- Email: [email protected]
Determination of Nonspecific Serological Reactions to Avian Mycoplasma Antigens
183
GROSS PROTEIN VALUE UNITS
the effect of using high and low quality rapeseed meals as complete replacements of the protein supplied by soybean meal in chick rations. Substitution of rapeseed meal for soybean meal in such a manner that the same levels of energy and G.P.V.Us. were provided, gave equivalent rates of growth irrespective of the total protein content of the rations fed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anwar, A., 1961. A simplified technique for the determination of gross protein value. Poultry Sci. 40: 1014-1015. Anwar, A., 1962. Estimation of gross protein value. 1. In proteins of animal origin. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 937-938. Anwar, A., 1967. Gross protein value units in the standardization of rations for Fayoumi chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 8: 311-314. Anwar, A., 1970. Application of protein quality values in practical poultry feeding. World's Poultry Sci. J. (in press). Leong, K. C , L. M. Sunde, H. R. Bird and C. A. Elvehjem, 1959. Inter-relationships among dietary energy, protein and amino acids for chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 1267-1285. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. 4th Ed. College Press Inc. Ames, Iowa.
Determination of Nonspecific Serological Reactions to Avian Mycoplasma Antigens T. H. VARDAMAN1 AND H. W. YODER, JR. 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division (Received for publication July 17, 1970)
T>OYER et al. (1960) reported serums -•-' from chickens and turkeys that were vaccinated with erysipelas bacterin (Duovax-Cynamid) subcutaneously would cause a positive plate agglutination reaction with PPLO antigen (A.S.L.) beginning by the eight day, and almost completely disappeared by the 29th day post vaccination. A similar trial with fowl cholera bacterin (Glandolac Company) in turkeys did not produce PPLO plate reactions. Olson et al. (1964) reported that serums from Mycoplasma synoviae-iniected birds would cause a serological reaction to Mycoplasma gallisepUcum serum plate antigen. 1
South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, State College, Mississippi 39762 2 Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30601
Roberts and Olesuik (1967) reported that serums from birds inoculated with M. synoviae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacterin, and avian Mycoplasma serotype P produced a rapid serum plate agglutination reaction with M. gallisepUcum antigen, but all were negative to the HI and tube agglutination test for M. gallisepticum. They reported this nonspecific reaction was due to a rheumatoid factor activity in the serum. Roberts (1969) reported on the serological response produced in chickens by S6, F, and Ws7 strains of M. gallisepUcum. The serum agglutination test reacted serologically with homotypic and heterotypic serum plate agglutination antigens, but serum from chickens infected with one strain did not always give an HI reaction with the heterotypic HA antigen.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Sincere appreciation is due to Dr. R. T. Hardin of the Animal Science Department, University of Alberta, for assistance with the statistical analysis of the data. This study was supported, in part, by a grant from the Alberta Agricultural Research Trust.
REFERENCES '
184
T. H. VAEDAMAN AND H. W. YODER, JR.
M. gallisepticum serum plate antigens, and M. synoviae or M. gallisepticum HA antigens. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Using 4 to 5 birds per group, groups of chickens 4-14 weeks old were vaccinated with erysipelas bacterin, fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, fowl cholera, and laryngotracheitis. Phenothiazine, piperazine, and sodium propionate were given in the feed. Also, various combinations of the above were used, as shown (Table 1). A number of the vaccines were repeated using chickens of different ages. Since erysipelas bacterin caused reactions
TABLE 1.—Results of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum serum plate tests
