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Devices for direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy
Solar Furnaces
Aparisi, R. R., Baum, V. A., Garf, B. A., "High Solar Installations." 19 p. Illus. Translation.
The installation consists of a solar steam boiler, a mirror i'efleetor with a counterweight, a r o t a t i n g mechanism, a column and a base. The reflector is made in the form of a thin, reinforced concrete easing, shaped as a paraboloid of rotation. 10 m in diameter. Mirrors made of window glass, ghmd to the easing, serve as the reflecting surface. The casing is rigidly connected with a counterweight in tim form of a metal rod having removable concrete blocks at its end. The mechanism of daily rotation provides for the turning of the casing around an inclined axis, placed on a meridional plane at, an angle to the horizon equal to the geographic:fl latitude of the location of the installation. R o t a t i o n takes place at, a c o n s t a n t speed "rod is effected by an electric m o t o r of 0.25 kw capacity; the reducer has a total gear ratio of about 2 in[Ilion. The position of the casing is changed, in relation to the change in the deelination of the sun, t)y means of a special yearly declination screw, rotated by hand, one turn once 't day.
Power
During the last few years, a s y s t e m has been developed in the hello-laboratory for a solar s t a t i o n whose capacity can a t t a i n 10-106 kilo-calories per hour and more, which is 40-80 times greater t h a n the possible unit capacity of a paraboloid unit and 20-40 times the capacity of a unit with flat mirrors and an immovable boiler, illuminated from below. This s t a t i o n is designed to produce s t e a m at a pressure of 30-35 atm. abs. Solar rays, gathered from a 19,395 m * area, are reflected by means of 1293 individual, fiat, s t a n d a r d - t y p e reflectors, onto a steam boiler rotating around its axis. This boiler is located in the focus of the optical system formed by these reflectors. Each of these individual reflectors with an area of 15 m 2 (3 X 5 m) consists of 28 fiat mirrors, m o u n t e d on a s t a n d a r d metal chassis, [)laced on a trolley. The 1293 trolleys are broken down into 23 separate trains, moving with the same angular velocity along concentric tracks, around the boiler which is placed on a tower 40 m high. Thus is accomplished the azimuthal movement of mirrors for focussing reflected rays in the boiler. The zenithal m o v e m e n t is accomplished by r o t a t i n g the chassis by means of an electric motor around an axis close to the horizontal.
*
The method of creating huge reinforced-concrete paral)oloid reflectors, set forth in this article, is sufficiently simple, and is accessible for an~~ construction organization; it provides a reflector accuracy completely adequate to effect, in the focal plane, -t heat liberation of about 300,000 kcal/m 2 hour.
R e c e i p t of H i g h T e m p e r a t u r e s " 15 p. Illus. T r a n s ] a •
tion.
To conduct experimental tests in the area of high temperalures, an experimental installation was erected on the grounds of the Power I n s t i t u t e , USSR Academy of Sciences, in Tashkent. It haw a precision-cast mirror with a diameter of 2.05 m and with automatic control. To it was a t t a c h e d a kinematic system of azimuthal and zenithal r o t a t i o n with two mutually perpendicular axes of rotation: horizontal GG' and vertical
Photoelectric: Photovoltaic,
Garf,
"A
Small Solar
* Cooker."
12
p.
Illus.
Vavilov, V. S., Malovetskaya, V. M., Galkin, G. N., Landsman, A. P., "Silicon Solar Batteries as Sources of Electrical Power for Artificial Earth Satellites." Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 63, 1 Sept. 1957, 13 p. Translation. The authors discuss the design, construction, operation, and theoretical and experimental characteristics of photo elements employing silicon p - n junctions to transform solar radiation into electrical energy.
*
G a r f , B. A., B o r o z d i n a , M . S., R e k a n t ,
p. T r a n s l a -
A general discussion on the various means for directly converting solar into electrical energy, e.g., photoelectric and thermoelectric types of conversion; and the materials used and their efficiency. * * *
The present article contains calculations of the MSK-1 cooker and the results of its tests. Experimental operation under field conditions has an average p r o d u c t i v i t y of 5 liters of boiling water per hour with an efficiency of ~the unit of = 0.5. U n d e r normal conditions in the Central Asian Republics, the MSK-1 fully provides for the preparation of food for a family of 3-4 persons. Handling it is simple. Its cost, with mass production, will not exceed 250-300 rubles. By saving fuel, the unit pays for itself in 2[ years. The MSK-1 can be recommended for e v e r y d a y use in regmns with intense solar radiation and insufficient fuel resources. *
S e r i e s I V , N o . 14, 1 9 5 8 . 4
tion.
