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Determination of Proximate Chemical Composition and Detection of Inorganic Nutrients in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
Advances in Functional Materials (Conference 2015), AFM 2015
Determination of Proximate Chemical Composition and Detection of Inorganic Nutrients in Maize (Zea mays L.) Shaista Qamar1,*, 2Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Arshad Javed1,* 1
Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME), University Technology Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abstract Maize germplasm was collected from different maize research institutes and sown at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan for the determination of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients. The proximate chemical composition of maize was performed in the laboratory by measuring moisture, crude fat, fiber and protein, whereas the detection of inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) etc. was carried out using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The laboratory experiments shows that maize grains contain moisture content in the range of (8.98 to 10.45%), ash (0.81 to 1.35%), crude fiber (0.79 to 2.78%) and crude protein (11.05 to 12.79%). Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.Elsevier All rightsLtd. reserved. of Advances in Functional Selectionand andpeer-review peer-review under responsibility of Conference Committee Members Selection under responsibility of Conference Committee Members of Advances in Functional MaterialsMaterials (Conference2015). 2015). (Conference Keywords: maize, chemical composition, inorganic nutrients, spectroscopy.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +966503727505. E-mail address: [email protected] : [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Conference Committee Members of Advances in Functional Materials (Conference 2015). doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2016.01.118
716
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
1. Introduction Maize or corn (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of grasses (Poaceae) and is one of the most important cereal crops in the world [1-3] which serves as food for humans, feed for livestock and poultry and raw material for agriculture-based industries. It was originated about 9000 years ago as a wild grass called teosinte in Mesoamerican region, now called Mexico and Central America [2,4]. Now it is grown in many parts of world including the Middle East, Africa, Inida, Pakistan, Malaysia Brazil, Turkey, southern states of USA etc. It has the highest average yield per hectare. Global production of Maize or corn is around 600 metric tonnes [5-16]; 60% of which is produced by the developed countries, mainly by the United States of America. China grows 27% of the world’s maize and the rest is produced in tropics and subtropics of Africa, Latin America, and southern Asia. Maize is not only a food product; more importantly, maize-derived products have been used in various aspects in our daily life. Therefore the intake of trace mineral elements from maize is one of imperative method for the human body to absorb nutritive minerals which are essential for its healthy growth. However, there also exist some harmful elements such as toxic or heavy metals in some maize grains which may lead to intoxication and with prolonged accumulation, a number of neurodegenerative diseases[2,3,6,7,17-25]. Therefore the determination of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients in maize can provide useful assessment and control for safe and healthy alimentation. In the present study proximate chemical composition of maize was performed in the laboratory by measuring moisture, crude fat, fiber and protein, whereas the detection of inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) etc. was carried out using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). 2. Experimental procedure The present investigation was carried out at research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The randomized complete block design was used to grow experimental material with three replications under normal conditions. Plant to plant and row to row distances were maintained as 20 cm and 40 cm respectively. At maturity, plants were harvested manually and grains were used for the study of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients in maize. Before the analysis the grains of maize were well-grinned and pass through 1mm sieve of millimicro mill (Model Culatti, DFH-48) and it was shaken for 8h at 500 C. For the detection of inorganic nutrients through LIBS, pellets maize grinned seed were prepared in a Spex model 3624B X-Press by transferring 0.5 g of maize grinned seed powder to 15 mm die and applying 8.0 t cm−2 for 5 min. 3. Results 3.1 Determination of Proximate Compositions of Maize 3.1.1 Moisture Content: In order to calculate the moisture content in the maize samples, 10g of the ground power was dried at 105 oC for overnight and then reweighing after cooling in a desiccator. The moisture content is expressed as percentage of the dry weight. Moisture content =
ୣ୧୦୲୪୭ୱୱ୭୫ୟ୧ୣ ୣ୧୦୲୭୲୦ୣ୭୰୧୧୬ୟ୪୫ୟ୧ୣ
X 100
The analysis shows that grains contain moisture content in the range of (8.98 to 10.45%), which is in good agreement with reported result with small variation which may be due to the different maize variety used in the current experiment, environmental factors and agronomic practices [26-28].
