- Email: [email protected]
Designing a Serious Simulation Game as a Learning Media of Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Biofuel Production
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia Procedia 00 156(2017) (2019)000–000 43–47 Energy www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2018 2018 5th 5th International International Conference Conference on on Power Power and and Energy Energy Systems Systems Engineering, Engineering, CPESE CPESE 2018, 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan
Designing aa Serious Simulation Game as Learning Media Designing Serious Simulation as aaHeating Learning Media of of The 15th International SymposiumGame on District and Cooling Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Biofuel Production Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Biofuel Production
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Akhmad Rachel Giovani Giovani Hasibuan, Hasibuan, Girindra Akhmad Hidayatno, Hidayatno, Zulkarnain, Zulkarnain, Rachel Girindra Chaska Chaska Wardana Wardana Nimpuno, Arry Rahmawan Destyanto* temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Nimpuno, Arry Rahmawan Destyanto* Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France AbstractcDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Abstract
The increasing community awareness of environmental and social issues has ushered in demands for biofuel production companies The increasing community awareness of environmental and social issues has ushered in demands for biofuel production companies to focus on sustainability, where they are expected to not only focus on economic benefits, but also to be environmentally friendly to focus on sustainability, where they are expected to not only focus on economic benefits, but also to be environmentally friendly and socially responsible. These companies rely on supply chains that now must pay attention to economic, environmental, and Abstract and socially responsible. These companies rely on supply chains that now must pay attention to economic, environmental, and social aspects to operate sustainable supply chains. Making the right calls in any situation is a necessary capability to generate a social aspects to operate sustainable supply chains. Making the right calls in any situation is a necessary capability to generate a cleaner and aware supply chain management system within the company, with less increased risk or reduced profits. To develop cleaner and aware supplyare chain management system within company, with increased risk or reduced profits.for Todecreasing develop District networks commonly addressed the the literature assustainable one less of the mostchain effective solutions the theseheating capabilities, practitioners need to understand theincomplexities of the supply and conceptualize the entirety these capabilities, practitioners need to understand the complexities of the sustainable supply chain and conceptualize the entirety greenhouse gas emissions the of building sector. These asystems investments areawareness returned in through the heat of the supply chain. The from objective this study is to provide learningrequire mediumhigh that could increasewhich corporate utilizing the supply chain. The objective of this study is and to provide a learning mediumpolicies, that couldheat increase corporate awareness in utilizing sales.of Due to the changed climate building renovation demand in the future could decrease, more eco-friendly regulations. The conditions result of this study is the design of a Serious Simulation Game (SSG) that focuses on the more eco-friendly regulations. The result of this study is the design of a Serious Simulation Game (SSG) that focuses on the prolonging the investment period. purchasing, production, return sales, and finance functions, using case studies of companies that run crude palm oil mills, which was purchasing, production, sales, and finance functions, using case studies of companies that run crude palm oil mills, which was The proven main scope of this paper players is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature for heat demand proven effective in helping understand the concepts and complexities that influence sustainable supplyfunction chain management. effective in helping players understand the concepts and complexities that influence sustainable supply chain management.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 © 2018 The Authors. Published by by Elsevier Ltd.Ltd. © 2019 The Authors. Published Elsevier buildings that vary in both construction period © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district This isisan article under the(shallow, CC licenselicense (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This anopen openaccess access article under theBY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-ND renovation scenarios were developed intermediate, deep). (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International on Power and Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on by Power and Energy Energy Systems Systems compared withand results from a dynamic heat demandofmodel, previously developedConference and validated the authors. Selection peer-review under responsibility the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the Keywords: error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Serious Simulation Game; Sustainable Supply Chain Management; Alternative Energy; Environmental Awareness; Crude Palm Oil Keywords: Simulation Game; Sustainable Supply Chain Management; Energy; Environmental Awareness; Crude Palmconsidered). Oil scenarios, theSerious error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the Alternative weather and renovation scenarios combination The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and * Corresponding author. Tel.:demand +62 822 6000 4761 improve the accuracy of heat estimations. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 822 6000 4761 E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102under © 2018responsibility The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and This is an open access article underof thethe CC Scientific BY-NC-NDCommittee license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Cooling. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.083