Inf. Age
1 Ms.
E. Cutter E. Colorado E. Ft. Dodge E. Diamond E. Elanco Piperazine E&FP E. Cutter E&FP FP IB IB &-ND ND IB & F C ND & FC FC FC&ND&IB LT LT&IB LT&ND LT&IB &ND LT&FC ND IB ND&IB IB & F C IB & F P ND&FP ND & FC Phenothiazine E. Cutter Phen. & FC Phen. & FP FP 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 14 14 14 14
1
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/2 0/4 1/4 0/4
2>
Weeks post injection iserums 2
C
4
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
1/5 0/5 1/4 1/5 0/5 0/5 10/10 2/5 4/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 2/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 1/4 0/4 1/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
1/5 2/5 4/4 2/5 0/5 0/5 10/10 5/5 5/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 2/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 1/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 2/5 4/4 2/5 0/5 0/5 9/10 5/5 2/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 2/4 1/5 0/5 0/5
0/4 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
0/4 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
Number positive over the number tested.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Vardaman and Yoder (1969) produced a satisfactory M. synoviae hemagglutinating (HA) antigen, and they reported (1970) M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum infection could be differentiated by use of the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests. During the past two years, the author has heard reports that phenothiazine, laryngotracheitis vaccine, and fowl cholera bacterin would cause positive reactions to the M. gallisepticum HI test. The purpose of this study was to determine if any of the anthelminthics, vaccinations, or combinations of vaccinations routinely used in a laying flock would cause nonspecific reactions with M. synoviae or
185
AVIAN MYCOPLASMA ANTIGENS TABLE 2.-—Results
Ms. Ery. Ery. 2 Ery. 3 Ery. 4 Ery. 6 Ery. 1 Ery. 1 & F P
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Weeks: post injection serums 4 3
1
1
1
of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms.
5 Mg.
Mg.
Ms. 6
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
IS/5 IS/5 0/4 IS/5 3S/5
— —
— —
— —
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
1 3
to M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen, it was repeated using the bacterin secured from several biological companies.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum serum plate tests are shown (Table 1). Erysipelas bacterin caused an agglutination reaction with M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen for about 4 weeks post injection. Erysipelas did not cause positive agglutination reactions with M. synoviae serum plate antigen. Serums from two different birds from the Newcastle and fowl cholera combination gave weak M. synoviae serum plate reactions, one at two and one at three weeks post injection. Serum from one bird of the Newcastle disease group gave a weak M. synoviae serum plate reaction two weeks post vaccination. Serum from one bird from the phenothiazine and fowl pox combination group gave a weak M. synoviae serum plate reaction one week post injection. All of the serums, except those from birds vaccinated with erysipelas, were negative to the M. gallisepticum serum plate test. The results of the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests on serums from ery-
sipelas-vaccinated birds are shown (Table 2). Serums from all erysipelas-injected birds were negative (HI titer of 1:80 and above considered positive) to the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests. Several of the serums gave a suspicious titer (1: 40) to M. synoviae HI test, but none of the serums were suspicious to the M. gallisepticum HI test. The serums from all other vaccinations, combination of vaccinations, and anthelminthics were negative to M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests.
SUMMARY
Serums from chickens given injections of erysipelas bacterin caused positive serum plate reactions to the M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen for about 4 weeks post injection. Erysipelas did not cause positive reactions to the M. synoviae serum plate antigen or to M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HA antigens. Fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis, phenothiazine, piperazine, sodium propionate, or various combinations did not cause the serums to react to M. synoviae or M. gallisepticum HA antigens when used in the hemagglutination-inhibition tests.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Erysipelas Bacterin—Cutter Laboratories Erysipelas Bacterin—Colorado Serum Company Erysipelas Bacterin—Fort Dodge 4 Erysipelas Bacterin—Diamond Laboratory 6 Erysipelas Bacterin in water—Elanco 6 1S = 1 suspicious out of 5 tested. S = l : 4 0 reaction to the HI test. 2
186
T. H. VAEDAMAN AND H. W. YODER, JR. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to Mrs. Charmian H. Gatlin and Mr. Boyd Turner, medical technologists, for their assistance. REFERENCES
Prediction of Total Skeleton Mineralization from Individual Bone Data1 ALLEN C. COX2 AND S. L. BALLOUN Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa 50010 (Received for publication July 20, 1970)
M
ETABOLISM of skeletal minerals in the chicken has been studied by determining ash percentage, specific mineral content and distribution of administered isotopes in individual bones. In most studies, the tibia has been used as the sample bone for analysis (Baird and MacMillan, 1942; Migicovsky and Emslie, 1950; Itoh and Hatano, 1964). The humerous and sternum have been used by Martin and Patrick (1962), although some investigations for a biological vitamin D assay have been developed using toe bones (Baird and MacMillan, 1942; Evans and Carver, 1944; Campbell et al., 1945) or beak (Wei et al., 1954). With the excep1 Journal Paper No. J-6472 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1721. 2 Present address: Canada Dept. of Agr. Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia.