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
3.1.2 Crude Fiber: The crude fiber content (%) was investigated by following the well know Soxhlet extraction method (AOAC, 1995) in which two grams of maize grain ground powder was extracted with petroleum ether. The maize grain ground powder was transferred to 1 L beaker and then 200 ml boiling 1.20% Sulfuric acid, 1 gram of freshly prepared asbestos, bumping chips and one drop of diluted antifoam were added. After that beaker was placed on the digestion apparatus with pre-adjusted hot plate and boiled for 30 mins. Finally, beaker was removed and the contents were filtered and dried for 2 hours at 135 oC, cooled and weighed, ignited for 30 min at 600oC in the oven, cooled and reweighed. Crude fiber in maize (%) = (Loss in wt. on ignition – loss in wt. of asbestos blank) × 100 The results shows that maize grains contain crude fiber (0.79 to 2.48%), which is in good agreement with reported results [28-30].
3.1.3 Ash Content: Two grams of the dried sample was weighed in to a dry porcelain dish and then heated in a muffle furnace at 600 0C for 6 hours. It was cooled in desiccators and weighed. The percentage ash content was calculated by using the following formula: ୣ୧୦୲୭ୱ୦ X 100 % Ash = ୣ୧୦୲୭୲୦ୣ୭୰୧୧୬ୟ୪୫ୟ୧ୣ
The results shows that maize grains contain crude fiber (0.81 to 1.35%), which is in good agreement with reported results [28-30].
3.1.4 Crude Protein: The protein contents in maize grain was determined by Kjeldhal method of Bremner and Mulvaney (1982) and it was calculated using the following formula: Crude Protein (%) = nitrogen content x 6.25 (*factor for cereals) The results shows that maize grains contain crude protein (11.05 to 12.79%) which is in good agreement with reported result [26,28,30].
3.2 Detection of Inorganic Nutrients in Maize: The detection of inorganic nutrients as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) in the maize grains was observed by using LIBS. The LIBS spectrum was acquired after the accumulation of 30 laser pulses per site. Two accumulated spectra were obtained on the pellet surface for the analysis of maize grain powder. The following emission lines were used: Na (588.99 nm), Ca (445.49 nm), Mg (285.22 nm), K (404.39 nm), and Fe (239.54 nm). 4. Conclusion: Maize being the premier yielding cereal crop in the world is of significant importance for the third world countries like Pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the existing food supplies. The data of laboratory experiments and LIBS indicate that maize grain have moisture, crude fat, fiber, proteins and inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) which are essential for the human diets.
717
718
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
Rengasamy, P., Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (2002) 42 (3), 351 Abbasi, G. H., et al., Soil and Environment (2012) 31 (1), 83 Akram, M., et al., Pak. J. Bot (2010) 42 (1), 141 Haq, I.-u., et al., J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B (2012) 13 (7), 533 Lawton, R. J., et al., Algal Research (2015) 12, 213 Luo, M., et al., Journal of integrative plant biology (2010) 52 (12), 1059 Maiti, R., et al., Acta Agronomica Hungarica (2010) 58 (1), 21 Menezes-Benavente, L., et al., Redox report (2004) 9 (1), 29 Niu, G., et al., ISRN Agronomy (2012) Rao, S., and McNeilly, T., Euphytica (1999) 108 (3), 145 Rao, S. A., and McNeilly, T., Euphytica (1999) 108 (3), 145 Shahzad, M., et al., Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (2012) 198 (1), 46 Sharma, J., and Bhalla, S., Crop Improvement (1990) 17 (2), 144 SüMER, A., et al., Journal of applied botany (2004) 78 (2), 135 Zhang, M., et al., PloS one (2015) 10 (3) Zinselmeier, C., et al., Field Crops Research (2002) 75 (2), 111 Aslam, M., et al., Int. J. Agric. Biol (2015) 17, 523 Bano, S., et al., JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (2015) 25 (2), 392 Eker, S., et al., Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry (2006) 30 (5), 365 Farooq, M., et al., Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2015) 35 (2), 461 Fortmeier, R., and Schubert, S., Plant, Cell & Environment (1995) 18 (9), 1041 Frey, F. P., et al., BMC genomics (2015) 16 (1), 123 Geilfus, C.-M., et al., Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2010) 48 (12), 993 Jiang, S., et al., Food Hydrocolloids (2016) 52, 914 Kaya, C., et al., Acta Physiologiae Plantarum (2015) 37 (1), 1 Enyisi, I. S., et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (2014) 11 (2), 2106 Cowieson, A. J., Animal Feed Science and Technology (2005) 119 (3), 293 Odjo, S. D., et al., Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement (2015) 19 (3), 301 Saeed, M., et al., Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res (2013) 19 (3), 349 Feil, B., et al., Crop Science (2005) 45 (2), 516
ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
Advances in Functional Materials (Conference 2015), AFM 2015
Determination of Proximate Chemical Composition and Detection of Inorganic Nutrients in Maize (Zea mays L.) Shaista Qamar1,*, 2Muhammad Aslam, Muhammad Arshad Javed1,* 1
Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering (FBME), University Technology Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abstract Maize germplasm was collected from different maize research institutes and sown at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan for the determination of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients. The proximate chemical composition of maize was performed in the laboratory by measuring moisture, crude fat, fiber and protein, whereas the detection of inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) etc. was carried out using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The laboratory experiments shows that maize grains contain moisture content in the range of (8.98 to 10.45%), ash (0.81 to 1.35%), crude fiber (0.79 to 2.78%) and crude protein (11.05 to 12.79%). Copyright © 2014 All rights reserved. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.Elsevier All rightsLtd. reserved. of Advances in Functional Selectionand andpeer-review peer-review under responsibility of Conference Committee Members Selection under responsibility of Conference Committee Members of Advances in Functional MaterialsMaterials (Conference2015). 2015). (Conference Keywords: maize, chemical composition, inorganic nutrients, spectroscopy.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +966503727505. E-mail address: [email protected] : [email protected]
2214-7853 © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Conference Committee Members of Advances in Functional Materials (Conference 2015). doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2016.01.118
716
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
1. Introduction Maize or corn (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of grasses (Poaceae) and is one of the most important cereal crops in the world [1-3] which serves as food for humans, feed for livestock and poultry and raw material for agriculture-based industries. It was originated about 9000 years ago as a wild grass called teosinte in Mesoamerican region, now called Mexico and Central America [2,4]. Now it is grown in many parts of world including the Middle East, Africa, Inida, Pakistan, Malaysia Brazil, Turkey, southern states of USA etc. It has the highest average yield per hectare. Global production of Maize or corn is around 600 metric tonnes [5-16]; 60% of which is produced by the developed countries, mainly by the United States of America. China grows 27% of the world’s maize and the rest is produced in tropics and subtropics of Africa, Latin America, and southern Asia. Maize is not only a food product; more importantly, maize-derived products have been used in various aspects in our daily life. Therefore the intake of trace mineral elements from maize is one of imperative method for the human body to absorb nutritive minerals which are essential for its healthy growth. However, there also exist some harmful elements such as toxic or heavy metals in some maize grains which may lead to intoxication and with prolonged accumulation, a number of neurodegenerative diseases[2,3,6,7,17-25]. Therefore the determination of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients in maize can provide useful assessment and control for safe and healthy alimentation. In the present study proximate chemical composition of maize was performed in the laboratory by measuring moisture, crude fat, fiber and protein, whereas the detection of inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) etc. was carried out using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). 2. Experimental procedure The present investigation was carried out at research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The randomized complete block design was used to grow experimental material with three replications under normal conditions. Plant to plant and row to row distances were maintained as 20 cm and 40 cm respectively. At maturity, plants were harvested manually and grains were used for the study of proximate chemical composition and detection of inorganic nutrients in maize. Before the analysis the grains of maize were well-grinned and pass through 1mm sieve of millimicro mill (Model Culatti, DFH-48) and it was shaken for 8h at 500 C. For the detection of inorganic nutrients through LIBS, pellets maize grinned seed were prepared in a Spex model 3624B X-Press by transferring 0.5 g of maize grinned seed powder to 15 mm die and applying 8.0 t cm−2 for 5 min. 3. Results 3.1 Determination of Proximate Compositions of Maize 3.1.1 Moisture Content: In order to calculate the moisture content in the maize samples, 10g of the ground power was dried at 105 oC for overnight and then reweighing after cooling in a desiccator. The moisture content is expressed as percentage of the dry weight. Moisture content =
ୣ୧୦୲୪୭ୱୱ୭୫ୟ୧ୣ ୣ୧୦୲୭୲୦ୣ୭୰୧୧୬ୟ୪୫ୟ୧ୣ
X 100
The analysis shows that grains contain moisture content in the range of (8.98 to 10.45%), which is in good agreement with reported result with small variation which may be due to the different maize variety used in the current experiment, environmental factors and agronomic practices [26-28].
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
3.1.2 Crude Fiber: The crude fiber content (%) was investigated by following the well know Soxhlet extraction method (AOAC, 1995) in which two grams of maize grain ground powder was extracted with petroleum ether. The maize grain ground powder was transferred to 1 L beaker and then 200 ml boiling 1.20% Sulfuric acid, 1 gram of freshly prepared asbestos, bumping chips and one drop of diluted antifoam were added. After that beaker was placed on the digestion apparatus with pre-adjusted hot plate and boiled for 30 mins. Finally, beaker was removed and the contents were filtered and dried for 2 hours at 135 oC, cooled and weighed, ignited for 30 min at 600oC in the oven, cooled and reweighed. Crude fiber in maize (%) = (Loss in wt. on ignition – loss in wt. of asbestos blank) × 100 The results shows that maize grains contain crude fiber (0.79 to 2.48%), which is in good agreement with reported results [28-30].
