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(Diene)Fe(CO)2PR3 and [(dienyl)Fe(CO)2PR3]X complexes: altered reactivity towards electrophiles and nucleophiles
217
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 338 (1988) 217-221 Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lausanne - Printed in The Netherlands
(Diene)Fe(CO),PR, and [(dienyl)Fe(CO),PR,]X complexes: altered reactivity towards electrophiles and nucleophiles James A.S. Howell *, Marie-Claire Tirvengadum Chemistry Department,
Universiv
and Gamy Walton
of Keele, Keele, Stafforrirhire ST5 5BG (Great Britain)
(Received June 17th, 1987)
Abstract Substitution of carbonyl by PPh, in (diene)Fe(CO), complexes changes the regiospecificity of electrophilic attack and provides easier access to [(allyl)FeL,]X salts. Similar PPh, substitution in [(dienyl)Fe(CO),]X complexes results in decreased reactivity towards nucleophiles; the diastereoselectivity of nucleophilic attack using metal-complexed chiral ligands as opposed to chiral nucleophiles has been examined.
The application of cyclic and acyclic (n4-diene)Fe(CO), and [($-dienyl)Fe(CO),]X complexes as intermediates in organic synthesis continues to be an area of interest [la-lc]. Improved preparations of the related Fe(CO),PR, derivatives also make these complexes attractive candidates, whose advantages (relative to the tricarbonyl) may be summarized as (a) an enhanced reactivity of the (diene)Fe(CO),PR, complex towards electrophiles [2], (b) a greater regiospecificity in reactions of [(dienyl)Fe(CO),PR,]X salts with nucleophiles [3], and (c) an application in asymmetric synthesis involving the use of chiral phosphine ligands [4a-4c]. Differences in reactivity may be expected arising from the increased electron-donating character of the Fe(CO),PR, moiety and the possible directing effect of the PR, ligand which may adopt either an axial or basal position within the square pyramidal geometry, depending on the substitution pattern of the diene or dienyl ligand [5]. We report here results which demonstrate differences in regiospecificity and in kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity which may be of relevance for the synthetic application of these complexes. (a) Protonation of (diene)Fe(CO), L complexes It is well established that protonation of (butadiene)Fe(CO), (la) (Scheme 1) in non-coordinating acids yields cation 2a, which undergoes reaction with CO to
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. 0022-328X/88/$03.50
0 1988 Elsevier Sequoia S.A.
218
X
R’
R’ H’
)
(la-c)
‘I’
Fe(CO),L
(la.)
R’=R*=H,
b. c.
L=CO
(2a-c)
(3a-c)
R’=R’=H, L=PPh, R1=R’=Me,L=PPhl R’=H, R*=Me,L=PPh,
d. e.
R’=H,
(ld,e)
R’=Me,L=CO
H+ I
Me
(4
Me
b.
(lOa,b)
(9a.b)
(8a.b)
L = PPh, L=CO
\
co
\
(1 atm.) FkCO),L
4,
x@-
Fe(CO),L (ll;.)
. C.
d.
n=l, n=l, nz2, n= 1,
(6a-c)
(5a-c)
n = 2, L=PPh, n=3, L=PPh, n=3, L=CO
(4a.) b. c.
L=CO L=PPh, L=PPh, L= PPh,R*
PR,
, FkCO),L (12a-d)
Scheme 1
produce isolable salts of cation 3a [6]. Regiospecific nucleophilic attack at C(l), usually accompanied by loss of metal, provides substituted alkenes [7]. However, the reaction fails with cyclic dienes and is difficult with internally disubstituted derivatives such as (2,3dimethylbutadiene)Fe(CO), owing to lack of reaction of the initially formed cation with CO. We find that the phosphine substituted derivatives lb, lc dissolve cleanly in anhydrous HBF, to yield in situ the cations 2b, 2c, and
219
that both cations undergo complete conversion within minutes under 1 atm of CO into the ally1 cations 3b, 3c. Tetrafluoroborate salts may be isolated in ca. 70% yield from preparative scale reactions [8* 1. Both (cyclohexadiene)- and (cycloheptadiene)Fe(CO),PPh, (4a, 4b) also dissolve in anhydrous HBF, to give in situ the analogous cations 5a, 5b. Slow uptake of CO by 5a eventually yields an equilibrium mixture of 5a and 6a (6a/5a 0.71), but, in contrast, uptake of CO by the seven-membered ring cation proceeds essentially to completion. After the same length of time the protonated tricarbonyl cation 5c