdul Khalek2, Sujan Chakma2 Kawsar Ahmed2,3, M.S. Mani Rajan5* 1
M
A
N
U
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India. 2 Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh 3 Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Bangladesh 4 Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 5 Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University, Ramanathapuram 623513, India.
Abstract
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CC
EP
TE
D
The article includes the greater effort such as quasi Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with tellurite elliptical core structure is numerically investigated. The performances of the new form of PCF are inferred by calculating the desired optical parameters. As a whole, the PCF provides a significant effect on optical properties for two different modes. This model provides a high nonlinearity of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 and power fraction of 98.64% at the wavelength of 0.6 µm. This proposed model promises for better impact in sensing, different type of imaging applications, signal processing and nonlinear applications. All the numerical calculations are carried out by employing finite element method (FEM).
Keywords Photonic crystal fiber; tellurite glass, power fraction, Finite element method, high nonlinearity
Introduction
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M
A
N
U
SC RI PT
Photonic crystal fiber (PCF’s) is a special kind of holey optical fiber whose performance leading for greater attention among the photonic society. It features for tunable optical properties such as birefringence, absorption loss, tailoring dispersion, mode effective area, fractional power distribution and nonlinear properties [1-4]. There are a lot of applications of PCF in optical fiber communications, signal processing, sensing systems and nonlinear fiber optics for its single characteristics [5, 6]. With the different arrangement of air holes in the cladding, PCFs shows various properties. There are a lot of structures used in PCFs such as circular, tetragonal, hexagonal, decagonal and octagonal lattices [7, 8] and chalcogenide bulk glasses based waveguides [9,10] etc. Recently, the quasi types of PCF structures is promoted where the air holes is arranged by the existing periodicity [11]. In this raised model, silica glass is used as background material and also non silica glasses such as tellurite glasses, chalcogenide glasses also used sometime to provide high linear and nonlinear especially for being as transparency in the mid IR region. Over all, tellurite glasses have reached the excellent thermal and chemical stability [12-14] and making the good impact than other glass materials. The potentiality of tellurite glass has been utilized by Xia et al. who reported the nonlinearity of 300 W-1km-1 around 1550 nm wavelength using V-type cladding holes[15]. Similarly, PCF with two ellipse holes in the substrate tuning nonlinear coefficient as 34 W-1 km-1 [16], tellurite ellipse core with nonlinearity coefficient of 3400 W-1km-1 [17] and nonlinearity coefficient of 12100 W-1km-1 at 0.45µm by Sibimol Luke et al. was studied [8].
A
CC
In this investigation, an elliptical tellurite core quasi PCF is numerically investigated using Finite Element Method (FEM) and it shows the better nonlinearity coefficient than some others recent published articles [8, 14-17]. It’s also shows high power fraction co-efficient. This article may be applicable in sensing system and various types of imaging applications. 1. Design Methodology The Fig.1 represents the cross sectional view of raised quasi PCF structure with fused silica background material [18] and elliptical core. Fused silica selected because it provides better sensing guiding properties for wider wavelength range [18]. Ellipse core selected because it provides better nonlinearity coefficient.
U
SC RI PT
Different nonlinearity coefficient can be achieved by adjusting the shape of core and the waveguide dispersion can also be tailored. Tellurite is used as core material with refractive index 2.078. The obtainable space is filled up with air holes by following quasi crystalline pattern [19]. As tellurite has higher index contrast and large index difference with other material existing in same structure, the intensity distribution will be increasing along the core region and hence, it is supposed to offer high nonlinear coefficient. Here, the value of Ʌ is equal to 2.34 µm. The diameter of cladding air hole (da) is of 2.15 µm. The diameter of core is fixed at ex = 0.35 µm and ey = 0.70 µm at which perfect matching layer (PML) is applied to provide the better nonlinear coefficient.
