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Detecting oestrus by measuring milk temperatures of dairy cows during milking
85
Livestock Production Science, 3(1976)85--89 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
Short Communication DETECTING OESTRUS BY MEASURING MILK TEMPERATURES OF DAIRY COWS DURING MILKING
K. MAATJE* and W. ROSSING**
*Research Institute for Animal Husbandry "Schoonoord", Zeist (The Netherlands) **Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wageningen (The Netherlands) (Received September 2nd, 1975)
ABSTRACT Maatje, K. and Rossing, W., 1976. Detecting oestrus by measuring milk temperatures of dairy cows during milking. Livest. Prod. Sci., 3: 85--89. An experiment was set up primarily to investigate whether the milk temperature in the clawpiece of the milking machine corresponds with the body temperature of the cow. On average the milk temperature was slightly lower (0.09°C) than the rectal temperature. There were, however, some differences between cows. Secondly it was investigated whether measuring the milk temperature twice a day may be of use for detecting sick cows and cows on heat. During the observation period, however, there were no sick cows. In total there were 1 9 c a s e s o f oestrus. In 16 cases there was an increase o f >_ 0.3°C compared with the mean morning or evening temperature of the preceding days. Measuring the temperature in the clawpiece during milking may open up prospects for an automated system to identify cows which are on heat or sick. INTRODUCTION
The detection of oestrus and ill health is important in all dairy herds and particularly in large ones, where personal observations may be more difficult. It is possible that b o d y temperature variation m a y provide the clue to the development of an a u t o m a t e d system for identifying cows which require attention for either reason. Most literature on b o d y temperature during oestrus of dairy cows is n o t very recent and gives conflicting opinions. Schmidt (1905), Eggers (1948), Kammerer (1950) and Barnickel (1968) found no marked influence on b o d y temperature, while Vollman (1942), Weber (1910) and Wrenn et al. (1958) did find some temperature changes during the oestrus cycle. It was investigated whether the temperature in the clawpiece of the milking machine was similar to the b o d y temperature and, secondly, whether measurements of the temperature twice a day were useful for detecting sick cows and those on heat.
86
M A T E R I A L AND METHODS
For measuring the milk temperature during milking a temperature sensor was built into the claw (Fig.l). The temperature was monitored digitally with an accuracy of 0.2°C. In the first experiments when the sensor was built into a metal claw, the heat losses through the metal were too high so that the temperature measured was n o t correct. Also it was f o u n d t h a t the temperature level was dependent on the rate of milk flow. The use of a plastic claw reduced heat losses and the effect on temperature of variation in milk flow. The equipment was designed to record m a x i m u m temperature during milking.
Fig.1 Temperature sensor built into claw.
Over a period o f three months 14 cows, in early stages of lactation, were milked in the stalls fitted with the modified milking machine claw. Maximum temperature in the claw was recorded twice daily and the cattle were examined for signs of ill health and oestrus which were recorded. In 12 cows rectal temperature was also recorded for a period of five weeks. RESULTS
During the observation period none of the cows showed signs of ill health so that no data about the temperatures in the claw during illness could be collected. Mean basal temperatures measured rectally and in the milking machine claw twice daily are given in Table I. The S.D. from a single observation per cow was between 0.15 and 0.20. The rectal temperature was not significantly higher than the temperature in the
87 TABLE I Mean basal temperature in the morning and evening measured rectally and in the milking machine claw (oestrus days excluded) Cow nr.
015 082 105 106 107 125 201 202 215 216 283 720
TABLE
Mean rect.temp. ° C. Morning Evening
Mean claw temp.°C. Morning Evening
38.65 38.81 38.62 38.62 38.61 39.01 38.63 38.60 38.63 38.81 38.48 38.69
38.57 38.47 38.62 38.53 38.79 38.87 38.48 38.37 38.58 38.68 38.64 38.52
38.88 38.82 38.84 38.74 38.88 38.89 38.65 38.64 38.65 38.85 38.39 38.73
38.71 38.58 38.83 38.76 39.01 38.86 38.52 38.35 38.55 38.61 38.62 38.57
Diff.°C. Morning 0.08 0.34 0 0.09 -0.18 0.14 0.15 0.23 0.05 0.13 -0.16 0.17
Evening 0.17 0.24 0.01 --0.02 -0.13 0.03 0.13 0.29 0.10 0.24 -0.23 0.16
II
Temperature of milk during oestrus and 24 h onwards, compared with the mean o f 6 preceding mornings or evenings Cow nr.
