- Email: [email protected]
Development of Crosslinked Sodium-Alginate Membranes Using Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid-co-maleic Acid for Pervaporation Dehydration of Isopropanol
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.610
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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
885
886
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
)LJXUH9DULDWLRQRIIOX[ZLWKGLIIHUHQWPDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHGIRUDOOWKHPHPEUDQHV ,Q 39 SURFHVV WKH RYHUDOO VHOHFWLYLW\ RI D PHPEUDQH LV JHQHUDOO\ H[SODLQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ PHPEUDQH DQG WKH SHUPHDWLQJ PROHFXOHV WKH PROHFXODU VL]H RI WKH SHUPHDWLQJ VSHFLHV DQG WKH FURVVOLQNLQJ GHQVLW\ )LJXUH GLVSOD\V WKH HIIHFWV RI ERWK ZDWHU FRPSRVLWLRQDQG366$0$FRQWHQWRQWKHVHOHFWLYLW\RIWKHPHPEUDQHV
)LJXUH 9DULDWLRQ RI VHOHFWLYLW\ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW PDVV RI ZDWHU LQ WKH IHHG IRU DOO WKH PHPEUDQHV
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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±2+ JURXSV RI 1D$OJ DQG ±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
)LJXUH 9DULDWLRQ RI IOX[ DQG VHOHFWLYLW\ DW PDVV RI ZDWHU LQ WKH IHHG IRU DOO WKH PHPEUDQHV
887
888
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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¶VVHSDUDWLRQDELOLW\>@7KLVLQGH[FDQEHXVHGDVD UHODWLYH JXLGHOLQH IRU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI VXLWDEOH PHPEUDQHV IRU VXFFHVVIXO 39 VHSDUDWLRQ SURFHVVHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHYDULDWLRQRI36,DVDIXQFWLRQRI366$0$FRQWHQWDW&IRU PDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHG
)LJXUH9DULDWLRQRI36,DWPDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHGIRUDOOWKHPHPEUDQHV
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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°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Δ+VYDOXHVLQGLFDWLQJ WKDWVRUSWLRQ LVPDLQO\GRPLQDWHGE\WKH /DQJPXLU¶VPRGHRIVRUSWLRQJLYLQJDQH[RWKHUPLFFRQWULEXWLRQ> @ .H\ZRUGV 6RGLXP DOJLQDWH 3RO\VW\UHQH VXOIRQLF DFLGFRPDOHLF DFLG ,VRSURSDQRO 3HUYDSRUDWLRQ $FWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\ 5HIHUHQFHV >@
78UDJDPL.2ND]DNL+0DWVXJL70L\DWD0DFURPROHFXOHV
>@
78UDJDPL+0DWVXJL70L\DWD0DFURPROHFXOHV
>@
0<.DULGXUDJDQDYDU-*9DUJKHVH6.&KRXGKDUL5+2OOH\,QG(QJ&KHP5HV
>@
' 6KDK . .DLVVLFN $ *KRUSDGH 5 +DQQDK ' %KDWWDFKDU\\D - 0HPEU 6FL
>@
6%.XLOD6.5D\6HS3XULI7HFKQRO
>@
66 .XONDUQL 60 7DPEH $$ .LWWXU 0< .DULGXUDJDQDYDU - $SSO 3RO\P 6FL
>@
66.XONDUQL607DPEH$$.LWWXU0<.DULGXUDJDQDYDU-0HPEU6FL
>@
5<0+XDQJ&.