3.1.3 Ash Content: Two grams of the dried sample was weighed in to a dry porcelain dish and then heated in a muffle furnace at 600 0C for 6 hours. It was cooled in desiccators and weighed. The percentage ash content was calculated by using the following formula: ୣ୧୦୲୭ୱ୦ X 100 % Ash = ୣ୧୦୲୭୲୦ୣ୭୰୧୧୬ୟ୪୫ୟ୧ୣ
The results shows that maize grains contain crude fiber (0.81 to 1.35%), which is in good agreement with reported results [28-30].
3.1.4 Crude Protein: The protein contents in maize grain was determined by Kjeldhal method of Bremner and Mulvaney (1982) and it was calculated using the following formula: Crude Protein (%) = nitrogen content x 6.25 (*factor for cereals) The results shows that maize grains contain crude protein (11.05 to 12.79%) which is in good agreement with reported result [26,28,30].
3.2 Detection of Inorganic Nutrients in Maize: The detection of inorganic nutrients as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) in the maize grains was observed by using LIBS. The LIBS spectrum was acquired after the accumulation of 30 laser pulses per site. Two accumulated spectra were obtained on the pellet surface for the analysis of maize grain powder. The following emission lines were used: Na (588.99 nm), Ca (445.49 nm), Mg (285.22 nm), K (404.39 nm), and Fe (239.54 nm). 4. Conclusion: Maize being the premier yielding cereal crop in the world is of significant importance for the third world countries like Pakistan, where rapidly increasing population has already out stripped the existing food supplies. The data of laboratory experiments and LIBS indicate that maize grain have moisture, crude fat, fiber, proteins and inorganic nutrients such as sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe) which are essential for the human diets.
717
718
Shaista Qamar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings 3 (2016) 715 – 718
References: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30]
Rengasamy, P., Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (2002) 42 (3), 351 Abbasi, G. H., et al., Soil and Environment (2012) 31 (1), 83 Akram, M., et al., Pak. J. Bot (2010) 42 (1), 141 Haq, I.-u., et al., J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B (2012) 13 (7), 533 Lawton, R. J., et al., Algal Research (2015) 12, 213 Luo, M., et al., Journal of integrative plant biology (2010) 52 (12), 1059 Maiti, R., et al., Acta Agronomica Hungarica (2010) 58 (1), 21 Menezes-Benavente, L., et al., Redox report (2004) 9 (1), 29 Niu, G., et al., ISRN Agronomy (2012) Rao, S., and McNeilly, T., Euphytica (1999) 108 (3), 145 Rao, S. A., and McNeilly, T., Euphytica (1999) 108 (3), 145 Shahzad, M., et al., Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science (2012) 198 (1), 46 Sharma, J., and Bhalla, S., Crop Improvement (1990) 17 (2), 144 SüMER, A., et al., Journal of applied botany (2004) 78 (2), 135 Zhang, M., et al., PloS one (2015) 10 (3) Zinselmeier, C., et al., Field Crops Research (2002) 75 (2), 111 Aslam, M., et al., Int. J. Agric. Biol (2015) 17, 523 Bano, S., et al., JAPS, Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (2015) 25 (2), 392 Eker, S., et al., Turkish journal of agriculture and forestry (2006) 30 (5), 365 Farooq, M., et al., Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2015) 35 (2), 461 Fortmeier, R., and Schubert, S., Plant, Cell & Environment (1995) 18 (9), 1041 Frey, F. P., et al., BMC genomics (2015) 16 (1), 123 Geilfus, C.-M., et al., Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2010) 48 (12), 993 Jiang, S., et al., Food Hydrocolloids (2016) 52, 914 Kaya, C., et al., Acta Physiologiae Plantarum (2015) 37 (1), 1 Enyisi, I. S., et al., Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences (2014) 11 (2), 2106 Cowieson, A. J., Animal Feed Science and Technology (2005) 119 (3), 293 Odjo, S. D., et al., Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement (2015) 19 (3), 301 Saeed, M., et al., Pak. J. Weed Sci. Res (2013) 19 (3), 349 Feil, B., et al., Crop Science (2005) 45 (2), 516