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Detection of fingerprints by autoradiography (Initial report)
International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 1964, Vol. 15, pp. 373-375. Pergamon Press Ltd. Printed in Northern Ireland
Detection of Fingerprints by Autoradiography* (Initial Report) E.
LELENTAL~
and A. S Z U C H N I K
( W i t h t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n of the Institute of Criminology, K G M O , Warsaw, Poland) Institute of N u c l e a r Research, W a r s a w , P o l a n d
(Received 13 August 1963) A simple a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c m e t h o d of detecting p r i n t s of p a p i l l a r y lines is described. U a n d Ag 11° were used as sources of radioactivity. T h e isotope was applied to the prints of papillary lines b y sprinkling U O 2 or AgC1 labelled w i t h Ag u ° a n d also be depositing Ag 11° f r o m aqueous solution of A g l l ° N O s directly on the prints or o n the prints previously exposed to iodine vapour. T h e subjects of these experiments i n c l u d e d b o t h fresh prints a n d prints several days old m a d e o n paper, glass a n d textile. T h e usefulness for dactyloscopic purposes of t h e labelled c o m p o u n d s w h i c h were t r i e d was established. F u r t h e r research in this subject is still in progress. DETECTION
DES EMPREINTES DIGITALES PAR L'AUTORADIOGRAPHIE (REPORTAGE PRELIMINAIRE)
O n d6crit u n e m 6 t h o d e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i q u e simple p o u r la d6tection des empreintes des lignes papillaires. U et Ag 11° servirent de sources de radioactivit6. O n a p p l i q u a l'isotope a u x empreintes des lignes papillaires en p o u d r a n t d ' U O 2 ou d'AgC1 m a r q u 6 d ' A g 11°, et aussi en d6p o s a n t de l'Ag 11° d ' u n e solution aqueuse d ' A g l l ° N O a d i r e c t e m e n t sur les empreintes ou bien sur les empreintes exposdes prfialablement tt la v a p e u r d'iode. Les sujets de ces exp6riences ont compris et des empreintes neuves et des empreintes &g6es de plusieursjours, faites sur d u papier, d u verre et des textiles. O n a fitabli l'utilit6, p o u r emploi dactyloscopique, des compos6s m a r q u 6 s que l'on a essay6. L a recherche de ce sujet continue. OBHAPY~t(EHI/IE OTIIEHATHOB HASIbI~EB I]OCPE~CTBO~ PA)~I/IOAB T OFPACPI4I/I Orli~icag rlpocTo~I pa~orpadpn~tecKn~ MeTO~ oSHapymennu JIIIHI4FI OTneqaTROB na~blleB. U ~ Ag ~a° ynoTpeS~nancb ~aK HCTOqnnKn pa~HoaI~THBHOCTH. I/IsoTon-WO2 I/IJII/I AgC1, MeqeHHbIe igXl°-nocbma3cu Ha OTIIeqaTHg J-IHtI//IH, I~1~ n~e A g ~1o ocamaaacn n3 BO~HHX paCTBOpOB Ag~°NO3 1]p~Mo n a OTHeqawHax nJlH Ha owHeqaTHaX, HO~nepVHyTLIX ~eficTnI4IO napoB no~a. O6pa3riH 9THX I~cc~e~OBaHUfi BH~Ioqatow cBemne cwHeqaw~I4 n owneqawKH HecHo~bI~HX ~Hefi ~aBHOCT~, c;ie~aHHb~e Ha 5yMare, cTeHae I~ Te~CTg~bg~IX M a T e p b ~ a x . HOJIeBHOOTB oHpo6oBaHHHX MeqeHstX ooe~HeHnfi ,~3H ~aHTI4aOOHOn~g 6b~ia ~oHa3aHa. ~a~I~HeVtm~e nccaeAoBaH~Ifl B OTO~ OS~aCTn Haxo~HTCH B CTa~HH nporpecca. NACHWEIS
VON
FINGERABDROCKEN
MITTELS
AUTORADIOGRAPHIE
Eine einfach radlographische M e t h o d e zur Nachwels yon A b d r i i c k e n p a p i l l a r e r Linien wird beschrieben. Als radioaktive O uellen w u r d e n U u n d Ag ~ ° benutzt. Die Isotopen w u r d e n d e n A b d r t i c k e n d u r c h Bestreuung m i t U O 2 oder m i t Ag ~x° m a r k i e r t e m AgC1 oder d u r c h Niederschlag v o n Ag ~1° aus w~isserigen L 6 s u n g e n yon A g N O a zugesetzt. Die B e h a n d l u n g erfolgte entweder u n m i t t e l b a r a u f die Abdrticke oder n a c h v o r h e r g e h e n d e r Aussetzung der Abdrticke * T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Probl. Kriminal.