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Akhmad Hidayatno, et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
1. Introduction The development of technology impacts the ever-increasing competitiveness of industries worldwide. The existence of such competition encourages companies to generate competitive advantages to maximize profits. To achieve these objectives, companies are constantly striving to improve, resulting in a more effective, efficient, risk-bearing system, particularly designing a supply chain that fits these criteria. Supply chain management can be defined as the integration of the overall activity, including the flow of information and goods, which cooperate among supply chain elements to develop the target market by collecting market information, product research and development, product design, and analyzing the value of the whole system to achieve the desired results [1]. Being able to produce an effective and efficient supply chain becomes vital to companies due to the magnitude of supply chain management in terms of overall enterprise cost management. According to research results presented by Pricewaterhouse Cooper LLP, supply chain management covers almost all aspects of operations, where 30% - 70% of the cost incurred are supply chain costs. However, establishing a supply chain that not only focuses on economic benefits, but also environmental and social factors are hard to come by. The supply chain that pays attention to the three core elements (economic, environmental, and social) is known as a ‘sustainable supply chain.’ Sustainable supply chain management is an evolution of traditional supply chain management. Seuring & Müller [2] defines a sustainable supply chain as a development of a supply chain capable of meeting today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. By sticking to the three sustainability pillars that came to be known as the triple bottom-line (economic, social, and environmental), companies demand supply chain managers to produce environmentally friendly and sensitive products and processes, as well as improving profits and competitive advantage [2]. Therefore, it takes the ability to execute the right supply chain strategy. Being able to make decisions on complex situations is a necessary capability to obtain effective supply chain management [3]. However, it is unfortunate that many supply chain practitioners have difficulty making the right decision in a company's supply chain management [4]. This statement is further reinforced by the results of research from Supply Chain Insights LLC which addresses some of the issues in supply chain management, where two of the three major problems are related to the understanding and knowledge of human resources related to supply chain management. Unequivocally, almost all managers involved have different understandings of sustainability, making it a challenge for them to apply sustainable supply chain management. To develop that ability, both academics and practitioners need to understand the complexity of the sustainable supply chain and map out the big picture of the supply chain [5]. Based on this need, our research focuses on how to effectively transfer the complex knowledge of managing the three sides of sustainability at the corporate level by using a Serious Simulation Game. Using a serious purpose game that simulates the complexity of managing a sustainable supply chain, it could increase the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. It could also immerse the player with the reality of managing a complex supply chain of biofuel production. 2. Literature Review To produce an effective, efficient, and integrated supply chain, being able to make the right decision is a necessary capability in Supply Chain Management [3]. Various studies have been conducted to find methods of learning that can effectively improve analytical and decision-making skills, both for students and practitioners. The results of various studies show that according to the phrase, "experience is the best teacher," learning from experience, or commonly referred to as experiential learning method, proves to be an effective learning method related to decision making [6]. Experiential learning is a learning based on experience and observation. Participants should be able to be involved openly in new experiences and should be able to observe and conceptualize what is experienced in a problem to solve it [7]. One of the active learning media proven to provide a profound experience compared to the usual method of learning is the method of play [8]. The impact of experiential learning towards knowledge enhancement then underlies the use of Serious Simulation Game as an active learning medium, which is also the output of this research. The term Serious Simulation Game used is a combination of Serious Game and Simulation Game. The Serious Game is an entertaining game with a serious purpose or more commonly known as "entertaining game with a non-
Akhmad Hidayatno et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 43–47