Date of oestrus (2)
Mean temp. °C (3)
Temp.at oestrus °C (4)
Differ. (4)-(3) °C (5)
Temp.24 h after oestrus °C (6)
Differ. (6)-(3) °C (7)
(1) 015 082 082 082 105 105 105 106 107 125 125 125 201 202 216 283 283 283 283
24--3 24--1 12--2 4--3 13--2 11--3 1--4 25--2 27--2 28--1 20--2 16--3 30--1 16--2 25--1 21--1 10--2 7--3 26--3
38.4 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.8 38.5 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.8 38.6 38.5
39.3 39.6 38.8 39.5 39.0 39.5 39.4 39.1 39.1 39.3 38.9 39.7 39.2 39.0 38.5 38.7 39.5 39.0 38.9
+0.9 +1.1 +0.4 +1.2 +0.5 +0.7 +0.9 +0.4 +0.3 +0.6 +0.1 +0.8 +0.8 +0.5 0 +0.2 +0.7 +0.4 +0.4
38.9 38.6 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.7 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.9 38.7 38.4 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.1 38.4
+0.5 +0.1 --0.2 0 --0.2 --0.1 +0.2 --0.2 --0.3 --0.2 +0.1 --0.2 0 -0.3 0 -0.1 --0.2 -0.5 -0.1
88 claw in the morning or the evening, the relevant data being 0.09 + 0.14 and 0.09 + 0.17 respectively. The high standard deviation indicates that there were differences between cows. There were cows with a significantly higher rectal temperature compared with the temperature measured in the claw. There was also a clear relation between the difference in temperature (between rectum and claw) in the morning and that in the evening (r = 0.87), confirming systematic differences between cows. During the observation period 10 of the 14 cows came on heat once or several times. In total there were 19 cases of heat. Data in Table II show that of the 19 cases of oestrus, a distinct temperature rise of ~ 0.3°C was measured in 16. The temperature during oestrus was compared with the average temperature of the c o w on 6 mornings or 6 evenings (Column 3, Table II) preceding the morning or the evening when the sign of heat (restlessness and willingness to be mounted) appeared. The temperature rise was n o t always found at the m o m e n t when the signs of oestrus were the most obvious. Sometimes there was a temperature rise 9 or 15 hours before oestrus. Twice the temperature was clearly up w i t h o u t visible signs of heat having been noticed; these cows however were willing to be served. Some research workers (Wrenn et al., 1958 and Micheletto, 1952) found a temperature minimum 24 hours after oestrus. Column 7 of Table II gives the temperature difference between the mean temperature before oestrus (Column 3) and the temperature 24 hours after oestrus (Column 6). The mean temperature in Column 6 seems to be 0.08°C lower than the mean temperature before oestrus. However, the difference is not significant (T = 1.68). DISCUSSION The temperature measured in the milk claw during milking seems to be very similar to the b o d y temperature. With some cows the milk temperature in the claw was significantly higher than the rectal temperature and with others vice versa. This could n o t be explained by differences in milk yield or b y the rate of milk flow. The temperature differences per c o w are the same in the morning and in the evening (r = 0.87), in spite of the milking interval of 9--15 hours which causes an unequal milk yield and therefore a different rate of milk flow between morning and evening. The results o f this investigation on b o d y temperature during the oestrus cycle correspond best with those o f Weber (1910), who found a temperature rise in most cows during oestrus. In Table II the temperature during oestrus is compared with the average morning or evening temperature during 6 preceding days. In this experiment oestrus could be signalized in this way in most cases (84%) by the rise of milk temperature. Simpler ways of comparison by using one average of the morning and evening temperatures or by signalizing cows with a temperature over 39°C, seem to increase the number of wrong indications. A combination of visual observation and temperature measurement may be more reliable for detecting cows
