Determining tank capacity

DETERMINING TANK CAPACITY

The two graphs shown offer visual guidelines for orientation and quick approximation of the quantity of solution in circular and rectangular containers. The graph "Circular Tank" shows, for round containers, the given diameter in feet at the lower scale. For convenience, the corresponding approximate metric diameter (cm) is shown opposite at the upper scale. Following the direction of the heavy arrows, shown for the Example, D = 4 ft (118 cm), one reads, at the height of the intersection of the corresponding vertical and the diagonal line, the solution volume per unit height (v/h) at the left ordinate, for example 95 gal/ft, corresponding to about 11.2 liters per centimeter shown at the right ordinate. The graph "Rectangular Tank" shows the given breadth and length of the tank at the lower scale and at the diagonals, for example, B = 5 ft and L = 4 ft. At the intersection of the corresponding vertical and diagonal line, one reads 150 gal/fl at the left ordinate, or about 19 liters per centimeter at the right ordinate. The solution level (height) is measured either by reading fixed height markings at tile inside tank wall or from a ruler dipped to the bottom of the tank. Tile total solution volume, V (gal); is then equal to the solution height, h (ft), multiplied by V/h (gal/ft). Note: The preferred number sequences, shown on the graphs, represent simplified evenly-divided log scales involving inaccuracies up to about 3 per cent. In most practices this

30 1500

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--P TANK LENGTH, L (ft.)

may be considered as inconsequential. For numerical exact results, the use of the equation at the upper left of the corresponding graph is recommended.

ESTIMATING PLATING TIME This nomograph is for the practical plater for convenient orientation and approximation of the plating time required to produce a specified plate thickness. The main factors involved are: the kind of metal, its valency in the bath (electrochemical equivalent), density of electroplate, and current density employed. For using the diagram, one starts from the given plating bath at the upper left ordinate, as illustrated for nickel by the heavy arrows as an example, and goes horizontally to the right to the diagonal indicating the desired plate thickness, for example 1.6 mils. From the point of interception one goes vertically down to the diagonal indicating the applied current density, for example 16 amp./sq, ft. Following the arrow direction to the left, the approximate plating time can then be read from the ordinate, and is for the example somewhat larger than 100 minutes. In order to obtain numerically exact values, the formula shown in the lower left comer of the diagram should be used. The factor F at the upper right ordinate is equal to the amp.

839

hr./sq, ft. to deposit 0.001 inch of electroplate thickness. The computation using F(Ni) = 19, t = 1.6 mils, c.d. = 16 amp./sq, ft. results in 114 minutes required plating time. The diagram and the formula are based on 100% cathode efficiency. If the efficiency is less, for example 95% = 0.95, the theoretical plating time must be divided by this value, that is, 114/0.95 = 120 minutes = 2 hours.

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MAKING ADDITIONS TO PLATING SOLUTIONS

The directions of the heavy arrows show the problem solution for the example: if the required addition is 1.6 oz/gal (lower abscissa) for a 400 gal bath (diagonal) then 40 lbs of chemicals must be added (left ordinate). Numerically accurate solutions are obtained by using the inserted equation. For convenience, approximately corresponding metric values are shown at the upper abscissa and right ordinate.

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METAL CONTENTS OF COMMON PLATING SALTS (Note: Technical products usually vary slightly from stated percentages. A c t u a l m e t a l c o n t e n t s o f p r e c i o u s m e t a l salts are u s u a l l y m a r k e d o n p a c k a g e . ) Technical Name of Salt