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entertaining purpose" [9] [10]. While Simulation Game is an interactive simulation that has the characteristics of a game [10]. Based on this understanding, the Serious Simulation Game which is a combination of both has the sense as a game that represents the real world with the purpose of more than entertainment, can be used as a medium of learning, media of intervention, and can be used as research media [11]. Serious Simulation Game is an effective learning method in improving concept retention for extended periods of time with the concept of practice that combines elements of the game (competition and regulation) and simulation (real world representation) [12] [13]. Serious Simulation Game (SSG) offers a unique and good learning process in terms of enhancing decision-making capabilities, especially in complex areas such as supply chains, as the game is described as an activity between two or more independent decision makers to achieve goals with some limitations. The decisions made are based on available information regarding the condition of a system. The decision will affect the condition of the system, and information regarding the condition of the new system will be notified to the decision maker (who is a player in the SSG) to be the basis for the next decision then. Using the concept, players can test different decisions to see what the consequences can be. The feedback information generated from the decision taken is then translated into the game as a round or cycle of play [10]. 3. Methodology The methodology used in this research is the simulation and game research framework. This methodology consists of four stages, namely defining game objectives, model development, model implementation, then classroom pedagogy and evaluation [14]. First is defining the game objectives, where the objectives of the game are defined and its relation to the theory of the supply chain and Serious Simulation games (SSG) to build games that can have third significant elements of SSG: case study, simulation, and play, that makes the game developed balanced and able to provide proper benefits for participants. Then the objectives of the game for learning financial modeling is defined to provide an understanding of the essential elements in the supply chain with its financial consequences. Second, it is essential to create a conceptual model as an early base model to fulfill the essence of the game. The conceptual model used in this study is based on a new conceptual model framework for simulation-based serious games developed by Zee et al. [6], which can be seen in Fig. 1. Then, creating a mathematical model as the basis for the calculation model would be the next step. The form of the mathematical model was the financial report of the company and will also be simplified into the output of the simulation. At the third stage, the model is implemented through developing the game’s alternate scenarios, such as the level of play that aims to develop players’ concept of supply chain management. The design of the game is then played repeatedly for verification and validation. This stage also aims to produce a user-friendly interface, game instructions, and graph and output consistency. Finally, the classroom pedagogy and evaluation stage finish off the process with four sub-stages, which consists of the briefing, playing, debriefing, and evaluation. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Overview of the Game Crude Palm Oil Management Game (CPOME) is an SSG developed to provide understanding through the experience of playing related to Sustainable Supply Chain Management. This game is played by four teams, where each team consists of four players who act as Purchasing Manager, Production Manager, Sales Manager, and Financial Manager. Each team represents a company that will compete against each other to get the highest point at the end of the game. The final point is obtained based on the total score of ROI (Return on Investment) and sustainable investment of each team. Each player independently fills out a decision form of a player interface. Although decisions can be taken independently, each decision will affect each other, which in turn will result in company reports as the output of the game. Players who act as Purchasing Managers are responsible for meeting the needs of palm oil by purchasing palm oil from suppliers, i.e., oil palm plantations outside the company's own. The player also determines the purchase price and contract duration of each supplier.
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Fig. 1. The conceptual model of the sustainable supply chain management serious simulation game
The Production Manager is responsible for determining the production orders of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) that will be generated quarterly (3 months), overtime work plan, and sustainable investment. The Sales Manager has the responsibility to sell the CPO produced by contracting with one or more buyers. Not only that, players also play a role in determining the sale of byproducts (kernel and waste) that will affect the waste treatment process. The player who acts as the Finance Manager is responsible for managing the smooth flow of the company's cash by determining the amount of loan that will be submitted to the bank. 4.2. The Analysis of Evaluation Results After multiple play-tests along with focus group discussions with the test subjects, the results indicate that the game successfully improves participants' ability and understanding of elements and relationships among elements in the supply chain as well as the underlying theory of decisions in sustainable supply chains. Nevertheless, several points become constructive input to develop this SSG in the future. From the FGD results obtained, it is concluded that improvements are needed, such as the player interface needs developing to ease comprehension of players and increase the motivation of players in competing. Things that can be improved from the game interface include layout arrangements and display sizes, as well as complete information about pricing and other necessary information so players can make decisions without having to open the game module. Related game information which will also be added is price history, both for the purchase price of palm oil and the selling price of crude palm oil, to enrich players with the information on decision-making.
