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Development of a rat model for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): effectiveness measurement using fMRI
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Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e109–e222
P1-m04 Sema4D/CD100 deficiency leads to superior performance in mouse motor behavior
Takuji Ito 1 , Tetsuji Tanaka 2 , Kenji Yoshida 1 , Noriko Takeuchi 1 , Hitoshi Kikutani 3 , Atsushi Kumanogoh 4 , Kazunori Yukawa 1 1
Dept Physiol, Fac of Pharm, Meijo Univ, Nagoya 2 Dep. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wakayama Med. Univ 3 Dep. of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ 4 Dep. of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ Sema4D/CD100 is a type of class 4 semaphorin, exhibiting crucial roles in growth cone guidance in developing neurons. However, direct evidence of the actual involvement of Sema4D in the neuronal network development crucial for neurobehavioral performance is still lacking. To examine whether Sema4D deficiency leads to abnormal behavioral development, both wild-type and Sema4D-deficient mice were subjected to behavioral analyses including open-field, adhesive tape removal, rotarod tests and a water maze task. Open-field tests revealed increased locomotor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice with less percentage of time spent in the center of the field. In both the adhesive tape removal and rotarod tests, which examine motor coordination and balance, Sema4D-deficient mice showed significantly superior performance, suggesting facilitated motor behavior. Both Sema4D-deficient and wild-type mice successfully learnt the water maze task, locating a hidden escape platform, and also showed precise memory for the platform position in probe tests. However, the swimming speed of Sema4D-deficient mice was significantly faster than that of wildtype mice, providing further evidence of their accelerated motor behavior. Thus our mouse behavioral analyses revealed enhanced motor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice, suggesting the crucial involvement of Sema4D in the neurodevelopmental processes of the central structures mediating motor behavior in mice. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2377
P1-m05 Development of a rat model for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): effectiveness measurement using fMRI Yuji Takano 1 , Takashi Yokawa 3 , Asami Masuda 3 , Jun Niimi 3 , Satoshi Tanaka 4 , Naoyuki Hironaka 1,2 1 Human and Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan 2 CREST, Japan Science and Thechnology Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3 BioView, Inc., Tokyo, Japan 4 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique and has been received a lot of attention in recent years. However, the mechanism of action of tDCS remains unclear. Then we developed a rat model of tDCS and measured its effectiveness with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Rats were anesthetized with urethane, sheared around their head and neck, and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Carbon fiber electrodes were placed on the front head and neck, and we started recording of fMRI. After baseline recording, we stimulated by passing 400 A (n = 6) or 40 A (n = 6) current for 10 min (an electrode on front head was positive). The averaged signal intensity of fMRI was calculated before and after stimulation, and compared between 400 A and 40 A. As a result, the signal intensities in the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens were significantly increased by 400 A stimulation. This finding suggests that front head simulation induce neural activities in the proximate and its connected brain region. The rat model of tDCS we developed is useful to investigate more detailed mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of tDCS. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2378
P1-m06 No association between the COMT polymorphism and Beck youth inventories scores in a Chinese cohort Chun-Yen Chang 1 , Ting-Kuang Yeh 1 , Chung-Yi Hu 2 , Chien-Hua Hsiao 1 , Fu-Tai Chuang 1 1
Science Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University Taiwan University
2
National
The COMT 158Met allele may be advantageous for PFC-related cognitive abilities; however, it is also associated with increased emotional vulnerability in response to stress or educational adversity. Previously, we found that students who were homozygous for the Met allele tended to perform more poorly in all components of the Taiwanese Basic Competency Test, a national
standardized test that measures educational achievement, than students who were homozygous or heterozygous for the Val allele. We speculated that affective factors might overwhelm cognitive abilities in high-stake tests. In this study, we present our preliminary attempts to explore the association between COMT polymorphism and emotion of students. Totally, 703 Taiwanese tenth-grade volunteers were recruited. Scores from the Beck youth inventories were used to evaluate students’ self-concept, anxiety, depression, delinquency, and anger. The three genotype groups did not show any significant differences with respect to all subscales in BYI. However, COMT 158Met/Met homozygous students showed a trend towards better performance in all subscales of the BYI. These findings provide evidence that COMT polymorphism might not be a major determinant of students’ affect behaviors of BYI as previously thought. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2379