No. 42 (1963). 373
374
E. Lelental~-~ and A. Szuchnik
an Jodd/impfe. Die Versuchgegenst~inde waren sowohl frishe Abdrticke auf Papier, Glas oder Textilien, als solche die mehrere Tage alt waren. Die Nfitzlichkeit der benutzten markierten Verbindungen fiir daktyloskopische Zwecke wurde festgestellt. Weitere Versuche tiber diesen Gegenstand sind im Gange. INTRODUCTION INTENSIVE search by cgiminologists for the most effective method of detecting and preserving prints of papillary lines dates back to the times when it was first realized that there were enormous possibilities of identifying criminals from the fingerprints they leave. The Polish police normally use the following for the detection of prints of papillary lines : (a) powders: 'argentorat', zinc oxide, cupric oxide, (sometimes mixed with rosin), graphite, carbon black, lead oxide, 'tkanol' and rhodamin (b) iodine vapour (c) chemicals: ninhydrin and silver nitrate m. T h e relative merits of the above depend on the age of, and the material, on which the print was made. They have, however, been found to have disadvantages in several cases e.g. when detecting prints on poor quality paper, on certain fabrics, on greasy surfaces or when the prints are very old. Criminologists have therefore been searching for more effective methods. Recently radioactive isotopes have been used in various branches of criminology. The professional literature already includes m a n y papers dealing with the use of isotopes in this field, as for example: studies in toxicology dealing with determination of trace quantities of poison by activation analysis, (2) methods of detecting thieves by marking certain objects, TM searches for hidden objects by ionizing radiation, (4) and studies to discover later additions to written documents. (5) In connexion with the application of isotopes in dactyloscopy one work which must be mentioned deals with the detection of fingerprints by autoradiography. (s) The authors of this work used mainly formaldehyde and stearic acid labelled with C 14 as the source of radioactivity. It should be noted, however, that in practice the use of this method is not without problems, some of which are the difficulty of synthesizing the organic compounds with C 14, the need for complicated vacuum equipment in detecting
the prints of papillary lines and hazards of working with the vapours of these radioactive compounds. In this paper the experimental results are given for a simple isotope method of detecting fingerprints, which does not require complicated equipment and which uses only easily available natural and artificial radioactive chemicals. U r a n i u m dioxide and silver compounds labelled with Ag u° were used in these experiments as sources of radioactivity. The experiments form the first part of the development of radioisotope techniques for the detection of fingerprints. EXPERIMENT
This method of dctcction used is to dcposit radioactivc compounds labclled with U and Ag n° on the prints of papillary lines made on various surfaces and to make autoradiographs on X-ray film. Natural uranium and Ag n° were used in the form of U O 2 and Agn°C1 'or Agn°NO3. The U O 2 and Agn°C1 were used as powders. The method was to sprinkle U O 2 in powder form on to the fingerprinted surface through a sieve of 60/z mesh, shake off the excess and then make an autoradiograph. A similar procedure was followed when using a mixture of silver chloride labelled with Agn°C1 and 'tkanol', a powder well known in dactyloscopy, c7) In detecting prints of papillary lines using an aqueous solution of A g n ° N O s two procedures were followed. In the first procedure the fingerprinted surface was exposed to iodine vapour by placing the specimen over iodine crystals in a closed flat vessel for a few minutes or by blowing iodine vapour through the usual apparatus used by the police. The next step was to pour a few drops of silver nitrate labelled with Ag u° onto the prints made visible by iodine. The excess silver nitrate was removed, the specimen was washed twice in distilled water and then dried in w a r m air, after which an autoradiograph was made.