shows only a small conversion into the ally1 cation 6c. The increased kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity may perhaps be ascribed to weakening of the agostic M.. . H.. . C interaction on substitution of CO by PPh, [9*]. A similar equilibrium has been found for the neutral (cyclohexenyl)Mn(CO), case (x = 3,4) with K = 0.43 [lo]. For the cyclic complexes, the equilibria may be reversed by degassing with N,, while solid 3c undergoes loss of CO at room temperature under high vacuum. Addition of basic ligands such as PPh, to CH,Cl, solutions of complex 2c thus formed results in deprotonation to give lc rather than addition to give the [(allyl)Fe(CO),(PPh,),IBF, salt. Addition of PPh, to 3c yields Fe(CO),(PPh,), and [MqC=C(Me)CH,PPh,]BF,. The isoprene complexes Id, le show differences in both kinetic and thermodynamic regioselectivity. In situ protonation of Id in HSO,F/SO, at - 60 o C yields a kinetically controlled 3.5/l mixture of 8a and 7a, and this on warming to - 20 o C undergoes irreversible isomerization to a thermodynamically controlled 1.5/l equilibrium mixture, essentially identical to that obtained by protonation using anhydrous HBF, at 0°C. Rapid uptake of CO yields an isolable, non-interconverting mixture of lOa/9a whose ratio (1.5/l) mirrors that of the 8a/7a equilibrium. In contrast, protonation of le, both at -60” C in HSO,F/SO, and at 0°C in anhydrous HBF,, yields in situ an equilibrium 8b/7b mixture in which the regioselectivity is reversed (8b/7b 0.7); uptake of CO generates in situ a lOb/9b mixture in the same ratio [ll*]. (b) Phosphine addition to [(dienyl)Fe(CO), L]X salts It is well established that phosphine addition to [(cyclohexadienyl)Fe(CO),]X salts (lla) results in ring addition to yield isolable adducts 12a of some synthetic utility [14a, b]. In keeping with the increased electron donating character of the Fe(CO),PR, moeity, we find that addition of PPh, to llb, llc in CH,Cl, at 25°C yields instead a thermodynamic equilibrium (eq. 1). The value of K increases with llb, llc + PPh, 9 12b, 12~
0)
(X- = PF,-) decreasing temperature and increases with decreasing ring size (12b/llb,
6300 M-l, 12c/llc, 145 M-l), thus mirroring the observed kinetic reactivity [14a]. More interestingly from the point of view of asymmetric synthesis, this has allowed an examination of the comparative thermodynamic efficiency of asymmetric induction
* This and other references marked with asterisks indicate notes occurring in the list of references.
220
using either metal-bound 2-4. llb + PPh,R* X = PF,-,
chiral Iigands or chiral nucleophiles
using the reactions
+ 12b
(2)
R* = ( + )-neomenthyl)
lld + PPh, G=12d
(3)
(X = BF,-) lld + PPh,R* (X = BF,-,
G=12d
(4)
R* = ( + )-neomenthyl)
The phosphor&m adducts 12b, 12d exist as diastereoisomeric pairs, whose population may be determined by integration of the C-P part of the 31P spectrum (Fig. 1). It may be seen that the greatest diastereoisomeric excess is obtained from attack of chiral phosphine on llb; indeed, incorporation of metal-bound chira.I phosphine in lld reduces, rather than enhances the diastereoselectivity. Complexes llb and lld exist in solution solely as the interconverting basal pair B/B’ which is
( 8)
(8’)
enantiomeric where L = PPh,, and diastereoisomeric but equally populated where L = PPh,R* [15]. The results thus imply a greater thermodynamic discrimination of a chiral nucleophile between the enantiomeric pair of llb than of an achiral nucleophile between the diastereoisomeric pair of lld. Recent results indicate that this may also be true of kinetically controlled irreversible nucleophilic addition;
32.2 (3.4) 25.2 (3.0)
(lib) ratio
2.2
l
PPh,R*
(lid)+
:1
Fig. 1. Chemical shifts in ppm relative to 85% H,PO,; metal-bound phosphine.
I:,
PPh,
(IId)
+ PPh,R* 1.4 : 1
values in parentheses represent P-P coupling to
221
thus, the reaction of lld with CN- [4b] provides a much lower diastereoisomeric excess than the reaction of [(cycloheptadienyl)Fe(CO),P(OPh),]PF, with enolates derived from chiral sulphoximines [16].