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5. Conclusion Based on the results of the analysis described in the previous chapters, some conclusions can be drawn from the game design. This study resulted in a serious simulation game (SSG) design as an active learning media on sustainable supply chain management, with the crude palm oil mill industry as case studies used. The SSG created aims to help players in understanding the concepts and complexities in sustainable supply chain management. The SSG is also designed to help players understand the variables that affect the performance of the company and to help players gain real-world experience of sustainable supply chain management. The SSG design is hoped to also raise sufficient corporate awareness on decisions and strategies regarding sustainable supply chains, particularly corporations in the alternative energy resource industry. Suggestions that can be given by the author for further research are adjusted to the final evaluation result, among others: Development of game interfaces using other applications to be more interactive so as to attract attention and motivate players. The operator must execute the game firmly and seriously in order to obtain optimal research results. Some simplifications on the game can be better equipped so that this SSG can provide simulations that are closer to real practice. The existence of further development towards the industry in the field of services. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express gratitude as this work is supported by Hibah PITTA 2018 funded by DRPM Universitas Indonesia No.2371/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018. References [1] Mentzer, e. a. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of business logistics, 1-25. [2] Seuring, Stefan & Martin Müller. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production. [3] Ambe, I. M. (2012). Determining An Optimal Supply Chain Strategy. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 126-147. [4] Andersson, J. K., & Wemner, T. (2008). A strategic decision-making model for supply chain. Sweden. [5] Bekebrede, G., & al., e. (2005). How Serious Are Serious Game? Some Lessons From Infra-Games. DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views - Worlds in a Play. [6] Zee, D.-J. v., & al., e. (2012). Conceptual Modeling For Simulation-Based Serious Gaming. Decision Support System. [7] Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience As The Source Of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. [8] Belotti, & et, a. (2014). Serious games and the development of an entrepreneurial mindset in higher education engineering students. Entertainment Computing, 357-366. [9] Harteveld, C. (2011). Triadic Game Design: Balancing reality, meaning, and play. Springer-Verlag London Limited. [10] Daalen, C. E., & et, a. (2014). System Dynamics and Serious Games. International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. [11] Mayer, I., & Veeneman, W. (Eds.). (2002). Games in a world of infrastructures. Simulation games for research, learning and intervention. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon. [12] Nishikawa, K. A., & Jaeger, J. (2011). A Computer Simulation Comparing the Incentive Structures of Dictatorships and Democracies. Journal of Political Science Education, 135-142. [13] Pasin, F., & Giroux, H. (2011). The impact of a simulation game on operations management education. Computers & Education, 1240-1254. [14] Katsaliaki, K., Mustafee, N., Kumar, S. (2014). A game-based approach towards facilitating decision making for perishable products: An example of blood supply chain. Expert Systems with Applications.
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ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Energy Procedia Procedia 00 156(2017) (2019)000–000 43–47 Energy www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2018 2018 5th 5th International International Conference Conference on on Power Power and and Energy Energy Systems Systems Engineering, Engineering, CPESE CPESE 2018, 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan
Designing aa Serious Simulation Game as Learning Media Designing Serious Simulation as aaHeating Learning Media of of The 15th International SymposiumGame on District and Cooling Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Biofuel Production Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Biofuel Production
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Akhmad Rachel Giovani Giovani Hasibuan, Hasibuan, Girindra Akhmad Hidayatno, Hidayatno, Zulkarnain, Zulkarnain, Rachel Girindra Chaska Chaska Wardana Wardana Nimpuno, Arry Rahmawan Destyanto* temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Nimpuno, Arry Rahmawan Destyanto* Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, Indonesia
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France AbstractcDépartement Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France Abstract
The increasing community awareness of environmental and social issues has ushered in demands for biofuel production companies The increasing community awareness of environmental and social issues has ushered in demands for biofuel production companies to focus on sustainability, where they are expected to not only focus on economic benefits, but also to be environmentally friendly to focus on sustainability, where they are expected to not only focus on economic benefits, but also to be environmentally friendly and socially responsible. These companies rely on supply chains that now must pay attention to economic, environmental, and Abstract and socially responsible. These companies rely on supply chains that now must pay attention to economic, environmental, and social aspects to operate sustainable supply chains. Making the right calls in any situation is a necessary capability to generate a social aspects to operate sustainable supply chains. Making the right calls in any situation is a necessary capability to generate a cleaner and aware supply chain management system within the company, with less increased risk or reduced profits. To develop cleaner and aware supplyare chain management system within company, with increased risk or reduced profits.for Todecreasing develop District networks commonly addressed the the literature assustainable one less of the mostchain effective solutions the theseheating capabilities, practitioners need to understand theincomplexities of the supply and conceptualize the entirety these capabilities, practitioners need to understand the complexities of the sustainable supply chain and conceptualize the entirety greenhouse gas emissions the of building sector. These asystems investments areawareness returned in through the heat of the supply chain. The from objective this study is to provide learningrequire mediumhigh that could increasewhich corporate utilizing the supply chain. The objective of this study is and to provide a learning mediumpolicies, that couldheat increase corporate awareness in utilizing sales.of Due to the changed climate building renovation demand in the future could decrease, more eco-friendly regulations. The conditions result of this study is the design of a Serious Simulation Game (SSG) that focuses on the more eco-friendly regulations. The result of this study is the design of a Serious Simulation Game (SSG) that focuses on the prolonging the investment period. purchasing, production, return sales, and finance functions, using case studies of companies that run crude palm oil mills, which was purchasing, production, sales, and finance functions, using case studies of companies that run crude palm oil mills, which was The proven main scope of this paper players is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature for heat demand proven effective in helping understand the concepts and complexities that influence sustainable supplyfunction chain management. effective in helping players understand the concepts and complexities that influence sustainable supply chain management.
forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 © 2018 The Authors. Published by by Elsevier Ltd.Ltd. © 2019 The Authors. Published Elsevier buildings that vary in both construction period © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district This isisan article under the(shallow, CC licenselicense (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This anopen openaccess access article under theBY-NC-ND CC BY-NC-ND renovation scenarios were developed intermediate, deep). (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International on Power and Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on by Power and Energy Energy Systems Systems compared withand results from a dynamic heat demandofmodel, previously developedConference and validated the authors. Selection peer-review under responsibility the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the Keywords: error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Serious Simulation Game; Sustainable Supply Chain Management; Alternative Energy; Environmental Awareness; Crude Palm Oil Keywords: Simulation Game; Sustainable Supply Chain Management; Energy; Environmental Awareness; Crude Palmconsidered). Oil scenarios, theSerious error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the Alternative weather and renovation scenarios combination The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and * Corresponding author. Tel.:demand +62 822 6000 4761 improve the accuracy of heat estimations. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +62 822 6000 4761 E-mail address: [email protected] E-mail address: [email protected]
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102under © 2018responsibility The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and This is an open access article underof thethe CC Scientific BY-NC-NDCommittee license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Cooling. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.083
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1. Introduction The development of technology impacts the ever-increasing competitiveness of industries worldwide. The existence of such competition encourages companies to generate competitive advantages to maximize profits. To achieve these objectives, companies are constantly striving to improve, resulting in a more effective, efficient, risk-bearing system, particularly designing a supply chain that fits these criteria. Supply chain management can be defined as the integration of the overall activity, including the flow of information and goods, which cooperate among supply chain elements to develop the target market by collecting market information, product research and development, product design, and analyzing the value of the whole system to achieve the desired results [1]. Being able to produce an effective and efficient supply chain becomes vital to companies due to the magnitude of supply chain management in terms of overall enterprise cost management. According to research results presented by Pricewaterhouse Cooper LLP, supply chain management covers almost all aspects of operations, where 30% - 70% of the cost incurred are supply chain costs. However, establishing a supply chain that not only focuses on economic benefits, but also environmental and social factors are hard to come by. The supply chain that pays attention to the three core elements (economic, environmental, and social) is known as a ‘sustainable supply chain.’ Sustainable supply chain management is an evolution of traditional supply chain management. Seuring & Müller [2] defines a sustainable supply chain as a development of a supply chain capable of meeting today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. By sticking to the three sustainability pillars that came to be known as the triple bottom-line (economic, social, and environmental), companies demand supply chain managers to produce environmentally friendly and sensitive products and processes, as well as improving profits and competitive advantage [2]. Therefore, it takes the ability to execute the right supply chain strategy. Being able to make decisions on complex situations is a necessary capability to obtain effective supply chain management [3]. However, it is unfortunate that many supply chain practitioners have difficulty making the right decision in a company's supply chain management [4]. This statement is further reinforced by the results of research from Supply Chain Insights LLC which addresses some of the issues in supply chain management, where two of the three major problems are related to the understanding and knowledge of human resources related to supply chain management. Unequivocally, almost all managers involved have different understandings of sustainability, making it a challenge for them to apply sustainable supply chain management. To develop that ability, both academics and practitioners need to understand the complexity of the sustainable supply chain and map out the big picture of the supply chain [5]. Based on this need, our research focuses on how to effectively transfer the complex knowledge of managing the three sides of sustainability at the corporate level by using a Serious Simulation Game. Using a serious purpose game that simulates the complexity of managing a sustainable supply chain, it could increase the effectiveness of knowledge transfer. It could also immerse the player with the reality of managing a complex supply chain of biofuel production. 