n λ) − 1 =
𝐵1 λ2
λ2 −𝐶1
+
𝐵2 λ2
λ2 −𝐶2
+
A
2(
N
The material dispersion for the base silica substrate is given by Equ. (1), 𝐵3 λ2
λ2 −𝐶3
(1)
M
where, the coefficients values are taken from ref. [20]. 2. Result Analysis and Discussion
EP
TE
D
Fig. 2 introduces the nonlinear coefficient of the raised model. For many practical applications highly nonlinear PCFs are very useful. The effect of mode area determines by the nonlinear properties. The nonlinearity coefficient γ is obtained by using following expression and parameters referred from [21], γ = 2пn2 ⁄(λAeff )
(2)
A
CC
In this article we obtained high nonlinear coefficient of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 for x-polarization and 1.33× 104 W-1Km-1 for y-polarization at wavelength (λ) 0.6 µm. From Fig.2, it could be said that the correlation between the nonlinearity and wavelength is inversely proportional. The effective mode area (Aeff) is calculated and plotted as shown in fig.3 and the expression of interest is taken by Equ.(3) Aeff =(∬|𝐸 |2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)2 / ∬ |𝐸|4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where, E is the field pattern of mode propagation.
(3)
SC RI PT
When, the effective mode area of propagation of light is very small then on linearity it come into action in PCF. Nonlinearity depends on the nonlinear refractive index of the material. In this structure the effective mode area is small at the wavelength 0.6 µm for both x-polarization and y-polarization which is responsible to generate high nonlinearity. Fig.3 shows maximum effective mode area 4.01 × 10-13 m2 and 4.66 × 10-13 m2 for x-polarization and y-polarization at wavelength 0.6 µm respectively. It is depicted from fig.3 that the relation between the effective area and wavelength is directly proportional. In the numerical analysis, the confinement loss is inferred as most important as it dealt indirectly with nonlinear function and plotted in fig. 4 for X- and Ypolarization respectively. In this model confinement loss parameters can be achieved by the following equation [22] (4)
N
U
𝛼 = 8.686 × 𝑘0 . 𝐼𝑚[𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ] × 104 dB/cm
M
A
Fig. 4 portrays that the confinement loss reported as 10.24 dB/m and 10.20 dB/m for X- and Y- polarization respectively.
EP
TE
D
The PCFs which are used in telecommunications must be free from losses such as scattering and absorption. The scattering is caused by un-dissolved particles and micro-heterogeneities in glass whose scattering effect proportional to λ- 4 [23]. The plotted values show that loss producing 2.02 × 10-7 dB/km and 1.66 × 10-7 dB/km for x- and y-polarization respectively at wavelength 2.5 µm in fig. 5.
A
CC
Numerical aperture (NA) is an important parameter of PCFs and it is expressed by Equ. (5) for any kind of PCF [24, 25], Numerical aperture (NA) = ( 1 +
п𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜆2
)
−1 2
(5)
The NA of this model is shown in Fig. 6 for both x-polarization and ypolarization. The maximum value of NA is of 0.72 and 0.75 for x-polarization and y-polarization respectively at the wavelength 2.1 µm. From Fig. 6 it’s seen that the NA decreases with the increases of wavelength.
SC RI PT
Fig.7 portrays the power fraction values in the tellurite core region and it is reported as 98.64% and 98.22% for x- and y-polarization at the operating wavelength of 0.6 µm. It is also monitored that the variation of power fraction has inverse characteristics with the operating wavelength. Waveguide dispersion is chromatic dispersion which arises from waveguide effects. It is also important in waveguides with small effective mode areas. By using following equation we calculate the waveguide dispersion, 𝐷𝑤 = −
𝜆 𝑑 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) 𝑐
(6)
𝑑𝜆2
U
Where, λ - operating wavelength and C- free space velocity.
M
A
N
The effect of dispersion also gives the better nonlinearity and it is seen from the fig. 8 whose dispersion for x- and y- polarization modes reaches the negative for longer wavelength. it is observed the point of dispersion curve reaches the zero values at wavelength 1.25 µm and 1.45 μm for X- and Y- polarization respectively.
D
3. Conclusion
A
CC
EP
TE
The aricle reported the new kind of Quasi photonic crystal fiebr (PCF) with tellurite ellptical core for offering high nonlinerity. The other optical parameters als calcualted such as loss propagation, scattering effect, numerical aperture and power fraction effienciency to show its overll perofmances for different polarization (X &Y). As a results, after selecting the proper parameters of core and cladding region, this structure provides maximum value of 98.64% for power fraction, 0.75 for NA, 10.24 dB/m for confinement loss, 4.66 × 10-13 m2 for effective mode area and 2.02 × 10-7 dB/km for scattering loss. The nonlinearity coefficient of this model is high of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 at wavelength 0.6 µm which is comparable with previous discussed article. Furthermore, the proposed structure is promised for greater impact in sensing and biomedical imaging application.