Translation.
•
Pie-
Petukhov, B. V., "Devices for Direct Conversion of Solar Energy into Electrical Energy." Utilization of Solar Energy,
B . A.,
Photogalvanic,
zoelectric
VV'.
*
*
Markov, G. I., "Special Technological Features in the Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Paraboloid Mirror Reflectors for Solar Installations and Some Indexes of Their Operation." 14 p. Illus. Translation.
Aparisi, R. R., "An Experimental Installation for the
•
*
N.
B., " I n -
v e s t [ g a t i n g t h e R e f l e c t i n g S u r f a c e s of S o l a r I n s t a l l a .
.
.
.
Radiation Mechanics : Insolation,
l i o n s . " 19 p. D l u s . T r a n s l a t i o n . Tests and experience in the operation of solar units with nfirrors, b o t h in the Soviet Union and al)road, indicate t h a t at the present time, sheet glass with a silver or aluminum reflecting coating and metallic sheets with an electrically polished mirror surface satisfy the e n u m e r a t e d requirements.
Spectral
Spectroscopy,
Distribution
Krat, V. A., "Photographic Method Used in Solar Spectrography." J. Sci. Appl. Phot. Cinemat., U S S R . 9 p. T r a n s l a t i o n .
Kozlov, B. K.,
The paper discusses the variety of problems arising out of a t t e m p t s to use t)hotographic methods in solar spectrography. Nevertheless, when spectra of separate sol,~r details are desired within a wide range of wavelengths, the photoelectric m e t h o d can not compete with the photographic method. The evaluation of solar spectrograms at present consists chiefly of c.~reful p h o t o m e t r y of spectral lines. Two somewhat con-
B o g a n o v , F . F . , K o l o s , y a . G., M a r k o v ,
G . I . , " T h e r m o t e c h m c"a l
T e s t s of a Solar P a r a b o l o i d
Installation for the Production of Steam." 10 Illus. Translation.
p.
74
Aparisi, R. R., Baum, V. A., Garf, B. A., "High Solar Installations." 19 p. Illus. Translation.
The installation consists of a solar steam boiler, a mirror i'efleetor with a counterweight, a r o t a t i n g mechanism, a column and a base. The reflector is made in the form of a thin, reinforced concrete easing, shaped as a paraboloid of rotation. 10 m in diameter. Mirrors made of window glass, ghmd to the easing, serve as the reflecting surface. The casing is rigidly connected with a counterweight in tim form of a metal rod having removable concrete blocks at its end. The mechanism of daily rotation provides for the turning of the casing around an inclined axis, placed on a meridional plane at, an angle to the horizon equal to the geographic:fl latitude of the location of the installation. R o t a t i o n takes place at, a c o n s t a n t speed "rod is effected by an electric m o t o r of 0.25 kw capacity; the reducer has a total gear ratio of about 2 in[Ilion. The position of the casing is changed, in relation to the change in the deelination of the sun, t)y means of a special yearly declination screw, rotated by hand, one turn once 't day.
Power
During the last few years, a s y s t e m has been developed in the hello-laboratory for a solar s t a t i o n whose capacity can a t t a i n 10-106 kilo-calories per hour and more, which is 40-80 times greater t h a n the possible unit capacity of a paraboloid unit and 20-40 times the capacity of a unit with flat mirrors and an immovable boiler, illuminated from below. This s t a t i o n is designed to produce s t e a m at a pressure of 30-35 atm. abs. Solar rays, gathered from a 19,395 m * area, are reflected by means of 1293 individual, fiat, s t a n d a r d - t y p e reflectors, onto a steam boiler rotating around its axis. This boiler is located in the focus of the optical system formed by these reflectors. Each of these individual reflectors with an area of 15 m 2 (3 X 5 m) consists of 28 fiat mirrors, m o u n t e d on a s t a n d a r d metal chassis, [)laced on a trolley. The 1293 trolleys are broken down into 23 separate trains, moving with the same angular velocity along concentric tracks, around the boiler which is placed on a tower 40 m high. Thus is accomplished the azimuthal movement of mirrors for focussing reflected rays in the boiler. The zenithal m o v e m e n t is accomplished by r o t a t i n g the chassis by means of an electric motor around an axis close to the horizontal.