2. Literature Review To produce an effective, efficient, and integrated supply chain, being able to make the right decision is a necessary capability in Supply Chain Management [3]. Various studies have been conducted to find methods of learning that can effectively improve analytical and decision-making skills, both for students and practitioners. The results of various studies show that according to the phrase, "experience is the best teacher," learning from experience, or commonly referred to as experiential learning method, proves to be an effective learning method related to decision making [6]. Experiential learning is a learning based on experience and observation. Participants should be able to be involved openly in new experiences and should be able to observe and conceptualize what is experienced in a problem to solve it [7]. One of the active learning media proven to provide a profound experience compared to the usual method of learning is the method of play [8]. The impact of experiential learning towards knowledge enhancement then underlies the use of Serious Simulation Game as an active learning medium, which is also the output of this research. The term Serious Simulation Game used is a combination of Serious Game and Simulation Game. The Serious Game is an entertaining game with a serious purpose or more commonly known as "entertaining game with a non-
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entertaining purpose" [9] [10]. While Simulation Game is an interactive simulation that has the characteristics of a game [10]. Based on this understanding, the Serious Simulation Game which is a combination of both has the sense as a game that represents the real world with the purpose of more than entertainment, can be used as a medium of learning, media of intervention, and can be used as research media [11]. Serious Simulation Game is an effective learning method in improving concept retention for extended periods of time with the concept of practice that combines elements of the game (competition and regulation) and simulation (real world representation) [12] [13]. Serious Simulation Game (SSG) offers a unique and good learning process in terms of enhancing decision-making capabilities, especially in complex areas such as supply chains, as the game is described as an activity between two or more independent decision makers to achieve goals with some limitations. The decisions made are based on available information regarding the condition of a system. The decision will affect the condition of the system, and information regarding the condition of the new system will be notified to the decision maker (who is a player in the SSG) to be the basis for the next decision then. Using the concept, players can test different decisions to see what the consequences can be. The feedback information generated from the decision taken is then translated into the game as a round or cycle of play [10]. 3. Methodology The methodology used in this research is the simulation and game research framework. This methodology consists of four stages, namely defining game objectives, model development, model implementation, then classroom pedagogy and evaluation [14]. First is defining the game objectives, where the objectives of the game are defined and its relation to the theory of the supply chain and Serious Simulation games (SSG) to build games that can have third significant elements of SSG: case study, simulation, and play, that makes the game developed balanced and able to provide proper benefits for participants. Then the objectives of the game for learning financial modeling is defined to provide an understanding of the essential elements in the supply chain with its financial consequences. Second, it is essential to create a conceptual model as an early base model to fulfill the essence of the game. The conceptual model used in this study is based on a new conceptual model framework for simulation-based serious games developed by Zee et al. [6], which can be seen in Fig. 1. Then, creating a mathematical model as the basis for the calculation model would be the next step. The form of the mathematical model was the financial report of the company and will also be simplified into the output of the simulation. At the third stage, the model is implemented through developing the game’s alternate scenarios, such as the level of play that aims to develop players’ concept of supply chain management. The design of the game is then played repeatedly for verification and validation. This stage also aims to produce a user-friendly interface, game instructions, and graph and output consistency. Finally, the classroom pedagogy and evaluation stage finish off the process with four sub-stages, which consists of the briefing, playing, debriefing, and evaluation. 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Overview of the Game Crude Palm Oil Management Game (CPOME) is an SSG developed to provide understanding through the experience of playing related to Sustainable Supply Chain Management. This game is played by four teams, where each team consists of four players who act as Purchasing Manager, Production Manager, Sales Manager, and Financial Manager. Each team represents a company that will compete against each other to get the highest point at the end of the game. The final point is obtained based on the total score of ROI (Return on Investment) and sustainable investment of each team. Each player independently fills out a decision form of a player interface. Although decisions can be taken independently, each decision will affect each other, which in turn will result in company reports as the output of the game. Players who act as Purchasing Managers are responsible for meeting the needs of palm oil by purchasing palm oil from suppliers, i.e., oil palm plantations outside the company's own. The player also determines the purchase price and contract duration of each supplier.