Disclosures
The authors have no relevant financial interests in this article and no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Acknowledgement
SC RI PT
The authors are very grateful to those who participated in this research work. There is no financial support for this research work.
References
[1] S. Revathi, S. R. Inbathini, R. A. Saifudeen, Advances in Opto Electronics, (2014), 1
U
[2] J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, D. M. Atkin, Optics Letters. 21 (1996) 1547.
[3] J.C. Knight, J. Arriaga, T.A. Birks, A. O. Blanch, W.J. Wadsworth, P.St.J. Russell, IEEE
N
Photonics Technology Letters. 12 (2000) 807.
A
[4] E. Wang, Jia Li, Jin Li, Q. Cheng, X. Zhou, H. Jiang, Optical and Quantum Electronics.
M
10 (2019) 1
[5] H. Thenmozhi, M.S. Mani Rajan, Kawsar Ahmed, Optik. 180 (2019) 264 [6] H Thenmozhi, M.S.Mani Rajan, V. Devika, D. Vigneswaran, N. Ayyanar, Optik. 145
D
(2017) 489
TE
[7] Bikash Kumar Paul, Md.Abdul Khalek, SujanChakma, KawsarAhmed, Ceramics International. 44 (2018) 18955
EP
[8] Sibimol Luke, S.K.Sudheer, V.P. Mahadevan Pillai, Optik. 127 (2016) 11138 [9] S. Xie, F. Tani, J. C. Travers, P. Uebel, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, M. A. Schmidt, Philip St.J.
CC
Russell, Optics letters. 39 (2014) 5216 [10]
S. Xie, N. Tolstik, J. C. Travers, E. Sorokin, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, Philip St.J.
Russell, and I.T. Sorokina, Opticss express. 24 (2016) 24
A
[11]
S. Rajalingam, Z.C. Alex, Optoelectronics and Advanced materials –rapid
communications. 9 (2015) 1208
[12]
X. Feng, T. M. Monro, P. Petropoulos, V. Finazzi, and D. J. Richardson, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 87 (2005) 081110 [13]
J.S. Wang, E. M. Vogel, E. Snitzer, Optical Materials. 3 (1994) 187
[14]
A. Lin, A. Zhang, Elizabeth J. Bushong, J. Toulouse, Optics Express. 17 (2009)
16716 [15]
X. C. Ming, H. Ying, L. Z. Lun, H. L.Tian, Z. G. Yao, Acta Physica Sinica. 60
(2011) 094213 C. Ye, L. R. Min, T. Z. Rong, Acta Physica. Sinica. 62 (2013) 084215
[17]
S. Wei, J. Yuan, C. Yu, Q. Wu, G. Farrell, S. Li, B. Jin, X. Hu, Optical Fiber
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[16]
Technology. 20 (2014) 320 [18]
Kawsar Ahmed, Md Ibadul Islam, Bikash Kumar Paul, Md Shadidul Islam, Shuvo
Sen, Sawrab Chowdhury, Muhammad Shahin Uddin, Sayed Asaduzzaman, Ali Newaz Bahara, Materials Discovery. 7 (2017) 8
S. Rajalingam, Z. C. Alex, Advances in OptoElectronics. (2015) 7
[20]
Md. Rabiul Hasan, Md. Imran Hasan, Md. Shamim Anower, Applied Optics. 54
U
[19]
[21]
N
(2015) 9456
M. D. O’Donnell, K. Richardson, R. Stolen, A. B. Seddon, D. Furniss, V. K.
[22]
M
Am. Ceram. Soc. 90 (2007) 1448
A
Tikhomirov, C. Rivero, M. Ramme, R. Stegeman, G. Stegeman, M. Couzi, T. Cardinal, J.
Rifat Ahmmed Aoni, Rajib Ahmed, Md. Mahbub Alam, S. M. Abdur Razzak,
A. Jacobsen N. Neuroth F. Reitmayer, The American Ceramic Society. 27 (1971)
TE
[23]
D
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 4 (2013) 1
186 [24]
Bikash Kumar Paul, Md. Golam Moctader, Kawsar Ahmed, Md.Abdul Khaleka,
[25]
EP
Results in Physics. 10 (2018) 374 Bikash Kumar Paul, Fahad Ahmed, Md Golam Moctader, Kawsar Ahmed, D.