P1-m07 Long-term appetitive memory in the nematode C. elegans Saori Nishijima , Hisayuki Amano, Ichiro Maruyama Information Process Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa Learning and memory are essential for all animals to survive and reproduce. C. elegans is an excellent model organism for the study of learning and memory for a number of reasons. For instance, the C. elegans nervous system consists of only 302 neurons. The neural circuits of these invariant neurons have completely been reconstructed from serial thin sections using electron microscopy. The body is transparent throughout the life so that neural activities can be observed using Ca2+ - and voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins in living animals. In this study, we developed a paradigm for the study on learning and memory in C. elegans by classical conditioning of worms with nonanol, as a conditioned stimulus (CS), and potassium chloride (KCl) as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Before the training, worms avoided nonanol, an aversive olfactory stimulus, and were attracted by KCl, an appetitive gustatory stimulus, in chemotaxis assay. In contrast, trained worms were attracted to nonanol after eight-cycle massed (without intertrial intervals, ITI) or spaced (with 10-min ITI) training. Memory induced by the massed training was extinguished within an hour, while the spaced training induced the memory which was retained for 24 h. Worms treated with cycloheximide or actinomycin D failed to form the long-lasting memory by the spaced training, whereas the memory induced by the massed training was not significantly affected. These results indicated that the memory formation by the spaced training, but not by the massed training, required protein synthesis and mRNA transcription. Therefore, the memories induced by the massed and spaced training are classified as short-term and longterm memories, respectively. In support of this, C. elegans mutants defective in nmr-1 encoding an NMDA receptor subunit failed to form both of the shortterm and long-term memory, while mutations in crh-1 encoding the CREB transcription factor affected only on the formation of the long-term memory. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2380
P1-m08 Event-related potential during memory encoding of words analyzed by pre/post-sleep recognition performance Ayumi Sashi 1 , Naoyuki Emata 1 , Satoshi Fujii 2 , Takeshi Aihara 1,3 , Hiroshi Sasaki 3 1
Graduate School of Engineering, Tamagawa Univ, Tokyo 2 Dept Physiol, Yamagata Univ, Yamagata 3 College of Engineering, Tamagawa Univ, Tokyo
Event related potential (ERP) during memory encoding of words was investigated by means of the analysis with pre/post-sleep recognition performance. Eight normal right-handed volunteers (mean age = 21.1, four males and four females) gave written informed consent to participate in this study. ERP data was acquired while participants saw and incidentally memorized visually presented words each of which was composed of two kanji characters (encoding phase). Participants had a 0–90 min sleep during 120 min period after encoding phase. Two hundreds words were presented every 2500–2900 ms during encoding phase. Immediately after (pre-sleep recognition phase) and 120 min after (post-sleep recognition phase) the encoding phase, recognition test for one hundred memorized words visually displayed with additional one hundred novel words (also composed of two kanji characters) in each recognition phase were carried out. Thirty-three recording Ag/AgCl sintered electrodes were placed on the scalp based on the 10-20 international standard. ERP signals referenced to left earlobe were amplified
Abstracts / Neuroscience Research 68S (2010) e109–e222
P1-m04 Sema4D/CD100 deficiency leads to superior performance in mouse motor behavior
Takuji Ito 1 , Tetsuji Tanaka 2 , Kenji Yoshida 1 , Noriko Takeuchi 1 , Hitoshi Kikutani 3 , Atsushi Kumanogoh 4 , Kazunori Yukawa 1 1
Dept Physiol, Fac of Pharm, Meijo Univ, Nagoya 2 Dep. of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wakayama Med. Univ 3 Dep. of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ 4 Dep. of Immunopathology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka Univ Sema4D/CD100 is a type of class 4 semaphorin, exhibiting crucial roles in growth cone guidance in developing neurons. However, direct evidence of the actual involvement of Sema4D in the neuronal network development crucial for neurobehavioral performance is still lacking. To examine whether Sema4D deficiency leads to abnormal behavioral development, both wild-type and Sema4D-deficient mice were subjected to behavioral analyses including open-field, adhesive tape removal, rotarod tests and a water maze task. Open-field tests revealed increased locomotor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice with less percentage of time spent in the center of the field. In both the adhesive tape removal and rotarod tests, which examine motor coordination and balance, Sema4D-deficient mice showed significantly superior performance, suggesting facilitated motor behavior. Both Sema4D-deficient and wild-type mice successfully learnt the water maze task, locating a hidden escape platform, and also showed precise memory for the platform position in probe tests. However, the swimming speed of Sema4D-deficient mice was significantly faster than that of wildtype mice, providing further evidence of their accelerated motor behavior. Thus our mouse behavioral analyses revealed enhanced motor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice, suggesting the crucial involvement of Sema4D in the neurodevelopmental processes of the central structures mediating motor behavior in mice. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2377
P1-m05 Development of a rat model for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): effectiveness measurement using fMRI Yuji Takano 1 , Takashi Yokawa 3 , Asami Masuda 3 , Jun Niimi 3 , Satoshi Tanaka 4 , Naoyuki Hironaka 1,2 1 Human and Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan 2 CREST, Japan Science and Thechnology Agency, Kanagawa, Japan 3 BioView, Inc., Tokyo, Japan 4 National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique and has been received a lot of attention in recent years. However, the mechanism of action of tDCS remains unclear. Then we developed a rat model of tDCS and measured its effectiveness with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Rats were anesthetized with urethane, sheared around their head and neck, and placed in a stereotaxic apparatus. Carbon fiber electrodes were placed on the front head and neck, and we started recording of fMRI. After baseline recording, we stimulated by passing 400 A (n = 6) or 40 A (n = 6) current for 10 min (an electrode on front head was positive). The averaged signal intensity of fMRI was calculated before and after stimulation, and compared between 400 A and 40 A. As a result, the signal intensities in the frontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens were significantly increased by 400 A stimulation. This finding suggests that front head simulation induce neural activities in the proximate and its connected brain region. The rat model of tDCS we developed is useful to investigate more detailed mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of tDCS. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2378
