Carbon Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite Material

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ScienceDirect Materials Today: Proceedings 18 (2019) 5394–5399

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ICMPC-2019

Development and Charecterization of Natural Fiber /Carbon Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composite Material. Sandhya Rani Borukatia,B.Durga Prasadb, A. Ramesh* b

a Research Scholar in JNTUA, Anantapuramu. Profesor &AditionalControl of Examination,JNTUA, c Principal of BIT Institute of Technology, Hindupur

Abstract This Paper presents the study of Tensile, Flexural and SEM analysis of SansevieriaTrifasciata [15] Fiber (STF) reinforced polymer composites. The Composite [4] samples were fabricated with five different fiber proportions of STF (0 %, 10%, 20%, 30 %&40 %). The fabrications was carried out by hand lay-up technique. Mechanical properties of composite samplewere determined using tensile and Flexural testing [7]. An interaction between matrix and fiber was observed from the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Micrographs. The study reveals that tensile and flexural strength increases with fiber proportions without affecting the elongation of the composite. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019 Keywords:Sansevieria Trifasciata fibers, Carbon Fiber, Mechanical Properties, SEM analysis and Hybrid polymer composite.

Introduction: Recent development in modern materials created much of the use of natural fibers as the reinforcement in thethermosets and thermoplastics,because of properties such as strength,specific stiffness and good fatigue performance. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have more applications in structural and nonstructural areas. The usage of natural fibers has found more interest among researchers due to their easy availability, their eco-friendly nature. SansevieriaTrifasciata (S.T) is one type of natural fiber. These plants have long leaves and the leaves spread easily with its creeping rhizomes. S.T leaves are stiff grows vertically; it may appear in dark green to light graygreen colors ranging from 50-70 cm[6]. S.T specifications are dark green to gray-green leaves and 2 feet tall.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 9704496025; E-mail address: [email protected] 2214-7853© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 9th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization, ICMPC-2019

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Carbon fiber is known for greater strength, higher electrical, thermal conductivity and toughness. Carbon is a long and thin stand ofmaterial composed mostly of carbon atoms in longitudinal 0.0002-0.0004 in and 0.005-0.010 mm in diameter. Now a day’scarbon fibers areplaying vital role in many products and every year new applications are being developed.The carbon fibers are good conductors of electricity also as shown in below Fig (1-3).

Fig 1: SansevieriaTrifasciata Plant

Fig 2: SansevieriaTrifasciata Fiber Fig 3: Carbon Fiber

Applications & Advantages of S.T & C.F.hybrid composites: S.T plant is one of the mainair purifying plant that grows at home indoors very easily. These plants require cool and warm climatic conditions with littlemaintenance. These are used for both interior and exterior decoration, ornamental plant at home and offices. It is used to improve the quality of sleep by filtering oxygen levels at night times. The height of fiber is very tall compared to other models S.T [6]. To maintainmaximum temperature of 65 – 80 0 F, when planted in indoors, it requires better balanced fertilizers to ensure fast growth. Fertilizers such as N-P-K (nitrogen – phosphorus – potassium) are applied on plants in the ratio of 7-4-10 in the spring season for root establishment. S.T is listed as one of the top air purifying plants that you can grow easily at home indoors. According to the survey conducted by the NASA clear air study, suggests 15 pollutant absorber plants, out of which Snake plant removes 87% of harmful toxics such as Benzene, xylene & Trichloroethylene present in the air for every 24 hrs and neutralizes the effects of sink building syndrome. Carbon fibers are known for greater strength[10], higher electrical and thermal conductivity and toughness. A carbon fiber is a long and thin strand of material composed mostly of Carbon atoms having 0.0002 – 0.0004 in length and 0.005 – 0.010 mm in diameter. Carbon fiber[9] can cause arcing and shorts in electrical equipment in the applications of aerospace and automotive industries. The present study helps us to emphasize the influence of the SensavieriaTrifasciata Fiber Reinforced Composite (STFRC) in combined Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer [8](CFRP) composites. Hybrid composite Materials Applications:The important applications [2] of hybrid composites are aeronautical applications,wind power generation,hybrid smart memory composites, marine applications, hybrid thermoplastic application, and commercial aircraft applications[12]. Aircraft requiregrater stress on safety and weight,which could be met by using high specific properties material. Thecurrent civil aircraft must be designed so as to meet the criteria of power and safety. S.T and C.F reinforced hybrid composites are the most preferred materials as a result of more advanced technology that has gone beyond the design and application. For the applications where high modules of elasticity values are less important, hybrid is the natural option because the less material cost.The matrix material used with S.T and C.F limits its use to lower temperatures, generally it is less than 1210 C, although it is not a limitation for the fiber, because of properties of fibers that can still be used and maintained at temperaturesabove 426 to 4820 C. To improve the performance of aircraft engine, fiber epoxy composites [17] are used. Hybrid resin composites are used in cabin door of pilot in aircrafts, these are now used in various transport system. The newer materials which have widened the horizons of the aircraft designer are carbon fiber in its different forms and to lesser extent, Kevlar. These materials are having high specific strength, high specific stiffness [3]. The majority of ship hulls are constructed from common carbon steels. Nowadays,hybrid fibersare widely used in the fabrication of the blades. The physical properties of the matrix materials [4] are improved by the Smart Memory (SM) elements. Experimental setup • Methodology In the present investigation SansevieriaTrifasciata, Carbon Fiber are used. S.T. were obtained from Hindupur, Anantapuramu district (A.P), India. The S.T fiber was extracted from the S.T plant. Leaves were cut and