A
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Vigneswaran, Optical Materials. 84 (2018) 545
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Fig.1 (a) Schematic design view of quasi tellurite PCF, (b) & (c) gives the polarization inducement in X- and Y- direction.
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Fig. 2 The nonlinear coefficient of the proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig. 3 The effective mode area of the proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.4 The confinement loss for both x and y polarization modes of proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.5 Scattering loss of the raised design for both x and y polarization modes of proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.6 Variation of numerical aperture for both X- and Y- polarizations at 0.6 to 2.5 µm of wavelength
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Fig.7 Power fraction variation for x- and y-polarization modes
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Fig.8 Waveguide dispersion characteristics of the raised PCFs for 0.6 to 2.3 µm wavelength ranges
S0030-4026(18)31957-0 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.033 IJLEO 62049
To appear in: Received date: Accepted date:
9 December 2018 11 December 2018
Please cite this article as: Maheswaran S, Paul BK, Khalek MA, Chakma S, Ahmed K, Mani Rajan MS, Design of Tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity, Optik (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.12.033 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Design of Tellurite glass based quasi photonic crystal fiber with high nonlinearity
SC RI PT
S. Maheswaran1, Bikash Kumar Paul2,3,4, Md. Abdul Khalek2, Sujan Chakma2 Kawsar Ahmed2,3, M.S. Mani Rajan5* 1
M
A
N
U
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode, India. 2 Department of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh 3 Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Bangladesh 4 Department of Software Engineering (SWE), Daffodil International University, Shukrabad, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. 5 Department of Physics, University College of Engineering, Anna University, Ramanathapuram 623513, India.
Abstract
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CC
EP
TE
D
The article includes the greater effort such as quasi Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with tellurite elliptical core structure is numerically investigated. The performances of the new form of PCF are inferred by calculating the desired optical parameters. As a whole, the PCF provides a significant effect on optical properties for two different modes. This model provides a high nonlinearity of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 and power fraction of 98.64% at the wavelength of 0.6 µm. This proposed model promises for better impact in sensing, different type of imaging applications, signal processing and nonlinear applications. All the numerical calculations are carried out by employing finite element method (FEM).
Keywords Photonic crystal fiber; tellurite glass, power fraction, Finite element method, high nonlinearity
Introduction
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TE
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M
A
N
U
SC RI PT
Photonic crystal fiber (PCF’s) is a special kind of holey optical fiber whose performance leading for greater attention among the photonic society. It features for tunable optical properties such as birefringence, absorption loss, tailoring dispersion, mode effective area, fractional power distribution and nonlinear properties [1-4]. There are a lot of applications of PCF in optical fiber communications, signal processing, sensing systems and nonlinear fiber optics for its single characteristics [5, 6]. With the different arrangement of air holes in the cladding, PCFs shows various properties. There are a lot of structures used in PCFs such as circular, tetragonal, hexagonal, decagonal and octagonal lattices [7, 8] and chalcogenide bulk glasses based waveguides [9,10] etc. Recently, the quasi types of PCF structures is promoted where the air holes is arranged by the existing periodicity [11]. In this raised model, silica glass is used as background material and also non silica glasses such as tellurite glasses, chalcogenide glasses also used sometime to provide high linear and nonlinear especially for being as transparency in the mid IR region. Over all, tellurite glasses have reached the excellent thermal and chemical stability [12-14] and making the good impact than other glass materials. The potentiality of tellurite glass has been utilized by Xia et al. who reported the nonlinearity of 300 W-1km-1 around 1550 nm wavelength using V-type cladding holes[15]. Similarly, PCF with two ellipse holes in the substrate tuning nonlinear coefficient as 34 W-1 km-1 [16], tellurite ellipse core with nonlinearity coefficient of 3400 W-1km-1 [17] and nonlinearity coefficient of 12100 W-1km-1 at 0.45µm by Sibimol Luke et al. was studied [8].
A
CC
In this investigation, an elliptical tellurite core quasi PCF is numerically investigated using Finite Element Method (FEM) and it shows the better nonlinearity coefficient than some others recent published articles [8, 14-17]. It’s also shows high power fraction co-efficient. This article may be applicable in sensing system and various types of imaging applications. 1. Design Methodology The Fig.1 represents the cross sectional view of raised quasi PCF structure with fused silica background material [18] and elliptical core. Fused silica selected because it provides better sensing guiding properties for wider wavelength range [18]. Ellipse core selected because it provides better nonlinearity coefficient.