tion of the reports by Taylor and Moore (1954, 1956); Taylor et al, (1960); and Taylor and Morris (1964), very few studies have been conducted on the metabolism of the total skeleton of the laying hen, and little has been reported concerning the differences in the metabolism of individual bones. Itoh and Hatano (1964) studied calcium contents and radio-calcium uptake ratio in eight bone samples from the skeletons of chicks and reported that values for the femur were more similar to the total skeleton than were those from any other bone sample. Morris et al. (1966) presented a regression equation and reported very good agreement between the predicted skeletal weight based on the regression of skeletal weight on tibia and coracoid bones weighed separately and observed skeletal weight (r = +0.98). They also presented an equa-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Boyer, C. I., J. Fabricant and J. A. Brown, 1960. Nonspecific plate agglutination reactions with PPLO antigen. Avian Dis. 4 : 546-547. Olson, N. O., H. E. Adler, A. J. DaMassa and R. E. Corstvet, 1964. The effect of intranasal exposure to Mycoplasma synoviae and infectious bronchitis on development of lesions and agglutinins. Avian Dis. 8: 623-631.
Roberts, D. H., and O. M. Olesuik, 1967. Serological studies with Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Dis. 11: 104-119. Roberts, D. H., 1969. Serological response produced in chickens by three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Applied Bact. 32: 395401. Vardaman, T. H., and H. W. Yoder, Jr., 1969. Preparation of Mycoplasma synoviae hemagglutinating antigen and its use in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Avian Dis. 13: 654-661. Vardaman, T. H., and H. W. Yoder, Jr., 1970. Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections: Differentiation by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Poultry Sci. 49: 157-161.
GROSS PROTEIN VALUE UNITS
the effect of using high and low quality rapeseed meals as complete replacements of the protein supplied by soybean meal in chick rations. Substitution of rapeseed meal for soybean meal in such a manner that the same levels of energy and G.P.V.Us. were provided, gave equivalent rates of growth irrespective of the total protein content of the rations fed. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anwar, A., 1961. A simplified technique for the determination of gross protein value. Poultry Sci. 40: 1014-1015. Anwar, A., 1962. Estimation of gross protein value. 1. In proteins of animal origin. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 937-938. Anwar, A., 1967. Gross protein value units in the standardization of rations for Fayoumi chicks. Brit. Poultry Sci. 8: 311-314. Anwar, A., 1970. Application of protein quality values in practical poultry feeding. World's Poultry Sci. J. (in press). Leong, K. C , L. M. Sunde, H. R. Bird and C. A. Elvehjem, 1959. Inter-relationships among dietary energy, protein and amino acids for chickens. Poultry Sci. 38: 1267-1285. Snedecor, G. W., 1946. Statistical Methods. 4th Ed. College Press Inc. Ames, Iowa.
Determination of Nonspecific Serological Reactions to Avian Mycoplasma Antigens T. H. VARDAMAN1 AND H. W. YODER, JR. 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division (Received for publication July 17, 1970)
T>OYER et al. (1960) reported serums -•-' from chickens and turkeys that were vaccinated with erysipelas bacterin (Duovax-Cynamid) subcutaneously would cause a positive plate agglutination reaction with PPLO antigen (A.S.L.) beginning by the eight day, and almost completely disappeared by the 29th day post vaccination. A similar trial with fowl cholera bacterin (Glandolac Company) in turkeys did not produce PPLO plate reactions. Olson et al. (1964) reported that serums from Mycoplasma synoviae-iniected birds would cause a serological reaction to Mycoplasma gallisepUcum serum plate antigen. 1
South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, State College, Mississippi 39762 2 Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia 30601
Roberts and Olesuik (1967) reported that serums from birds inoculated with M. synoviae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacterin, and avian Mycoplasma serotype P produced a rapid serum plate agglutination reaction with M. gallisepUcum antigen, but all were negative to the HI and tube agglutination test for M. gallisepticum. They reported this nonspecific reaction was due to a rheumatoid factor activity in the serum. Roberts (1969) reported on the serological response produced in chickens by S6, F, and Ws7 strains of M. gallisepUcum. The serum agglutination test reacted serologically with homotypic and heterotypic serum plate agglutination antigens, but serum from chickens infected with one strain did not always give an HI reaction with the heterotypic HA antigen.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Sincere appreciation is due to Dr. R. T. Hardin of the Animal Science Department, University of Alberta, for assistance with the statistical analysis of the data. This study was supported, in part, by a grant from the Alberta Agricultural Research Trust.