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decomposed in agitating water for about one month. Inthis way the all lignin, hemi cellulose, lingo cellulose dirt and other materials are separated easily after rinsing and washing with several times. They were systematically washed and dried under the sun for 1 day.Then STF were treated with a 5% NAOH solution and allowed to soak in the solution for about 30 minutes. To remove the excess quantity of NAOH sticking to the fibers, the fibers were washed using water. Lastly the fibers were washed with distilled water and dried in a hot oven to 600C for 1 hour. The fiber were cut into different length/ weights.Predetermined quantity of LY -556, HY -951 [6] were mixed in theratio of 10:1.All the composite structures were made by laminatingusing the wooden mold. This method involves an initial hand lay-up phase [11] and then the polymerization of the matrix in a flexible mold in which required pressure is reached. First the laminates were cured at room temperature for 24 hours and then post cured at 600 C for 8hours. The SansevieriaTrifasciata& Carbon fiber composite laminates constitutes eight layers thoroughly mixedof epoxy and hardener. The total average thickness of the laminates were 3 mm. The hybrid composites have been produced, starting with STRP structure, replacing one layer of carbon fiber with areal weight of 380 g/m2 as shown in Fig.5. As shown in Table 1, five hybrid structures were produced as sown in below Fig (4-7). Carbon Fiber = 380 gm/m2 Carbon fiber sheet length = 210X210 mm2 or 0.21 X 0.21 m2 Total weight of Carbon Fiber = 0.21X0.21X380 = 16.758 gm Table 1: Sansevieria Trifasciata& Carbon fiber weight proportions Specimen Number 1 2 3 4 5

Carbon Fiber (C.F) %

Sansevieria Trifasciata (S.T)%

S.F+C.F weight

100% 90% 80% 70% 60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

16.758 1.6758 3.3516 5.0274 6.07

Fig 4: Top & Bottom Mould Fig 5: Laminate preparation Fig 6& 7: Flexural & Tensile Hybrid Specimens • Mechanical Testing 1. Flexural test: These tests werecarried out according to ASTM standards [5]as per ASTM D7 9003 by using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) mod 3365 by Instron, equipped with a load cell of 100 KN, and using five prismatic samples with dimensions 63X12X3. For all these tests, the span length is equal to 48 mm and cross head speed to 5 mm/min. 2.

Tensile Test: Tensile tests [16]were carried out according to ASTM standards D 638 by employing an UTM by Zwick Roell, equipped with a load cell of 100 KN, with a cross head speed of 5 mm/min. For eachrealized structure, five prismatic samples with dimensions 165 X 13X3 were tested as shown in below Fig (8-10).