89
on heat and maypossibly indicate those sicknesses that influence body temperature. REFERENCES Barnickel, G. 1968. Vergleichende Untersuchungen/iber die Rektal- und Zervikaltemperatur br~nstiger K/Jhe und F~rsen. Dissertation, Hannover, 44 pp. Eggers, H., 1948. Temperaturmessungen in der Scheide yon gesunden, kranken und br/instigen Rindern. Vet. Med. Diss., Hannover. Giffey, O., 1956. K~rpertemperatur bei Stuten zur Zeit der Brunst und Ovulation. Vet. Med. Diss., Berlin. K~'mmerer, K., 1959. Temperaturkurve und Zyklus. Dtsch. Tier~rztl.Wochenschr., 57: 241--243. Micheletto, B., 1952. Die Basaltemperatur und die Beziehung zum Oestralzyklns des Rindes. Die Temperatur im Moment der Ovulation (Ital.). Arch. Vet. Ital., 3: 245--246. Schmidt, J., 1905. Die normale Temperatur des Rindes. Berl. Tier~rztl. Wochenschr., 437-440. Vollman, R. und Vollman, U., 1942. Vergleichende Temperaturuntersuchungen zur Reproduktionsphysiologie der Frau und der Kuh. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd., 84: 403--450. Weber, E., 1910. Untersuchungen tiber die Rectaltemperatur des gesunden Rindes. Dtsch. Tier~rztl. Wochenschr., 18: 671--673. Wrenn, T.R., Bitman, J. and Sykes, J.F., 1958. Body temperature variations in dairy cattle during the oestrus cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci., 41: 1071--1072. RESUME Maatje, K. et Rossing, W., 1976. La d~tection des chaleurs chez les vaches ~ l'aide de mesurages de la temperature du laitpendant la traite.Livest. Prod. Sci., 3:85--89 (en anglais). L'exp~rience a fit~ con~ue pour comparer la temperature du lait dans les pi~ces-clefs de la machine ~ traire avec la temperature corporelle de l'animal. Les r~sultats obtenus, en m o y e n n e ont montr~ que cette temperature ~tait inf~rieure de 0.09°C ~ la temperature rectale. Des differences individuelles ont ~t~ mises en ~vidence ~ ce sujet. D'apr~s les auteurs, les mesures de temperature du lait mesur~es deux fois par jour peuvent ~tre utilis~es pour la d~tection des vaches malades ou en oestrus. Pendant la dur~e des experiences, il n ' y a pas eu de vaches malades parmi les sujets control,s. Dans 16 cas d'oestrus sur 19, la temperature du lait s'est montr~e sup~rieure d 0.3°C, par rapport ~ celle des mesures effectu~es avant l'oestrus. Les auteurs concluent que de telles mesures pratiqu~es syst~matiquement par des moyens automatiques appropri~s pourraient servir ~ d~celer les cas de maladie ou d'oestrus. KURZFASSUNG
Maatje, K. und Rossing, W., 1976. Feststellen der Brunst bei Milchk/ihen durch das Messen der Milchtemperaturen w~ihrend des Melkens. Livest. Prod. Sci., 3:85--89 (in Englisch). Die Versuche wurden in erster Linie geplant, um zu tiberpriifen ob die Milchtemperature im SammelstUck der Melkmaschine der KSrpertemperatur der Kuh entspricht. Durchschnittlich lag die Milchtemperatur geringgradig niederiger (0.09°C) als die Rektaltemperatur. Es zeigten sich jedoch einige Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Kiihen. In zweiter Linie wurde ermittelt ob eine t~glich zweimalige Messung der Milchtemperatur der Feststellung kranker u n d brunstiger K~ihe dienen kSnne. W~hrend der Beobachtungsperiode wurde jedoch keine der KUhe kzank. Im ganzen trat der Fall einer Brunst 19 real ein. In 16 F~llen stieg die Temperatur, verglichen mit der mitteren Morgentemperatur oder derjenigen des vorhergehenden Abends, um _> 0.3°C an. Das Messen der Temperatur im Sammelsfllck w~hrend des Melkens kann M~glichkeiten er~ffnen um das Feststellen br~nstiger oder kranker KUhe zu automatisieren.