FIG. 1. Fresh print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 2. Fresh print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 3. 37-day old print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 4. Fresh print on textile detected with UO,. FIG. 5. Fresh print on paper detected with AgllOCl and ‘tkanol’. FIG. 6. Fresh print on glass detected with AglloCl and ‘tkanol’. FIG. 7. Fresh print on glass detected with I, and Ag’lONO,. FIG. 8. Fresh print on newspaper detected with AgllONO,. FIG. 9. 8-day old print on paper detected with AgllONO,. 37‘l
Detection of fingerprints by autoradiography In the second procedure Ag 11° was deposited directly on the prints of papillary lines by wetting the surface with a few drops of aqueous solution of Agla°NO3 and then continuing as above. For detecting prints of papillary lines by silver iodide and silver, a 3 per cent solution of silver nitrate labelled with Ag 11° was used. In all these procedures autoradiographs were made by placing X-ray films, Gevaert Structurix DT, in contact with the prints in a lighttight casette. (s) Exposure times depended on the activity of the specimen and on the type of radiation. The average was 1-2 days when the counting rate was 1000-2000 cpm or 1-2 weeks when the counting rate was 100-200 cpm as measured with an end-window Geiger-Mtiller counter in contact after the specimens had been dried with warm air. The fingerprints were made by different people and included fresh prints and prints varying from one to over twenty days old. The surfaces on which they were made included glass, newspaper and textile. RESULTS
The results of the cxpcriments on the detection of prints of papillary lines by autoradiography are shown in Figs. 1-9. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from fresh fingerprints, Fig. 3 from a 37-day old print on glass, and Fig. 4 from a fresh print on fabric. All these were detected using U O 2. Figure 5 shows a fresh print on paper and Fig. 6 a fresh print on glass. These prints were detected using Agll°-labelled AgC1 and 'tkanol'. Figure 7 shows afrcsh print on glass detected with iodine vapour and A g N O a labelled with Ag 110. Figure 8 shows a fresh print, and Fig. 9 an 8-day old print on newspaper. Both were detected using A g N O 3 labelled with Ag 11°. CONCLUSIONS From these experiments it is concluded that
375
both U O 2 and AgC1 labelled with Ag 11° can be used as powders for the detection of prints of papillary lines by autoradiography. The advantage of using these radioactive powders is that a clear picture can be obtained by autoradiography even when no other method gives an identifiable print. It was also established that A g N O 3 labelled with Ag 11° can be used for the same purpose. This chemical is also suitable for preserving prints of papillary lines detected by iodine. Further research is in progress to develop methods using 1131 and other isotopes to detect prints of papillary lines. It is hoped that these methods will lead to the detection of fingerprints on other surfaces such as fabrics, leather, wood, metal and greasy surfaces. REFERENCES
1. HOROSZEWSK!P. Criminology (2nd edn.), pp. 410418 (1958) ; Police Investigation of the Place of Crime, Warsaw, pp. 427460 (1960) ; ZELWIANSKIR. and BELKOWSKIJ. Detective's Kit-1958 Model, Dept. of Criminology (1959) ; SKOPINSKIZ. Probl. kriminal. No. 14 (1958); GRZELAK R. and KULESZAFEJDYCH B. Probl. Kriminal. No. 19 (1959). SOKOLOWSgaS. and KARMOWSKIH. Probl. Kriminal. Nos. 26-27 (1960). 2. JERWS R. E. Canad. Nucl. Tech. No. 3, 21 (1962); WICHITILLJ. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 8, 844 (1961). 3. SGHICHT H. and WICHITILLJ. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 4, 392 (1961). 4. SelNDLER K. H. and HEINE H. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 21, 93 (1958). 5. GORDON B. E. and LISlCENKO V. K. Atomnaya Energiya 7, 384 (1959); See also Int. J. appl. Rad. Isotopes 8, 138 (1960). English translation. 6. TAKEUGHIT., SAKAGUCHIM., NAKAMOTOY. and KADOKURAS. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Vol. 20, p. 166. United Nations, N.Y. (1958) TAKEUCHIT., OHATAH. and NAKAMOTO; Y. Kriminalistik No. 2 (1960). 7. SOKOLOWSKIS. and KARMOWSKIU. Probl. Kriminal. Nos. 26-27 (1960). 8. NIESMIEJANOWA., BARANOW W., ZABORENKO K. and PROSIeLKOWJ. Exercises in Radiochemistry. Translated from the Russian.