Chemical Formula

Aluminum chloride . . . . . . ...... A1CI3.6H20 Aluminum chloride (anhydrous) . . . . A1CI3 Aluminum sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . A12(SO4) 3.181-120 Antimony trichloride . . . . . . . . . . . SbCI 3 Arsenic trioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As203 Cadmium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . CdC1221/2H20 Cadmium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cd(CN)2 Cadmium oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CdO Cadmium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3CdSO4.8H20 Chloroplatinic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . H2PtC16.6H20 Chromic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CrO 3 Cobalt chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COC12.6H20 Cobalt sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COSO4.7H20 Copper acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu (C2H3Oz)2.H10 Copper carbonate ( b a s i c ) . . . . . . . . . CuCO3.Cu (OH)2 Copper chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . CuCI2.2H2 O Copper cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . CuCN Copper fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cu (BF4) 2 Copper potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . K2Cu (CN)3 Copper pyrophosphate . . . . . . . . . . Cu2P207 Copper sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . Na2Cu (CN)3 Copper sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CuSOa.5H20 Ferric chloride (anhydrous) . . . . . . . FeCI3 Ferric chloride FeCIa.6H20 Ferric sulfate (anhydrous) . . . . . . . . Fe 2 (SO4) 3 Ferrous ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4-6H20 Ferrous chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FeC!2.4H20 Ferrous sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FeSO4"7H20 Gold Chloride (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . AuC13.2H20 Gold cyanide (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . AuCN Gold potassium cyanide . . . . . . . . . KAu(CN)2 Gold sodium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . NaAu (CN)2 Indium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . InCl 3 Indium cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I n (CN)3 Indium fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . In (BF4) 3 Indium sulfate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IN 2 (S04) 3 Lead carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . . Pb (OH) 2"2PbCO 3 Lead fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pb (BF4) 2 Nickel acetate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (C2HaO2)2-4H20 N i c k e l ammonium sulfate . . . . . . . . NiSO4" (N]-I4)2SO4'6H20 Nickel carbonate (basic) . . . . . . . . . 2NiCO 3"3Ni (OH)2"4H20 Nickel chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NiC12"6H20 Nickel cyanide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (CN)2"4H20 Nickel fluoborate . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ni (BF4) 2 (Continued on next page)

844

Per Cent Metal 11.1 20.3 8.1 53.4 75.9 49.3 68.3 87.5 43.3 37.7 52.0 24.8 21.0 31.8 57.5 37.3 71.0 26.8 28.9 42.3 33.9 25.5 34.5 20.6 27.9 14.2 28.1 20.1 58.0 88.3 68.3 72.5 51.8 59.4 30.6 44.3 80.1 54.4 23.6 14.9 50.0 24.7 32.1 25.3

T e c h n i c a l N a m e of Salt Nickel s u l f a m a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel s u l f a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P a l l a d i u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Palladium diaminodinitrite (P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Platinum chloride (Commercial salt is o f t e n c h l o r o p l a t i n i c acid) Platinum diaminodinitrite (P Salt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potassium stannate ............ R h o d i u m chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhodium sulfate .............. Silver chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver c y a n i d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver n i t r a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver o x i d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver p o t a s s i u m c y a n i d e . . . . . . . Silver s o d i u m c y a n i d e . . . . . . . . Silver s u l f a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium stannate .............. Sodium tungstate ............. T i n chloride (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . T i n fluoborate (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . T i n s u l f a t e (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T u n g s t i c acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T u n g s t i c oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc carbonate ............... Z i n c chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc cyanide ................. Zinc fluoborate ............... Z i n c oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc pyrophosphate ........... Zinc sulfate .................. Zinc sulfate (anhydrous) ...... Z i n c s u l f a t e (exsiccated) . . . . . .

Chemical Formula

Per C e n t Metal

, Ni ( N H 2 S O a) 2 NiSO4'6H20 PdC12

23.4 22.3 60.0

Pd ( N H a) 2 (NO2) 2

45.8

PtCI4"5HzO

45.7

Pt (NH.~) 2 (NO2) 2 K2SnO~'3HzO RhCI.<3H20 R h 2 (SO.,) 3 AgC1 AgCN AgNOa Ag,20 K A g (CN) z N a A g (CN) 2 Ag2SO~ Na2SnO .3H20 N a 2 W O .2H2 O SnC12-2H~O Sn (BF 4) z SnSO 4 H2WO 4 WO~ ZnCO a ZnC12 Zn (CN) z Z n (BF,) 2 ZnO Zn2P~O 7 ZnSO ?7HzO ZnSO4 ZnSO4,H20

60.8 39,6 39.1 20.8 75.2 80.5 63.5 93.3 54.2 59.0 34.6 44.5 55.8 52.6 40.6 55.3 73.6 79.5

52.2 48.0 55.7 27.3 80.3 42.9 22.7 40.4 36.5

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PLATING CALCULATIONS G r a m s per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.134 = avoirdupois ounces per gallon (oz./gal.). A v o i r d u p o i s o u n c e s per gallon (oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.5 = grams per liter (g./L.).

G r a m s p e r liter (g./L.) multiplied by 0.122 = troy ounces per gallon (tr. oz./gal.). Troy ounces per gallon (Ix. oz./gal.) multiplied by 8.2 = grams per liter (g./L.). G r a m s per liter (g./L.) multiplied by 2.44 = pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.). Pennyweights per gallon (dwt./gal.) multiplied by 0.41 = grams per liter (g./L.). Amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm. 2) multiplied by 9.29 = amperes per sq. ft. (amp./ft.2). Amperes per square foot (amp./ft. 2) multiplied by 0.108 = amperes per square decimeter (amp./dm.2). Fluid o u n c e s p e r gallon (ft. oz./gal.) multiplied by 7.81 = cubic centimeters per liter (cc./L.).