Livestock Production Science, 3(1976)85--89 © Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands
Short Communication DETECTING OESTRUS BY MEASURING MILK TEMPERATURES OF DAIRY COWS DURING MILKING
K. MAATJE* and W. ROSSING**
*Research Institute for Animal Husbandry "Schoonoord", Zeist (The Netherlands) **Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wageningen (The Netherlands) (Received September 2nd, 1975)
ABSTRACT Maatje, K. and Rossing, W., 1976. Detecting oestrus by measuring milk temperatures of dairy cows during milking. Livest. Prod. Sci., 3: 85--89. An experiment was set up primarily to investigate whether the milk temperature in the clawpiece of the milking machine corresponds with the body temperature of the cow. On average the milk temperature was slightly lower (0.09°C) than the rectal temperature. There were, however, some differences between cows. Secondly it was investigated whether measuring the milk temperature twice a day may be of use for detecting sick cows and cows on heat. During the observation period, however, there were no sick cows. In total there were 1 9 c a s e s o f oestrus. In 16 cases there was an increase o f >_ 0.3°C compared with the mean morning or evening temperature of the preceding days. Measuring the temperature in the clawpiece during milking may open up prospects for an automated system to identify cows which are on heat or sick. INTRODUCTION
The detection of oestrus and ill health is important in all dairy herds and particularly in large ones, where personal observations may be more difficult. It is possible that b o d y temperature variation m a y provide the clue to the development of an a u t o m a t e d system for identifying cows which require attention for either reason. Most literature on b o d y temperature during oestrus of dairy cows is n o t very recent and gives conflicting opinions. Schmidt (1905), Eggers (1948), Kammerer (1950) and Barnickel (1968) found no marked influence on b o d y temperature, while Vollman (1942), Weber (1910) and Wrenn et al. (1958) did find some temperature changes during the oestrus cycle. It was investigated whether the temperature in the clawpiece of the milking machine was similar to the b o d y temperature and, secondly, whether measurements of the temperature twice a day were useful for detecting sick cows and those on heat.
86
M A T E R I A L AND METHODS
For measuring the milk temperature during milking a temperature sensor was built into the claw (Fig.l). The temperature was monitored digitally with an accuracy of 0.2°C. In the first experiments when the sensor was built into a metal claw, the heat losses through the metal were too high so that the temperature measured was n o t correct. Also it was f o u n d t h a t the temperature level was dependent on the rate of milk flow. The use of a plastic claw reduced heat losses and the effect on temperature of variation in milk flow. The equipment was designed to record m a x i m u m temperature during milking.
Fig.1 Temperature sensor built into claw.
Over a period o f three months 14 cows, in early stages of lactation, were milked in the stalls fitted with the modified milking machine claw. Maximum temperature in the claw was recorded twice daily and the cattle were examined for signs of ill health and oestrus which were recorded. In 12 cows rectal temperature was also recorded for a period of five weeks. RESULTS
During the observation period none of the cows showed signs of ill health so that no data about the temperatures in the claw during illness could be collected. Mean basal temperatures measured rectally and in the milking machine claw twice daily are given in Table I. The S.D. from a single observation per cow was between 0.15 and 0.20. The rectal temperature was not significantly higher than the temperature in the
87 TABLE I Mean basal temperature in the morning and evening measured rectally and in the milking machine claw (oestrus days excluded) Cow nr.
015 082 105 106 107 125 201 202 215 216 283 720
TABLE
Mean rect.temp. ° C. Morning Evening
Mean claw temp.°C. Morning Evening
38.65 38.81 38.62 38.62 38.61 39.01 38.63 38.60 38.63 38.81 38.48 38.69
38.57 38.47 38.62 38.53 38.79 38.87 38.48 38.37 38.58 38.68 38.64 38.52
38.88 38.82 38.84 38.74 38.88 38.89 38.65 38.64 38.65 38.85 38.39 38.73
38.71 38.58 38.83 38.76 39.01 38.86 38.52 38.35 38.55 38.61 38.62 38.57
Diff.°C. Morning 0.08 0.34 0 0.09 -0.18 0.14 0.15 0.23 0.05 0.13 -0.16 0.17
Evening 0.17 0.24 0.01 --0.02 -0.13 0.03 0.13 0.29 0.10 0.24 -0.23 0.16
II
Temperature of milk during oestrus and 24 h onwards, compared with the mean o f 6 preceding mornings or evenings Cow nr.