Detection of Fingerprints by Autoradiography* (Initial Report) E.
LELENTAL~
and A. S Z U C H N I K
( W i t h t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n of the Institute of Criminology, K G M O , Warsaw, Poland) Institute of N u c l e a r Research, W a r s a w , P o l a n d
(Received 13 August 1963) A simple a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i c m e t h o d of detecting p r i n t s of p a p i l l a r y lines is described. U a n d Ag 11° were used as sources of radioactivity. T h e isotope was applied to the prints of papillary lines b y sprinkling U O 2 or AgC1 labelled w i t h Ag u ° a n d also be depositing Ag 11° f r o m aqueous solution of A g l l ° N O s directly on the prints or o n the prints previously exposed to iodine vapour. T h e subjects of these experiments i n c l u d e d b o t h fresh prints a n d prints several days old m a d e o n paper, glass a n d textile. T h e usefulness for dactyloscopic purposes of t h e labelled c o m p o u n d s w h i c h were t r i e d was established. F u r t h e r research in this subject is still in progress. DETECTION
DES EMPREINTES DIGITALES PAR L'AUTORADIOGRAPHIE (REPORTAGE PRELIMINAIRE)
O n d6crit u n e m 6 t h o d e a u t o r a d i o g r a p h i q u e simple p o u r la d6tection des empreintes des lignes papillaires. U et Ag 11° servirent de sources de radioactivit6. O n a p p l i q u a l'isotope a u x empreintes des lignes papillaires en p o u d r a n t d ' U O 2 ou d'AgC1 m a r q u 6 d ' A g 11°, et aussi en d6p o s a n t de l'Ag 11° d ' u n e solution aqueuse d ' A g l l ° N O a d i r e c t e m e n t sur les empreintes ou bien sur les empreintes exposdes prfialablement tt la v a p e u r d'iode. Les sujets de ces exp6riences ont compris et des empreintes neuves et des empreintes &g6es de plusieursjours, faites sur d u papier, d u verre et des textiles. O n a fitabli l'utilit6, p o u r emploi dactyloscopique, des compos6s m a r q u 6 s que l'on a essay6. L a recherche de ce sujet continue. OBHAPY~t(EHI/IE OTIIEHATHOB HASIbI~EB I]OCPE~CTBO~ PA)~I/IOAB T OFPACPI4I/I Orli~icag rlpocTo~I pa~orpadpn~tecKn~ MeTO~ oSHapymennu JIIIHI4FI OTneqaTROB na~blleB. U ~ Ag ~a° ynoTpeS~nancb ~aK HCTOqnnKn pa~HoaI~THBHOCTH. I/IsoTon-WO2 I/IJII/I AgC1, MeqeHHbIe igXl°-nocbma3cu Ha OTIIeqaTHg J-IHtI//IH, I~1~ n~e A g ~1o ocamaaacn n3 BO~HHX paCTBOpOB Ag~°NO3 1]p~Mo n a OTHeqawHax nJlH Ha owHeqaTHaX, HO~nepVHyTLIX ~eficTnI4IO napoB no~a. O6pa3riH 9THX I~cc~e~OBaHUfi BH~Ioqatow cBemne cwHeqaw~I4 n owneqawKH HecHo~bI~HX ~Hefi ~aBHOCT~, c;ie~aHHb~e Ha 5yMare, cTeHae I~ Te~CTg~bg~IX M a T e p b ~ a x . HOJIeBHOOTB oHpo6oBaHHHX MeqeHstX ooe~HeHnfi ,~3H ~aHTI4aOOHOn~g 6b~ia ~oHa3aHa. ~a~I~HeVtm~e nccaeAoBaH~Ifl B OTO~ OS~aCTn Haxo~HTCH B CTa~HH nporpecca. NACHWEIS
VON
FINGERABDROCKEN
MITTELS
AUTORADIOGRAPHIE
Eine einfach radlographische M e t h o d e zur Nachwels yon A b d r i i c k e n p a p i l l a r e r Linien wird beschrieben. Als radioaktive O uellen w u r d e n U u n d Ag ~ ° benutzt. Die Isotopen w u r d e n d e n A b d r t i c k e n d u r c h Bestreuung m i t U O 2 oder m i t Ag ~x° m a r k i e r t e m AgC1 oder d u r c h Niederschlag v o n Ag ~1° aus w~isserigen L 6 s u n g e n yon A g N O a zugesetzt. Die B e h a n d l u n g erfolgte entweder u n m i t t e l b a r a u f die Abdrticke oder n a c h v o r h e r g e h e n d e r Aussetzung der Abdrticke * T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Probl. Kriminal.