845

EQUIVALENTS FOR CONVERTING UNITS OF WEIGHT & MEASURE

Carat (c) (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Centimeter (cm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cubic Centimeter (cc.) . . . . . . . . . .

3.08647 grains; 0.2 gram. 0.3937 inch; 0.03281 ft.; 0.01 meter. 0.03381 oz. (fluid); 0.061023 cubic inch; 0.001 liter.

Cubic Foot (ft.3 or cu. ft,) . . . . . . . .

7.481 gallons; 1728 cubic inches; 28.317 liters; 28.317 cubic centimeters. 0.004329 gallon; 0.5541 ounce (fluid); 16.3872 cubic centimeters.

Cubic Inch ( i n ) or cu. in.) . . . . . . . . Foot (ft.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gallon (gal.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.3048 meter; 30.48 centimeters. weighs 8.337 lb. at 62°F.; 0.13368 cubic foot; 128 oz. (fluid); 231 cubic inches; 3.7853 liters; 3785.4 cubic centimeters.

G r a m (g:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.03215 oz. (troy); 0.035274 oz. (avoirdupois); 0.643 pennyweight. 2.540 centimeters. 2.2046 lb. (avoirdupois); 1000 grams. 0.2642 gal.; 0.03532 cu. ft.; 1.0567 quart (liquid); 61.025 cu. in.; 1000 cubic centimeters.

Inch (in.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kilogram (kg.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Liter (L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micrometer 0am) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micron 0a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milligram (rag.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Millimeter (mm.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (fluid) (ft. oz.) . . . . . . . . . . . Ounce (avoirdupois) (oz.) . . . . . . . .

same as micron. .000039 inch. O.OO1 inch; 0.00254 centimeter; 25.4 microns. 0.001 gram. 0.03937 inch; 0.001 meter; 1000 microns. 0.0078125 gallon; 0.03125 quart (liquid); I. 80469 cubic inches; 29:5737 cubic centimeters. 0.0625 lb. (avoir.); 0.911458 oz. (troy); 18.2292 pennyweights; 437.5 grains; 28.3495 grams.

Ounce (troy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pennyweight (dwt.) (troy) . . . . . . . . Pint (pt.) (liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 permyweights; 31.10348 grams. 1/20 oz. (troy); 1.552 grams. 16 oz. (fluid); 28.875 cu. in.; 473.I8 cubic centimeters.

P o u n d (avoirdupois) (lb.) . . . . . . . . .

1.2153 lb. (troy); 14.583 oz. (troy); 16 oz. (avoir.); 291.667 pennyweights; 7000 grains; 453.592 grams.

P o u n d (troy) (lb. tr.) . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.82286 lb. (avoir.); 12 oz. (troy); 13.166 oz. (avoir.); 240 pennyweights; 5760 grains; 373.24 grams.

Quart (qt.) ( l i q u i d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0,03342 cubic foot; 0.25 gallon; 32 oz. (fluid); 57.749 cubic inches; 946.358 cubic centimeters.

Square Square Square Square

0.0010764 sq. ft.; 0.155 sq. in. 15.50 sq. in.; 0.01 sq. meter; lO0 sq. centimeters. 144 sq. in.; 9.29 sq. decimeters. .007 sq. ft., 6.45 sq. cm.

846

Centimeter ( c m . 0 . . . . . . . . Decimeter (dm. 2) . . . . . . . . . Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C E N T I G R A D E - - F A H R E N H E I T TEMPERATURE CONVERSION Look up known temperature in center (bold face type) column. Its equivalent in either F or C can then be found in the appropriate column at left or right. °F. + 32.0 + 35.6 + 39.2 + 42.8 + 46.4 + 50.0 + 53.6 + 57.2 + 60.8 + 64.4 + 68.0 + 71.6 + 75.2 + 78.8 + 82.4 + 86.0 + 89.6 + 93.2 + 96.8 +100.4 +104.0 107.6 111.2 114.8 118.4 122.0 125.6 129.2 132.8 136A 140.0 143.6 147.2 150.8 154.4 158.0 161.6 165.2 168.8 172.4 176.0 179.6 183.2 186.8 190.4 194.0 197.6 201.2 204.8 208.4 212.0 215.6 219.2 222.8 226.4