Date of oestrus (2)
Mean temp. °C (3)
Temp.at oestrus °C (4)
Differ. (4)-(3) °C (5)
Temp.24 h after oestrus °C (6)
Differ. (6)-(3) °C (7)
(1) 015 082 082 082 105 105 105 106 107 125 125 125 201 202 216 283 283 283 283
24--3 24--1 12--2 4--3 13--2 11--3 1--4 25--2 27--2 28--1 20--2 16--3 30--1 16--2 25--1 21--1 10--2 7--3 26--3
38.4 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.5 38.8 38.5 38.7 38.8 38.7 38.8 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.8 38.6 38.5
39.3 39.6 38.8 39.5 39.0 39.5 39.4 39.1 39.1 39.3 38.9 39.7 39.2 39.0 38.5 38.7 39.5 39.0 38.9
+0.9 +1.1 +0.4 +1.2 +0.5 +0.7 +0.9 +0.4 +0.3 +0.6 +0.1 +0.8 +0.8 +0.5 0 +0.2 +0.7 +0.4 +0.4
38.9 38.6 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.7 38.7 38.5 38.5 38.5 38.9 38.7 38.4 38.2 38.5 38.4 38.6 38.1 38.4
+0.5 +0.1 --0.2 0 --0.2 --0.1 +0.2 --0.2 --0.3 --0.2 +0.1 --0.2 0 -0.3 0 -0.1 --0.2 -0.5 -0.1
88 claw in the morning or the evening, the relevant data being 0.09 + 0.14 and 0.09 + 0.17 respectively. The high standard deviation indicates that there were differences between cows. There were cows with a significantly higher rectal temperature compared with the temperature measured in the claw. There was also a clear relation between the difference in temperature (between rectum and claw) in the morning and that in the evening (r = 0.87), confirming systematic differences between cows. During the observation period 10 of the 14 cows came on heat once or several times. In total there were 19 cases of heat. Data in Table II show that of the 19 cases of oestrus, a distinct temperature rise of ~ 0.3°C was measured in 16. The temperature during oestrus was compared with the average temperature of the c o w on 6 mornings or 6 evenings (Column 3, Table II) preceding the morning or the evening when the sign of heat (restlessness and willingness to be mounted) appeared. The temperature rise was n o t always found at the m o m e n t when the signs of oestrus were the most obvious. Sometimes there was a temperature rise 9 or 15 hours before oestrus. Twice the temperature was clearly up w i t h o u t visible signs of heat having been noticed; these cows however were willing to be served. Some research workers (Wrenn et al., 1958 and Micheletto, 1952) found a temperature minimum 24 hours after oestrus. Column 7 of Table II gives the temperature difference between the mean temperature before oestrus (Column 3) and the temperature 24 hours after oestrus (Column 6). The mean temperature in Column 6 seems to be 0.08°C lower than the mean temperature before oestrus. However, the difference is not significant (T = 1.68). DISCUSSION The temperature measured in the milk claw during milking seems to be very similar to the b o d y temperature. With some cows the milk temperature in the claw was significantly higher than the rectal temperature and with others vice versa. This could n o t be explained by differences in milk yield or b y the rate of milk flow. The temperature differences per c o w are the same in the morning and in the evening (r = 0.87), in spite of the milking interval of 9--15 hours which causes an unequal milk yield and therefore a different rate of milk flow between morning and evening. The results o f this investigation on b o d y temperature during the oestrus cycle correspond best with those o f Weber (1910), who found a temperature rise in most cows during oestrus. In Table II the temperature during oestrus is compared with the average morning or evening temperature during 6 preceding days. In this experiment oestrus could be signalized in this way in most cases (84%) by the rise of milk temperature. Simpler ways of comparison by using one average of the morning and evening temperatures or by signalizing cows with a temperature over 39°C, seem to increase the number of wrong indications. A combination of visual observation and temperature measurement may be more reliable for detecting cows