U
SC RI PT
Different nonlinearity coefficient can be achieved by adjusting the shape of core and the waveguide dispersion can also be tailored. Tellurite is used as core material with refractive index 2.078. The obtainable space is filled up with air holes by following quasi crystalline pattern [19]. As tellurite has higher index contrast and large index difference with other material existing in same structure, the intensity distribution will be increasing along the core region and hence, it is supposed to offer high nonlinear coefficient. Here, the value of Ʌ is equal to 2.34 µm. The diameter of cladding air hole (da) is of 2.15 µm. The diameter of core is fixed at ex = 0.35 µm and ey = 0.70 µm at which perfect matching layer (PML) is applied to provide the better nonlinear coefficient.
n λ) − 1 =
𝐵1 λ2
λ2 −𝐶1
+
𝐵2 λ2
λ2 −𝐶2
+
A
2(
N
The material dispersion for the base silica substrate is given by Equ. (1), 𝐵3 λ2
λ2 −𝐶3
(1)
M
where, the coefficients values are taken from ref. [20]. 2. Result Analysis and Discussion
EP
TE
D
Fig. 2 introduces the nonlinear coefficient of the raised model. For many practical applications highly nonlinear PCFs are very useful. The effect of mode area determines by the nonlinear properties. The nonlinearity coefficient γ is obtained by using following expression and parameters referred from [21], γ = 2пn2 ⁄(λAeff )
(2)
A
CC
In this article we obtained high nonlinear coefficient of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 for x-polarization and 1.33× 104 W-1Km-1 for y-polarization at wavelength (λ) 0.6 µm. From Fig.2, it could be said that the correlation between the nonlinearity and wavelength is inversely proportional. The effective mode area (Aeff) is calculated and plotted as shown in fig.3 and the expression of interest is taken by Equ.(3) Aeff =(∬|𝐸 |2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦)2 / ∬ |𝐸|4 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where, E is the field pattern of mode propagation.
(3)
SC RI PT
When, the effective mode area of propagation of light is very small then on linearity it come into action in PCF. Nonlinearity depends on the nonlinear refractive index of the material. In this structure the effective mode area is small at the wavelength 0.6 µm for both x-polarization and y-polarization which is responsible to generate high nonlinearity. Fig.3 shows maximum effective mode area 4.01 × 10-13 m2 and 4.66 × 10-13 m2 for x-polarization and y-polarization at wavelength 0.6 µm respectively. It is depicted from fig.3 that the relation between the effective area and wavelength is directly proportional. In the numerical analysis, the confinement loss is inferred as most important as it dealt indirectly with nonlinear function and plotted in fig. 4 for X- and Ypolarization respectively. In this model confinement loss parameters can be achieved by the following equation [22] (4)
N
U
𝛼 = 8.686 × 𝑘0 . 𝐼𝑚[𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ] × 104 dB/cm
M
A
Fig. 4 portrays that the confinement loss reported as 10.24 dB/m and 10.20 dB/m for X- and Y- polarization respectively.
EP
TE
D
The PCFs which are used in telecommunications must be free from losses such as scattering and absorption. The scattering is caused by un-dissolved particles and micro-heterogeneities in glass whose scattering effect proportional to λ- 4 [23]. The plotted values show that loss producing 2.02 × 10-7 dB/km and 1.66 × 10-7 dB/km for x- and y-polarization respectively at wavelength 2.5 µm in fig. 5.
A
CC
Numerical aperture (NA) is an important parameter of PCFs and it is expressed by Equ. (5) for any kind of PCF [24, 25], Numerical aperture (NA) = ( 1 +
п𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝜆2
)
−1 2
(5)
The NA of this model is shown in Fig. 6 for both x-polarization and ypolarization. The maximum value of NA is of 0.72 and 0.75 for x-polarization and y-polarization respectively at the wavelength 2.1 µm. From Fig. 6 it’s seen that the NA decreases with the increases of wavelength.