°C. ~ 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +10 +12 +14 +16 +18 +20 +22 +24 +26 +28 +30 +32 +34 +36 +38 +40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 6O 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108

-17.78 -16.67 -15.56 -14.44 -13.33 -12.22 -11.11 -10.00 -- 8.89 - 7.78 - 6.67 - 5.56 - 4.44 - 3.33 -

2.22

± + + + +

1.11 0.00 1.11 2.22 3.33 4A4 5.56 6.67 7.78 8.89 10.00 11.11 12.22 13.33 14.44 15.56 16.67 17.78 18.89 20.00 21.11 22.22 23.33 24.44 25.56 26.67 27.78 28.89 30.00 31.11 32.22 33.33 34.44 35.56 36.67 37.78 38.89 40.00 41.11 42.22

°F. 230.0 233.6 237.2 240.8 244.4 248.0 25116 255.2 258.8 262.4 266.0 269.6 273.2 276.8 280.4 284.0 287.6 291.2 294.8 298.4 302.0 305.6 309.2 312.8 316.4 320.0 323.6 327.2 330.8 334.4 338.0 341.6 345.2 348.8 352A 356.0 359.6 363.2 366.8 370.4 374.0 377.6 381.2 384.8 388.4 392.0 395.6 399.2 402.8 406.4 410.0 413.6 417.2 420.8 424.4

°C. 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218

43.33 44.44 45.56 46.67 47.78 48.89 50.00 51.11 52.22 53.33 54.44 55.56 56.67 57.78 58.89 60.00 61.11 62.22 63.33 64.44 65.56 66.67 67,78 68,89 70.00 71.11 72.22 73.33 74.44 75.56 76.67 77.78 78.89 80.00 81.11 82.22 83.33 84.44 85.56 86.67 87.78 88.89 90.00 91.11 92.22 93.33 94.44 95.56 96.67 97.78 98.89 100.00 101.11 102.22 103.33

°F. 428.0 431.6 435.2 438.8 442.4 446.0 449.6 453.2 456.8 460.4 464.0 467.6 471.2 474.8 478.4 482.0 485.6 489.2 492.8 496.4 500.0 503.6 507.2 510.8 514.4 518:0 521.6 525.2 528.8 532.4 536.0 539.6 543.2 546.8 550.4 554.0 557.6 561.2 564.8 568.4 572.0 590.0 608.0 626.0 644.0 662.0 680.0 698.0 716.0 734.0 752.0 770.0 788.0 806.0 824.0

°C. 220 222 224 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440

104.44 105.56 106.67 107.78 108.89 110.00 I11.11 112.22 113.33 114.44 115.56 116.67 117.78 118.89 120.00 121.11 122.22 123.33 124.44 125.56 126.67 127.78 128.89 130.00 131.11 132.22 133.33 134.44 135.56 136.67 137.78 138,89 140.00 141.11 142.22 143.33 144.44 145.56 146.67 147.78 148.89 154.44 160.00 165,56 171.11 176.67 182,22 187.78 193,33 198.89 204.44 210.00 215.56 221.11 226.67 847

ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE ELEMENTS

Atomic Atomic Symbol number weight Aluminum .... Antimony .... Argon ......... Arsenic ....... Barium ....... Beryllium ..... Bismuth ...... Boron ........ Bromine ...... Cadmium ..... Calcium ...... Carbon ....... Cerium ....... Cesium ....... Chlorine ...... Chromium .... Cobalt ....... Columbium ... Copper ....... Dysprosium ... Erbium ....... Europium .... Fluorine ...... G a d o l i n i u m . .. Gallium ...... Germanium... G61d . . . . . . . . . Hafnium ..... Helium ....... Holmium ..... Hydrogen ..... Indium ....... Iodine ....... Iridium ...... Iron ......... Krypton ...... Lanthanum ... Lead ......... Lithium ...... Lutecium ..... Magnesium ... Manganese .... Mercury ......