REFERENCES '
184
T. H. VAEDAMAN AND H. W. YODER, JR.
M. gallisepticum serum plate antigens, and M. synoviae or M. gallisepticum HA antigens. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Using 4 to 5 birds per group, groups of chickens 4-14 weeks old were vaccinated with erysipelas bacterin, fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, fowl cholera, and laryngotracheitis. Phenothiazine, piperazine, and sodium propionate were given in the feed. Also, various combinations of the above were used, as shown (Table 1). A number of the vaccines were repeated using chickens of different ages. Since erysipelas bacterin caused reactions
TABLE 1.—Results of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum serum plate tests
Inf. Age
1 Ms.
E. Cutter E. Colorado E. Ft. Dodge E. Diamond E. Elanco Piperazine E&FP E. Cutter E&FP FP IB IB &-ND ND IB & F C ND & FC FC FC&ND&IB LT LT&IB LT&ND LT&IB &ND LT&FC ND IB ND&IB IB & F C IB & F P ND&FP ND & FC Phenothiazine E. Cutter Phen. & FC Phen. & FP FP 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 14 14 14 14 14
1
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/2 0/4 1/4 0/4
2>
Weeks post injection iserums 2
C
4
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
Ms.
Mg.
1/5 0/5 1/4 1/5 0/5 0/5 10/10 2/5 4/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 2/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 1/4 0/4 1/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
1/5 2/5 4/4 2/5 0/5 0/5 10/10 5/5 5/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 2/2 0/4 0/4 0/4
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/10 0/5 0/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 1/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 2/5 4/4 2/5 0/5 0/5 9/10 5/5 2/5 0/8 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 2/4 1/5 0/5 0/5
0/4 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
0/4 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/5
Number positive over the number tested.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Vardaman and Yoder (1969) produced a satisfactory M. synoviae hemagglutinating (HA) antigen, and they reported (1970) M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum infection could be differentiated by use of the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests. During the past two years, the author has heard reports that phenothiazine, laryngotracheitis vaccine, and fowl cholera bacterin would cause positive reactions to the M. gallisepticum HI test. The purpose of this study was to determine if any of the anthelminthics, vaccinations, or combinations of vaccinations routinely used in a laying flock would cause nonspecific reactions with M. synoviae or
185
AVIAN MYCOPLASMA ANTIGENS TABLE 2.-—Results
Ms. Ery. Ery. 2 Ery. 3 Ery. 4 Ery. 6 Ery. 1 Ery. 1 & F P
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Weeks: post injection serums 4 3
1
1
1
of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Mg. 0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5 0/7 0/15
Ms.
5 Mg.
Mg.
Ms. 6
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
IS/5 IS/5 0/4 IS/5 3S/5
— —
— —
— —
0/5 0/5 0/4 0/5 0/5
1 3
to M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen, it was repeated using the bacterin secured from several biological companies.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum serum plate tests are shown (Table 1). Erysipelas bacterin caused an agglutination reaction with M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen for about 4 weeks post injection. Erysipelas did not cause positive agglutination reactions with M. synoviae serum plate antigen. Serums from two different birds from the Newcastle and fowl cholera combination gave weak M. synoviae serum plate reactions, one at two and one at three weeks post injection. Serum from one bird of the Newcastle disease group gave a weak M. synoviae serum plate reaction two weeks post vaccination. Serum from one bird from the phenothiazine and fowl pox combination group gave a weak M. synoviae serum plate reaction one week post injection. All of the serums, except those from birds vaccinated with erysipelas, were negative to the M. gallisepticum serum plate test. The results of the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests on serums from ery-
sipelas-vaccinated birds are shown (Table 2). Serums from all erysipelas-injected birds were negative (HI titer of 1:80 and above considered positive) to the M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests. Several of the serums gave a suspicious titer (1: 40) to M. synoviae HI test, but none of the serums were suspicious to the M. gallisepticum HI test. The serums from all other vaccinations, combination of vaccinations, and anthelminthics were negative to M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HI tests.