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Fig 8: Tensile Specimen after testing Fig9:TensileSpecimen after testing Fig10: Flexural Specimens after testing Table 2: Carbon fiber’s &SansevieriaTrifasciata fiber’s strength ‘‘Average weight proportions %’’ Property Specimen1 Specimen2 Specimen3 Specimen4 Specimen5 Tensile strength( 344.6 230.35 157.61 150.01 144.83 N/mm2) Flexural Strength 564 505.28 443.33 295.66 447.66 (Mpa)

400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

400 300 Y=Tensile Strength

200

X= % OF S.T. FIBER

X= % OF S.T.FIBER

100

Y=Tensile Strength

0 0

0

10 20 30 40

10

20

30

40

Fig 11& 12: S.T % Vs Tensile strength 600

600

500

500

400 300 200 100

Y=Flexural Strength

400

X= % OF S.T.FIBER

200

X= % OF S.T.FIBER

300

Y=Flexural Strength

100 0

0 0 10 20 30 40

0

10

20

30

40

Fig 13 & 14: S.T. % Vs Flexural strength Results and Discussions: In figures 11 & 12 percentage of fiber and tensile strength were taken on x-axis and y-axis respectively.In figures 13 & 14 percentage of fiber and flexural strength were taken on x-axis and y-axis respectively.From the above graphs it is observed that with the addition of natural fiber SansevieriaTrifasciata, tensile and flexural strength have reduced proportionately and the reduction was almost 50% as shown in above Fig (11-14) and Table 2.

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But for the addition of 40% of SansevieriaTrifasciata and 60% of carbon fiber it was observed that there was an improvement of flexural strength values and was 25 % compared to 30 %SansevieriaTrifasciata and 70% of carbon fiber /Epoxy composite. The tensile strength was almost same for both samples having the combination of these fibers.Hence this percentage combination offibers can be used for aerospace and automobiles applications as there was reduction in the pay load. The elongation of the composites was not reduced much compared to carbon fiber/ Epoxy composite. The reduction in both tensile and flexural strength compared to neat carbon fiber /Epoxy composite may be due to low fracture strain and the poor adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. The SEM micrograph of the failure surfaces was used for direct observation of composite structure, and particularly to examine the resin fiber interface. The interface between fiber and matrix is shown in following figures.

(a)

(b)

Fig15(a) SEM analysis studies on the effect of sample 2 fiber percentage on the tensile strength of hybrid composites Fig 15(b) SEM analysis studies on the effect of sample 2 fiber percentage on the flexural strength of hybrid composites.

SEM studies found out the failure mechanism at the fractured surface of the STF & CF composites. In each the above figures 15(a) & (b) we can observe that in the resin microspores/cracks were seen in some areas andalso in some areas quantity of fiber to resin is very less and some other area the quantity of fiber to resin is very high.The SEM also shows fiber deboning and de-lamination of fiber and resin can be observed as shown in above Fig 15 (ab). Conclusion: • In this paper, the tensile and flexural properties of Sansevieriatrifasciata reinforced polymer hybrid composite [13] with the use of carbon fiber have been fabricated successfully. • STCFRP hybrid composites were prepared as a function of fiber by different weight ratio combinations. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength were significantly reduced for 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% ofSansevieriatrifasciata respectively. • But for the addition of 40% of SansevieriaTrifasciata and 60% of carbon fiber it was observed that there was an improvement of flexural strength values and was 25 % compared to 30 %SansevieriaTrifasciata and 70% of carbon fiber /Epoxy composite.Hence this percentage of fibers can be used in automobile, aerospace applications. • SEM studies show that in the resin microspores/cracks were seen in some areas and also in some areas quantity of fiber to resin is very less and some other area the quantity of fiber to resin is very high. The SEM also shows fiber deboning and de-lamination of fiber and resin can be observed. • The elongation of the composites was not reduced much compared to carbon fiber/ Epoxy composite. • By adding N.F to the developed Hybrid composite has reduced the cost of production. References: [1] [2] [3]

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