SC RI PT
Fig.7 portrays the power fraction values in the tellurite core region and it is reported as 98.64% and 98.22% for x- and y-polarization at the operating wavelength of 0.6 µm. It is also monitored that the variation of power fraction has inverse characteristics with the operating wavelength. Waveguide dispersion is chromatic dispersion which arises from waveguide effects. It is also important in waveguides with small effective mode areas. By using following equation we calculate the waveguide dispersion, 𝐷𝑤 = −
𝜆 𝑑 2 𝑅𝑒(𝑛𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) 𝑐
(6)
𝑑𝜆2
U
Where, λ - operating wavelength and C- free space velocity.
M
A
N
The effect of dispersion also gives the better nonlinearity and it is seen from the fig. 8 whose dispersion for x- and y- polarization modes reaches the negative for longer wavelength. it is observed the point of dispersion curve reaches the zero values at wavelength 1.25 µm and 1.45 μm for X- and Y- polarization respectively.
D
3. Conclusion
A
CC
EP
TE
The aricle reported the new kind of Quasi photonic crystal fiebr (PCF) with tellurite ellptical core for offering high nonlinerity. The other optical parameters als calcualted such as loss propagation, scattering effect, numerical aperture and power fraction effienciency to show its overll perofmances for different polarization (X &Y). As a results, after selecting the proper parameters of core and cladding region, this structure provides maximum value of 98.64% for power fraction, 0.75 for NA, 10.24 dB/m for confinement loss, 4.66 × 10-13 m2 for effective mode area and 2.02 × 10-7 dB/km for scattering loss. The nonlinearity coefficient of this model is high of 1.54 × 104 W-1Km-1 at wavelength 0.6 µm which is comparable with previous discussed article. Furthermore, the proposed structure is promised for greater impact in sensing and biomedical imaging application.
Disclosures
The authors have no relevant financial interests in this article and no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Acknowledgement
SC RI PT
The authors are very grateful to those who participated in this research work. There is no financial support for this research work.
References
[1] S. Revathi, S. R. Inbathini, R. A. Saifudeen, Advances in Opto Electronics, (2014), 1
U
[2] J. C. Knight, T. A. Birks, P. St. J. Russell, D. M. Atkin, Optics Letters. 21 (1996) 1547.
[3] J.C. Knight, J. Arriaga, T.A. Birks, A. O. Blanch, W.J. Wadsworth, P.St.J. Russell, IEEE
N
Photonics Technology Letters. 12 (2000) 807.
A
[4] E. Wang, Jia Li, Jin Li, Q. Cheng, X. Zhou, H. Jiang, Optical and Quantum Electronics.
M
10 (2019) 1
[5] H. Thenmozhi, M.S. Mani Rajan, Kawsar Ahmed, Optik. 180 (2019) 264 [6] H Thenmozhi, M.S.Mani Rajan, V. Devika, D. Vigneswaran, N. Ayyanar, Optik. 145
D
(2017) 489
TE
[7] Bikash Kumar Paul, Md.Abdul Khalek, SujanChakma, KawsarAhmed, Ceramics International. 44 (2018) 18955
EP
[8] Sibimol Luke, S.K.Sudheer, V.P. Mahadevan Pillai, Optik. 127 (2016) 11138 [9] S. Xie, F. Tani, J. C. Travers, P. Uebel, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, M. A. Schmidt, Philip St.J.
CC
Russell, Optics letters. 39 (2014) 5216 [10]
S. Xie, N. Tolstik, J. C. Travers, E. Sorokin, C. Caillaud, J. Troles, Philip St.J.
Russell, and I.T. Sorokina, Opticss express. 24 (2016) 24
A
[11]
S. Rajalingam, Z.C. Alex, Optoelectronics and Advanced materials –rapid
communications. 9 (2015) 1208
[12]
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Fig.1 (a) Schematic design view of quasi tellurite PCF, (b) & (c) gives the polarization inducement in X- and Y- direction.
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Fig. 2 The nonlinear coefficient of the proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig. 3 The effective mode area of the proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.4 The confinement loss for both x and y polarization modes of proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.5 Scattering loss of the raised design for both x and y polarization modes of proposed design for 0.6 to 2.5 µm wavelength ranges
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Fig.6 Variation of numerical aperture for both X- and Y- polarizations at 0.6 to 2.5 µm of wavelength
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Fig.7 Power fraction variation for x- and y-polarization modes
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Fig.8 Waveguide dispersion characteristics of the raised PCFs for 0.6 to 2.3 µm wavelength ranges