SUMMARY
Serums from chickens given injections of erysipelas bacterin caused positive serum plate reactions to the M. gallisepticum serum plate antigen for about 4 weeks post injection. Erysipelas did not cause positive reactions to the M. synoviae serum plate antigen or to M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum HA antigens. Fowl pox, infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, laryngotracheitis, phenothiazine, piperazine, sodium propionate, or various combinations did not cause the serums to react to M. synoviae or M. gallisepticum HA antigens when used in the hemagglutination-inhibition tests.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Erysipelas Bacterin—Cutter Laboratories Erysipelas Bacterin—Colorado Serum Company Erysipelas Bacterin—Fort Dodge 4 Erysipelas Bacterin—Diamond Laboratory 6 Erysipelas Bacterin in water—Elanco 6 1S = 1 suspicious out of 5 tested. S = l : 4 0 reaction to the HI test. 2
186
T. H. VAEDAMAN AND H. W. YODER, JR. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express their appreciation to Mrs. Charmian H. Gatlin and Mr. Boyd Turner, medical technologists, for their assistance. REFERENCES
Prediction of Total Skeleton Mineralization from Individual Bone Data1 ALLEN C. COX2 AND S. L. BALLOUN Iowa State University of Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa 50010 (Received for publication July 20, 1970)
M
ETABOLISM of skeletal minerals in the chicken has been studied by determining ash percentage, specific mineral content and distribution of administered isotopes in individual bones. In most studies, the tibia has been used as the sample bone for analysis (Baird and MacMillan, 1942; Migicovsky and Emslie, 1950; Itoh and Hatano, 1964). The humerous and sternum have been used by Martin and Patrick (1962), although some investigations for a biological vitamin D assay have been developed using toe bones (Baird and MacMillan, 1942; Evans and Carver, 1944; Campbell et al., 1945) or beak (Wei et al., 1954). With the excep1 Journal Paper No. J-6472 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 1721. 2 Present address: Canada Dept. of Agr. Research Station, Kentville, Nova Scotia.
tion of the reports by Taylor and Moore (1954, 1956); Taylor et al, (1960); and Taylor and Morris (1964), very few studies have been conducted on the metabolism of the total skeleton of the laying hen, and little has been reported concerning the differences in the metabolism of individual bones. Itoh and Hatano (1964) studied calcium contents and radio-calcium uptake ratio in eight bone samples from the skeletons of chicks and reported that values for the femur were more similar to the total skeleton than were those from any other bone sample. Morris et al. (1966) presented a regression equation and reported very good agreement between the predicted skeletal weight based on the regression of skeletal weight on tibia and coracoid bones weighed separately and observed skeletal weight (r = +0.98). They also presented an equa-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Zentralbibliothek on May 7, 2015
Boyer, C. I., J. Fabricant and J. A. Brown, 1960. Nonspecific plate agglutination reactions with PPLO antigen. Avian Dis. 4 : 546-547. Olson, N. O., H. E. Adler, A. J. DaMassa and R. E. Corstvet, 1964. The effect of intranasal exposure to Mycoplasma synoviae and infectious bronchitis on development of lesions and agglutinins. Avian Dis. 8: 623-631.
Roberts, D. H., and O. M. Olesuik, 1967. Serological studies with Mycoplasma synoviae. Avian Dis. 11: 104-119. Roberts, D. H., 1969. Serological response produced in chickens by three strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Applied Bact. 32: 395401. Vardaman, T. H., and H. W. Yoder, Jr., 1969. Preparation of Mycoplasma synoviae hemagglutinating antigen and its use in the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Avian Dis. 13: 654-661. Vardaman, T. H., and H. W. Yoder, Jr., 1970. Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections: Differentiation by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Poultry Sci. 49: 157-161.