No. 42 (1963). 373
374
E. Lelental~-~ and A. Szuchnik
an Jodd/impfe. Die Versuchgegenst~inde waren sowohl frishe Abdrticke auf Papier, Glas oder Textilien, als solche die mehrere Tage alt waren. Die Nfitzlichkeit der benutzten markierten Verbindungen fiir daktyloskopische Zwecke wurde festgestellt. Weitere Versuche tiber diesen Gegenstand sind im Gange. INTRODUCTION INTENSIVE search by cgiminologists for the most effective method of detecting and preserving prints of papillary lines dates back to the times when it was first realized that there were enormous possibilities of identifying criminals from the fingerprints they leave. The Polish police normally use the following for the detection of prints of papillary lines : (a) powders: 'argentorat', zinc oxide, cupric oxide, (sometimes mixed with rosin), graphite, carbon black, lead oxide, 'tkanol' and rhodamin (b) iodine vapour (c) chemicals: ninhydrin and silver nitrate m. T h e relative merits of the above depend on the age of, and the material, on which the print was made. They have, however, been found to have disadvantages in several cases e.g. when detecting prints on poor quality paper, on certain fabrics, on greasy surfaces or when the prints are very old. Criminologists have therefore been searching for more effective methods. Recently radioactive isotopes have been used in various branches of criminology. The professional literature already includes m a n y papers dealing with the use of isotopes in this field, as for example: studies in toxicology dealing with determination of trace quantities of poison by activation analysis, (2) methods of detecting thieves by marking certain objects, TM searches for hidden objects by ionizing radiation, (4) and studies to discover later additions to written documents. (5) In connexion with the application of isotopes in dactyloscopy one work which must be mentioned deals with the detection of fingerprints by autoradiography. (s) The authors of this work used mainly formaldehyde and stearic acid labelled with C 14 as the source of radioactivity. It should be noted, however, that in practice the use of this method is not without problems, some of which are the difficulty of synthesizing the organic compounds with C 14, the need for complicated vacuum equipment in detecting
the prints of papillary lines and hazards of working with the vapours of these radioactive compounds. In this paper the experimental results are given for a simple isotope method of detecting fingerprints, which does not require complicated equipment and which uses only easily available natural and artificial radioactive chemicals. U r a n i u m dioxide and silver compounds labelled with Ag u° were used in these experiments as sources of radioactivity. The experiments form the first part of the development of radioisotope techniques for the detection of fingerprints. EXPERIMENT
This method of dctcction used is to dcposit radioactivc compounds labclled with U and Ag n° on the prints of papillary lines made on various surfaces and to make autoradiographs on X-ray film. Natural uranium and Ag n° were used in the form of U O 2 and Agn°C1 'or Agn°NO3. The U O 2 and Agn°C1 were used as powders. The method was to sprinkle U O 2 in powder form on to the fingerprinted surface through a sieve of 60/z mesh, shake off the excess and then make an autoradiograph. A similar procedure was followed when using a mixture of silver chloride labelled with Agn°C1 and 'tkanol', a powder well known in dactyloscopy, c7) In detecting prints of papillary lines using an aqueous solution of A g n ° N O s two procedures were followed. In the first procedure the fingerprinted surface was exposed to iodine vapour by placing the specimen over iodine crystals in a closed flat vessel for a few minutes or by blowing iodine vapour through the usual apparatus used by the police. The next step was to pour a few drops of silver nitrate labelled with Ag u° onto the prints made visible by iodine. The excess silver nitrate was removed, the specimen was washed twice in distilled water and then dried in w a r m air, after which an autoradiograph was made.