89
on heat and maypossibly indicate those sicknesses that influence body temperature. REFERENCES Barnickel, G. 1968. Vergleichende Untersuchungen/iber die Rektal- und Zervikaltemperatur br~nstiger K/Jhe und F~rsen. Dissertation, Hannover, 44 pp. Eggers, H., 1948. Temperaturmessungen in der Scheide yon gesunden, kranken und br/instigen Rindern. Vet. Med. Diss., Hannover. Giffey, O., 1956. K~rpertemperatur bei Stuten zur Zeit der Brunst und Ovulation. Vet. Med. Diss., Berlin. K~'mmerer, K., 1959. Temperaturkurve und Zyklus. Dtsch. Tier~rztl.Wochenschr., 57: 241--243. Micheletto, B., 1952. Die Basaltemperatur und die Beziehung zum Oestralzyklns des Rindes. Die Temperatur im Moment der Ovulation (Ital.). Arch. Vet. Ital., 3: 245--246. Schmidt, J., 1905. Die normale Temperatur des Rindes. Berl. Tier~rztl. Wochenschr., 437-440. Vollman, R. und Vollman, U., 1942. Vergleichende Temperaturuntersuchungen zur Reproduktionsphysiologie der Frau und der Kuh. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd., 84: 403--450. Weber, E., 1910. Untersuchungen tiber die Rectaltemperatur des gesunden Rindes. Dtsch. Tier~rztl. Wochenschr., 18: 671--673. Wrenn, T.R., Bitman, J. and Sykes, J.F., 1958. Body temperature variations in dairy cattle during the oestrus cycle and pregnancy. J. Dairy Sci., 41: 1071--1072. RESUME Maatje, K. et Rossing, W., 1976. La d~tection des chaleurs chez les vaches ~ l'aide de mesurages de la temperature du laitpendant la traite.Livest. Prod. Sci., 3:85--89 (en anglais). L'exp~rience a fit~ con~ue pour comparer la temperature du lait dans les pi~ces-clefs de la machine ~ traire avec la temperature corporelle de l'animal. Les r~sultats obtenus, en m o y e n n e ont montr~ que cette temperature ~tait inf~rieure de 0.09°C ~ la temperature rectale. Des differences individuelles ont ~t~ mises en ~vidence ~ ce sujet. D'apr~s les auteurs, les mesures de temperature du lait mesur~es deux fois par jour peuvent ~tre utilis~es pour la d~tection des vaches malades ou en oestrus. Pendant la dur~e des experiences, il n ' y a pas eu de vaches malades parmi les sujets control,s. Dans 16 cas d'oestrus sur 19, la temperature du lait s'est montr~e sup~rieure d 0.3°C, par rapport ~ celle des mesures effectu~es avant l'oestrus. Les auteurs concluent que de telles mesures pratiqu~es syst~matiquement par des moyens automatiques appropri~s pourraient servir ~ d~celer les cas de maladie ou d'oestrus. KURZFASSUNG
Maatje, K. und Rossing, W., 1976. Feststellen der Brunst bei Milchk/ihen durch das Messen der Milchtemperaturen w~ihrend des Melkens. Livest. Prod. Sci., 3:85--89 (in Englisch). Die Versuche wurden in erster Linie geplant, um zu tiberpriifen ob die Milchtemperature im SammelstUck der Melkmaschine der KSrpertemperatur der Kuh entspricht. Durchschnittlich lag die Milchtemperatur geringgradig niederiger (0.09°C) als die Rektaltemperatur. Es zeigten sich jedoch einige Unterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Kiihen. In zweiter Linie wurde ermittelt ob eine t~glich zweimalige Messung der Milchtemperatur der Feststellung kranker u n d brunstiger K~ihe dienen kSnne. W~hrend der Beobachtungsperiode wurde jedoch keine der KUhe kzank. Im ganzen trat der Fall einer Brunst 19 real ein. In 16 F~llen stieg die Temperatur, verglichen mit der mitteren Morgentemperatur oder derjenigen des vorhergehenden Abends, um _> 0.3°C an. Das Messen der Temperatur im Sammelsfllck w~hrend des Melkens kann M~glichkeiten er~ffnen um das Feststellen br~nstiger oder kranker KUhe zu automatisieren.