> @
'+:HLQNDXI '5 3DXO :- .RURV (GV LQ %DUULHU 3RO\PHUV DQG 6WUXFWXUHV $&6 6\PS6HU9RO:DVKLQJWRQ'& S
.H\ZRUGV 6RGLXPDOJLQDWH3RO\VW\UHQHVXOIRQLFDFLGFRPDOHLFDFLG3HUYDSRUDWLRQ$FWLYDWLRQ HQHUJ\
889
Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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
1877-7058 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.610
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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
885
886
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
)LJXUH9DULDWLRQRIIOX[ZLWKGLIIHUHQWPDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHGIRUDOOWKHPHPEUDQHV ,Q 39 SURFHVV WKH RYHUDOO VHOHFWLYLW\ RI D PHPEUDQH LV JHQHUDOO\ H[SODLQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ PHPEUDQH DQG WKH SHUPHDWLQJ PROHFXOHV WKH PROHFXODU VL]H RI WKH SHUPHDWLQJ VSHFLHV DQG WKH FURVVOLQNLQJ GHQVLW\ )LJXUH GLVSOD\V WKH HIIHFWV RI ERWK ZDWHU FRPSRVLWLRQDQG366$0$FRQWHQWRQWKHVHOHFWLYLW\RIWKHPHPEUDQHV
)LJXUH 9DULDWLRQ RI VHOHFWLYLW\ ZLWK GLIIHUHQW PDVV RI ZDWHU LQ WKH IHHG IRU DOO WKH PHPEUDQHV
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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±2+ JURXSV RI 1D$OJ DQG ±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
)LJXUH 9DULDWLRQ RI IOX[ DQG VHOHFWLYLW\ DW PDVV RI ZDWHU LQ WKH IHHG IRU DOO WKH PHPEUDQHV
887
888
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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¶VVHSDUDWLRQDELOLW\>@7KLVLQGH[FDQEHXVHGDVD UHODWLYH JXLGHOLQH IRU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI VXLWDEOH PHPEUDQHV IRU VXFFHVVIXO 39 VHSDUDWLRQ SURFHVVHV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHYDULDWLRQRI36,DVDIXQFWLRQRI366$0$FRQWHQWDW&IRU PDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHG
)LJXUH9DULDWLRQRI36,DWPDVVRIZDWHULQWKHIHHGIRUDOOWKHPHPEUDQHV
M.Y. Kariduraganavar and P.S. Rachipudi / Procedia Engineering 44 (2012) 884 – 889
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°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Δ+VYDOXHVLQGLFDWLQJ WKDWVRUSWLRQ LVPDLQO\GRPLQDWHGE\WKH /DQJPXLU¶VPRGHRIVRUSWLRQJLYLQJDQH[RWKHUPLFFRQWULEXWLRQ> @ .H\ZRUGV 6RGLXP DOJLQDWH 3RO\VW\UHQH VXOIRQLF DFLGFRPDOHLF DFLG ,VRSURSDQRO 3HUYDSRUDWLRQ $FWLYDWLRQHQHUJ\ 5HIHUHQFHV >@
78UDJDPL.2ND]DNL+0DWVXJL70L\DWD0DFURPROHFXOHV
>@
78UDJDPL+0DWVXJL70L\DWD0DFURPROHFXOHV
>@
0<.DULGXUDJDQDYDU-*9DUJKHVH6.&KRXGKDUL5+2OOH\,QG(QJ&KHP5HV
>@
' 6KDK . .DLVVLFN $ *KRUSDGH 5 +DQQDK ' %KDWWDFKDU\\D - 0HPEU 6FL
>@
6%.XLOD6.5D\6HS3XULI7HFKQRO
>@
66 .XONDUQL 60 7DPEH $$ .LWWXU 0< .DULGXUDJDQDYDU - $SSO 3RO\P 6FL
>@
66.XONDUQL607DPEH$$.LWWXU0<.DULGXUDJDQDYDU-0HPEU6FL
>@
5<0+XDQJ&.
> @
'+:HLQNDXI '5 3DXO :- .RURV (GV LQ %DUULHU 3RO\PHUV DQG 6WUXFWXUHV $&6 6\PS6HU9RO:DVKLQJWRQ'& S
.H\ZRUGV 6RGLXPDOJLQDWH3RO\VW\UHQHVXOIRQLFDFLGFRPDOHLFDFLG3HUYDSRUDWLRQ$FWLYDWLRQ HQHUJ\
889