AI Sb A As Ba Be Bi B Br Cd Ca C Ce Cs CI Cr Co Cb Cu Dy Er Eu F Gd Ga Ge Au Hf He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Hg

13 51 18 33 56 4 83 5 35 48 20 6 58 55 17 24 27 41 29 66 68 63 9 64 31 32 79 72 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57 82 3 71 12 25 80

26.97 121.76 59.944 74.91 137.36 9.02 209.00 10.82 79.916 112.41 40.08 12.010 140.13 132.91 35.457 52.01 58.94 92.91 63.57 162.46 167.2 152.0 19.00 156.9 69.72 72.60 197.2 178.6 4.003 164.94 1.0080 114.76 126.92 193.l 55.85 83.7 138.92 207.21 6.940 174.99 24.32 54.93 200.61

Molybdenum .. Neodymium ... Neon ......... Nickel ........ Nitrogen ..... Osmium ...... Oxygen ...... Palladium .... P h o s p h o r u s . :. Platinum ..... Potassium .... Praseodymium. Protactinium .. Radium ...... Radon ....... Rhenium ..... Rhodium ..... Rubidium .... Ruthenium ... Samarium .... Scandium ..... Selenium ..... Silicon . . . . . . . Silver ......... Sodium ...... Strontium .... Sulfur ........ Tantalum ....~ Tellurium .... Terbium ...... Thallium ..... Thorium ..... Thulium ...... Tin .......... Titanium . i... Tungsten ..... Uranium ...... Vanadium .... Xenon ... .... Ytterbium .... Yttrium ...... Zinc ......... Zirconium ....

Atomic Atomic Synlbt)l ilunlbcr weight Mo 42 95.95 Nd 60 144.27 Ne 10 20.183 Ni 28 58.69 N 7 14.008 Os 76 190.2 O 8 16.0000 Pd 46 106.7 P 15 30.98 Pt 78 195.23 K 19 59.096 Pr 59 140.92 Pa 91 231 Ra 88 226.05 Rn 86 222 Re 75 186.31 Rh 45 102.91 Rb 37 85.48 Ru 44 101.7 Sm 62 150.43 Sc 21 45.10 Se 34 78.96 Si 14 28.06 Ag 47 107.880 Na 11 22.997 Sr 38 87.63 S 16 32.066 Ta 73 180.88 Te 52 127.61 Tb 65 159.2 T1 81 204.39 Th 90 232.12 Tm 69 169.4 Sn 50 118.70 Ti 22 47.90 W 74 183.92 U 92 238.07 V 23 50.95 Xe 54 131.3 Yb 70 173.04 Y 39 88.92 Zn 30 65.38 Zr 40 91.22

F o r m o s t c a l c u l a t i o n s in e l e c t r o p l a t i n g t h e n e a r e s t w h o l e n u m b e r s m a y b e employed.

848

cD

Go

Sb As Cd Cr Co Cu Cu Au Au In Fe Pb Ni Pd Pt Rh Ag Sn Sn Zn

Symbol

3 3 2 6 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 3 1 2 4 2

Valence

*Thesefiguresare for I troy ounce per squarefoot,

Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cadmium . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . Cobalt (ous) . . . . . . . . . . Copper (ous) . . . . . . . . . . Copper (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . Gold (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . Lead. i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Palladium . . . . . .. . . . . . Platinum . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhodium . . . . . . . . . . . . Silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tin (ous) . . . . . . . . . . . . . t'in (ic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Metal

ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS

121.75 74.92 112.40 52.00 58.93 63.54 63.54 197.0 197.0 114.82 55.85 207.19 58.71 106.4 195.09 102.91 107.87 118.69 118.69 65.38

6.62 5.72 8.65 7.2 " 8.9 8.96 8.96 19,3 19.3 7.31 7.86 11.34 8.90 12.0 21.41 12.4 10.5 7.30 7.30 7,14

.56 .47 .71 .59 .74 .74 .74 1.47* 1.47* .56* .65 .94 .74 .86* 1.60* .95* .79* ,61 .61 .59

.00180 .00213 .00139 .00169 .00135 .00134 .00134 .00068' .00068* .00182* .00153 .00106 .00135 .00116* .00062* °00106* .00126* .00164 .00164 .00168

1.514 0.932 2.097 0.323 1.099 2.370 1.186 7.348 2.449 1.428 1,042 3.865 1.095 1.985 1.819 1.280 4.024 2.214 1.106 1.219

Calculated on Basis o f 100% Cathode Efficiency Atomic Weight Thickness Grams Deposited Weight Specific oz./sq, fl. in inchesof Per Amp. Hr. (1971) Gravity for O.O01" l oz./ sq. ft.

oun~s .053 .033 .074 .011 .039 .084 .042 .236* .079" .045" .037 .136 .039 .064, .058* .041' .129" .078 .039 .043

Per Amp. Hr.

10.4 14.4 9.73 51.8 19.0 8.89 17.8 6.2 18.6 12.0 17.9 6.9 19.0 13.5 27.8 22.9 6.2 7.8 15.6 14.3

Amp. Hr. Per. Sq. Ft. to Deposit O.001 ~