P1-m06 No association between the COMT polymorphism and Beck youth inventories scores in a Chinese cohort Chun-Yen Chang 1 , Ting-Kuang Yeh 1 , Chung-Yi Hu 2 , Chien-Hua Hsiao 1 , Fu-Tai Chuang 1 1
Science Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University Taiwan University
2
National
The COMT 158Met allele may be advantageous for PFC-related cognitive abilities; however, it is also associated with increased emotional vulnerability in response to stress or educational adversity. Previously, we found that students who were homozygous for the Met allele tended to perform more poorly in all components of the Taiwanese Basic Competency Test, a national
standardized test that measures educational achievement, than students who were homozygous or heterozygous for the Val allele. We speculated that affective factors might overwhelm cognitive abilities in high-stake tests. In this study, we present our preliminary attempts to explore the association between COMT polymorphism and emotion of students. Totally, 703 Taiwanese tenth-grade volunteers were recruited. Scores from the Beck youth inventories were used to evaluate students’ self-concept, anxiety, depression, delinquency, and anger. The three genotype groups did not show any significant differences with respect to all subscales in BYI. However, COMT 158Met/Met homozygous students showed a trend towards better performance in all subscales of the BYI. These findings provide evidence that COMT polymorphism might not be a major determinant of students’ affect behaviors of BYI as previously thought. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2379
P1-m07 Long-term appetitive memory in the nematode C. elegans Saori Nishijima , Hisayuki Amano, Ichiro Maruyama Information Process Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa Learning and memory are essential for all animals to survive and reproduce. C. elegans is an excellent model organism for the study of learning and memory for a number of reasons. For instance, the C. elegans nervous system consists of only 302 neurons. The neural circuits of these invariant neurons have completely been reconstructed from serial thin sections using electron microscopy. The body is transparent throughout the life so that neural activities can be observed using Ca2+ - and voltage-sensitive fluorescent proteins in living animals. In this study, we developed a paradigm for the study on learning and memory in C. elegans by classical conditioning of worms with nonanol, as a conditioned stimulus (CS), and potassium chloride (KCl) as an unconditioned stimulus (US). Before the training, worms avoided nonanol, an aversive olfactory stimulus, and were attracted by KCl, an appetitive gustatory stimulus, in chemotaxis assay. In contrast, trained worms were attracted to nonanol after eight-cycle massed (without intertrial intervals, ITI) or spaced (with 10-min ITI) training. Memory induced by the massed training was extinguished within an hour, while the spaced training induced the memory which was retained for 24 h. Worms treated with cycloheximide or actinomycin D failed to form the long-lasting memory by the spaced training, whereas the memory induced by the massed training was not significantly affected. These results indicated that the memory formation by the spaced training, but not by the massed training, required protein synthesis and mRNA transcription. Therefore, the memories induced by the massed and spaced training are classified as short-term and longterm memories, respectively. In support of this, C. elegans mutants defective in nmr-1 encoding an NMDA receptor subunit failed to form both of the shortterm and long-term memory, while mutations in crh-1 encoding the CREB transcription factor affected only on the formation of the long-term memory. doi:10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.2380
P1-m08 Event-related potential during memory encoding of words analyzed by pre/post-sleep recognition performance Ayumi Sashi 1 , Naoyuki Emata 1 , Satoshi Fujii 2 , Takeshi Aihara 1,3 , Hiroshi Sasaki 3 1
Graduate School of Engineering, Tamagawa Univ, Tokyo 2 Dept Physiol, Yamagata Univ, Yamagata 3 College of Engineering, Tamagawa Univ, Tokyo
Event related potential (ERP) during memory encoding of words was investigated by means of the analysis with pre/post-sleep recognition performance. Eight normal right-handed volunteers (mean age = 21.1, four males and four females) gave written informed consent to participate in this study. ERP data was acquired while participants saw and incidentally memorized visually presented words each of which was composed of two kanji characters (encoding phase). Participants had a 0–90 min sleep during 120 min period after encoding phase. Two hundreds words were presented every 2500–2900 ms during encoding phase. Immediately after (pre-sleep recognition phase) and 120 min after (post-sleep recognition phase) the encoding phase, recognition test for one hundred memorized words visually displayed with additional one hundred novel words (also composed of two kanji characters) in each recognition phase were carried out. Thirty-three recording Ag/AgCl sintered electrodes were placed on the scalp based on the 10-20 international standard. ERP signals referenced to left earlobe were amplified