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Akhmad Hidayatno et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 43–47
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Fig. 1. The conceptual model of the sustainable supply chain management serious simulation game
The Production Manager is responsible for determining the production orders of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) that will be generated quarterly (3 months), overtime work plan, and sustainable investment. The Sales Manager has the responsibility to sell the CPO produced by contracting with one or more buyers. Not only that, players also play a role in determining the sale of byproducts (kernel and waste) that will affect the waste treatment process. The player who acts as the Finance Manager is responsible for managing the smooth flow of the company's cash by determining the amount of loan that will be submitted to the bank. 4.2. The Analysis of Evaluation Results After multiple play-tests along with focus group discussions with the test subjects, the results indicate that the game successfully improves participants' ability and understanding of elements and relationships among elements in the supply chain as well as the underlying theory of decisions in sustainable supply chains. Nevertheless, several points become constructive input to develop this SSG in the future. From the FGD results obtained, it is concluded that improvements are needed, such as the player interface needs developing to ease comprehension of players and increase the motivation of players in competing. Things that can be improved from the game interface include layout arrangements and display sizes, as well as complete information about pricing and other necessary information so players can make decisions without having to open the game module. Related game information which will also be added is price history, both for the purchase price of palm oil and the selling price of crude palm oil, to enrich players with the information on decision-making.
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Rachel Giovani Hasibuan / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000
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5. Conclusion Based on the results of the analysis described in the previous chapters, some conclusions can be drawn from the game design. This study resulted in a serious simulation game (SSG) design as an active learning media on sustainable supply chain management, with the crude palm oil mill industry as case studies used. The SSG created aims to help players in understanding the concepts and complexities in sustainable supply chain management. The SSG is also designed to help players understand the variables that affect the performance of the company and to help players gain real-world experience of sustainable supply chain management. The SSG design is hoped to also raise sufficient corporate awareness on decisions and strategies regarding sustainable supply chains, particularly corporations in the alternative energy resource industry. Suggestions that can be given by the author for further research are adjusted to the final evaluation result, among others: Development of game interfaces using other applications to be more interactive so as to attract attention and motivate players. The operator must execute the game firmly and seriously in order to obtain optimal research results. Some simplifications on the game can be better equipped so that this SSG can provide simulations that are closer to real practice. The existence of further development towards the industry in the field of services. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express gratitude as this work is supported by Hibah PITTA 2018 funded by DRPM Universitas Indonesia No.2371/UN2.R3.1/HKP.05.00/2018. References [1] Mentzer, e. a. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of business logistics, 1-25. [2] Seuring, Stefan & Martin Müller. (2008). From a literature review to a conceptual framework for sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production. [3] Ambe, I. M. (2012). Determining An Optimal Supply Chain Strategy. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 126-147. [4] Andersson, J. K., & Wemner, T. (2008). A strategic decision-making model for supply chain. Sweden. [5] Bekebrede, G., & al., e. (2005). How Serious Are Serious Game? Some Lessons From Infra-Games. DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views - Worlds in a Play. [6] Zee, D.-J. v., & al., e. (2012). Conceptual Modeling For Simulation-Based Serious Gaming. Decision Support System. [7] Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience As The Source Of Learning and Development. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. [8] Belotti, & et, a. (2014). Serious games and the development of an entrepreneurial mindset in higher education engineering students. Entertainment Computing, 357-366. [9] Harteveld, C. (2011). Triadic Game Design: Balancing reality, meaning, and play. Springer-Verlag London Limited. [10] Daalen, C. E., & et, a. (2014). System Dynamics and Serious Games. International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. [11] Mayer, I., & Veeneman, W. (Eds.). (2002). Games in a world of infrastructures. Simulation games for research, learning and intervention. Delft, The Netherlands: Eburon. [12] Nishikawa, K. A., & Jaeger, J. (2011). A Computer Simulation Comparing the Incentive Structures of Dictatorships and Democracies. Journal of Political Science Education, 135-142. [13] Pasin, F., & Giroux, H. (2011). The impact of a simulation game on operations management education. Computers & Education, 1240-1254. [14] Katsaliaki, K., Mustafee, N., Kumar, S. (2014). A game-based approach towards facilitating decision making for perishable products: An example of blood supply chain. Expert Systems with Applications.
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