FIG. 1. Fresh print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 2. Fresh print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 3. 37-day old print on glass detected with UO,. FIG. 4. Fresh print on textile detected with UO,. FIG. 5. Fresh print on paper detected with AgllOCl and ‘tkanol’. FIG. 6. Fresh print on glass detected with AglloCl and ‘tkanol’. FIG. 7. Fresh print on glass detected with I, and Ag’lONO,. FIG. 8. Fresh print on newspaper detected with AgllONO,. FIG. 9. 8-day old print on paper detected with AgllONO,. 37‘l
Detection of fingerprints by autoradiography In the second procedure Ag 11° was deposited directly on the prints of papillary lines by wetting the surface with a few drops of aqueous solution of Agla°NO3 and then continuing as above. For detecting prints of papillary lines by silver iodide and silver, a 3 per cent solution of silver nitrate labelled with Ag 11° was used. In all these procedures autoradiographs were made by placing X-ray films, Gevaert Structurix DT, in contact with the prints in a lighttight casette. (s) Exposure times depended on the activity of the specimen and on the type of radiation. The average was 1-2 days when the counting rate was 1000-2000 cpm or 1-2 weeks when the counting rate was 100-200 cpm as measured with an end-window Geiger-Mtiller counter in contact after the specimens had been dried with warm air. The fingerprints were made by different people and included fresh prints and prints varying from one to over twenty days old. The surfaces on which they were made included glass, newspaper and textile. RESULTS
The results of the cxpcriments on the detection of prints of papillary lines by autoradiography are shown in Figs. 1-9. Figures 1 and 2 are taken from fresh fingerprints, Fig. 3 from a 37-day old print on glass, and Fig. 4 from a fresh print on fabric. All these were detected using U O 2. Figure 5 shows a fresh print on paper and Fig. 6 a fresh print on glass. These prints were detected using Agll°-labelled AgC1 and 'tkanol'. Figure 7 shows afrcsh print on glass detected with iodine vapour and A g N O a labelled with Ag 110. Figure 8 shows a fresh print, and Fig. 9 an 8-day old print on newspaper. Both were detected using A g N O 3 labelled with Ag 11°. CONCLUSIONS From these experiments it is concluded that
375
both U O 2 and AgC1 labelled with Ag 11° can be used as powders for the detection of prints of papillary lines by autoradiography. The advantage of using these radioactive powders is that a clear picture can be obtained by autoradiography even when no other method gives an identifiable print. It was also established that A g N O 3 labelled with Ag 11° can be used for the same purpose. This chemical is also suitable for preserving prints of papillary lines detected by iodine. Further research is in progress to develop methods using 1131 and other isotopes to detect prints of papillary lines. It is hoped that these methods will lead to the detection of fingerprints on other surfaces such as fabrics, leather, wood, metal and greasy surfaces. REFERENCES
1. HOROSZEWSK!P. Criminology (2nd edn.), pp. 410418 (1958) ; Police Investigation of the Place of Crime, Warsaw, pp. 427460 (1960) ; ZELWIANSKIR. and BELKOWSKIJ. Detective's Kit-1958 Model, Dept. of Criminology (1959) ; SKOPINSKIZ. Probl. kriminal. No. 14 (1958); GRZELAK R. and KULESZAFEJDYCH B. Probl. Kriminal. No. 19 (1959). SOKOLOWSgaS. and KARMOWSKIH. Probl. Kriminal. Nos. 26-27 (1960). 2. JERWS R. E. Canad. Nucl. Tech. No. 3, 21 (1962); WICHITILLJ. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 8, 844 (1961). 3. SGHICHT H. and WICHITILLJ. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 4, 392 (1961). 4. SelNDLER K. H. and HEINE H. Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Volkspolizei No. 21, 93 (1958). 5. GORDON B. E. and LISlCENKO V. K. Atomnaya Energiya 7, 384 (1959); See also Int. J. appl. Rad. Isotopes 8, 138 (1960). English translation. 6. TAKEUGHIT., SAKAGUCHIM., NAKAMOTOY. and KADOKURAS. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Vol. 20, p. 166. United Nations, N.Y. (1958) TAKEUCHIT., OHATAH. and NAKAMOTO; Y. Kriminalistik No. 2 (1960). 7. SOKOLOWSKIS. and KARMOWSKIU. Probl. Kriminal. Nos. 26-27 (1960). 8. NIESMIEJANOWA., BARANOW W., ZABORENKO K. and PROSIeLKOWJ. Exercises in Radiochemistry. Translated from the Russian.