*
The method of creating huge reinforced-concrete paral)oloid reflectors, set forth in this article, is sufficiently simple, and is accessible for an~~ construction organization; it provides a reflector accuracy completely adequate to effect, in the focal plane, -t heat liberation of about 300,000 kcal/m 2 hour.
R e c e i p t of H i g h T e m p e r a t u r e s " 15 p. Illus. T r a n s ] a •
tion.
To conduct experimental tests in the area of high temperalures, an experimental installation was erected on the grounds of the Power I n s t i t u t e , USSR Academy of Sciences, in Tashkent. It haw a precision-cast mirror with a diameter of 2.05 m and with automatic control. To it was a t t a c h e d a kinematic system of azimuthal and zenithal r o t a t i o n with two mutually perpendicular axes of rotation: horizontal GG' and vertical
Photoelectric: Photovoltaic,
Garf,
"A
Small Solar
* Cooker."
12
p.
Illus.
Vavilov, V. S., Malovetskaya, V. M., Galkin, G. N., Landsman, A. P., "Silicon Solar Batteries as Sources of Electrical Power for Artificial Earth Satellites." Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 63, 1 Sept. 1957, 13 p. Translation. The authors discuss the design, construction, operation, and theoretical and experimental characteristics of photo elements employing silicon p - n junctions to transform solar radiation into electrical energy.
*
G a r f , B. A., B o r o z d i n a , M . S., R e k a n t ,
p. T r a n s l a -
A general discussion on the various means for directly converting solar into electrical energy, e.g., photoelectric and thermoelectric types of conversion; and the materials used and their efficiency. * * *
The present article contains calculations of the MSK-1 cooker and the results of its tests. Experimental operation under field conditions has an average p r o d u c t i v i t y of 5 liters of boiling water per hour with an efficiency of ~the unit of = 0.5. U n d e r normal conditions in the Central Asian Republics, the MSK-1 fully provides for the preparation of food for a family of 3-4 persons. Handling it is simple. Its cost, with mass production, will not exceed 250-300 rubles. By saving fuel, the unit pays for itself in 2[ years. The MSK-1 can be recommended for e v e r y d a y use in regmns with intense solar radiation and insufficient fuel resources. *
S e r i e s I V , N o . 14, 1 9 5 8 . 4
tion.
Translation.
•
Pie-
Petukhov, B. V., "Devices for Direct Conversion of Solar Energy into Electrical Energy." Utilization of Solar Energy,
B . A.,
Photogalvanic,
zoelectric
VV'.
*
*
Markov, G. I., "Special Technological Features in the Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Paraboloid Mirror Reflectors for Solar Installations and Some Indexes of Their Operation." 14 p. Illus. Translation.
Aparisi, R. R., "An Experimental Installation for the
•
*
N.
B., " I n -
v e s t [ g a t i n g t h e R e f l e c t i n g S u r f a c e s of S o l a r I n s t a l l a .
.
.
.
Radiation Mechanics : Insolation,
l i o n s . " 19 p. D l u s . T r a n s l a t i o n . Tests and experience in the operation of solar units with nfirrors, b o t h in the Soviet Union and al)road, indicate t h a t at the present time, sheet glass with a silver or aluminum reflecting coating and metallic sheets with an electrically polished mirror surface satisfy the e n u m e r a t e d requirements.
Spectral
Spectroscopy,
Distribution
Krat, V. A., "Photographic Method Used in Solar Spectrography." J. Sci. Appl. Phot. Cinemat., U S S R . 9 p. T r a n s l a t i o n .
Kozlov, B. K.,
The paper discusses the variety of problems arising out of a t t e m p t s to use t)hotographic methods in solar spectrography. Nevertheless, when spectra of separate sol,~r details are desired within a wide range of wavelengths, the photoelectric m e t h o d can not compete with the photographic method. The evaluation of solar spectrograms at present consists chiefly of c.~reful p h o t o m e t r y of spectral lines. Two somewhat con-
B o g a n o v , F . F . , K o l o s , y a . G., M a r k o v ,
G . I . , " T h e r m o t e c h m c"a l
T e s t s of a Solar P a r a b o l o i d
Installation for the Production of Steam." 10 Illus. Translation.
p.
74