References 1 (a) for reviews, see A.J. Pearson, Act. Chem. Res., 13 (1980) 463; (b) A. Saber, Chimia, 38 (1984) 421; (c) A.J. Birch, B.M.R Bandara, K. Chamberlain, P. DahIer, AI. Day, I.D. Jenkins, L.F. Keely, T.C. Khor, G. Kretschmer, A.J. Liepa, A.S. Narula, W.D. Raverty, E. Rizzardo, C. Sell, G.R. Stephenson, D.J. Thompson and D.H. Wilhamson, Tetrahedron, 37 (1981) 289. 2 A.J. Birch, W.D. Raverty, S.Y. Hsu and A.J. Pearson, J. Organomet. Chem., 260 (1984) C59. 3 A.J. Pearson, S.L. Kole and T. Ray, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 106 (1984) 6060. 4 (a) J.A.S. HowelI, A.D. Squibb, G. Walton, P. McArdle and D. Cunningham, J. Organomet. Chem., 319 (1987) C45; (b) J.A.S. Howell and M.J. Thomas, J. Chem. Sot., Dalton Trans., (1983) 1401. 5 J.A.S. Howell and G. Walton, J. Chem. Sot., Chem. Comm., (1986) 622. 6 R.K. Brown, J.M. WilIiams, A.J. Schultz, G.D. Stucky, S.D. Ittel and R.L. Harlow, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 102 (1980) 981 and ref. therein. 7 T.H. Whitesides, R.W. Arhart and R.W. Slaven, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 95 (1973) 5792. 8 Isolated salts have been characterized by microanalysis and infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Cations formed in situ have been characterized by 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 9 A similar weakening is observed with increasing substitution in the (butadiene)Fe(CO),L,_, series (x = 3,2,0): S.D. Ittel, F.A. Van Catledge and J.P. Jesson, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 101 (1979) 6905. 10 F. Tiers and M. Brookhart, OrganometaIlics, 4 (1985) 1365 and ref. therein. 11 In common with others [7,12a, b], we find that isolated and recrystaIlized material contains only lob. The in situ lOb/9b ratio of 0.7 is, however, very similar to the ratio of the two isomers obtained on acetylation of (isoprene)Fe(CO)3) [13]. 12 (a) D.H. Gibson and RL. Vonhamme, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 94 (1972) 5092; (b) G.F. Emerson and R. Pettit, ibid., 84 (1962) 4591. 13 R.E. Graf and C.P. Liiya, J. Grganomet. Chem., 122 (1976) 377. 14 (a) L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, E.D. Honig and D.A. Sweigart, Chem. Rev., 84 (1984) 526; (b) J.A.S. Howell and M.J. Thomas, Organometallics, 4 (1984) 1054. 15 J.A.S. Howell and G. Walton, unpublished results. 16 A.J. Pearson and J. Yoon, J. Chem. Sot., Chem. Commun., (1986) 1467.
Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 338 (1988) 217-221 Elsevier Sequoia S.A., Lausanne - Printed in The Netherlands
(Diene)Fe(CO),PR, and [(dienyl)Fe(CO),PR,]X complexes: altered reactivity towards electrophiles and nucleophiles James A.S. Howell *, Marie-Claire Tirvengadum Chemistry Department,
Universiv
and Gamy Walton
of Keele, Keele, Stafforrirhire ST5 5BG (Great Britain)
(Received June 17th, 1987)
Abstract Substitution of carbonyl by PPh, in (diene)Fe(CO), complexes changes the regiospecificity of electrophilic attack and provides easier access to [(allyl)FeL,]X salts. Similar PPh, substitution in [(dienyl)Fe(CO),]X complexes results in decreased reactivity towards nucleophiles; the diastereoselectivity of nucleophilic attack using metal-complexed chiral ligands as opposed to chiral nucleophiles has been examined.
The application of cyclic and acyclic (n4-diene)Fe(CO), and [($-dienyl)Fe(CO),]X complexes as intermediates in organic synthesis continues to be an area of interest [la-lc]. Improved preparations of the related Fe(CO),PR, derivatives also make these complexes attractive candidates, whose advantages (relative to the tricarbonyl) may be summarized as (a) an enhanced reactivity of the (diene)Fe(CO),PR, complex towards electrophiles [2], (b) a greater regiospecificity in reactions of [(dienyl)Fe(CO),PR,]X salts with nucleophiles [3], and (c) an application in asymmetric synthesis involving the use of chiral phosphine ligands [4a-4c]. Differences in reactivity may be expected arising from the increased electron-donating character of the Fe(CO),PR, moiety and the possible directing effect of the PR, ligand which may adopt either an axial or basal position within the square pyramidal geometry, depending on the substitution pattern of the diene or dienyl ligand [5]. We report here results which demonstrate differences in regiospecificity and in kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity which may be of relevance for the synthetic application of these complexes. (a) Protonation of (diene)Fe(CO), L complexes It is well established that protonation of (butadiene)Fe(CO), (la) (Scheme 1) in non-coordinating acids yields cation 2a, which undergoes reaction with CO to
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. 0022-328X/88/$03.50
0 1988 Elsevier Sequoia S.A.
218
X
R’
R’ H’
)
(la-c)
‘I’
Fe(CO),L
(la.)
R’=R*=H,
b. c.
L=CO
(2a-c)
(3a-c)
R’=R’=H, L=PPh, R1=R’=Me,L=PPhl R’=H, R*=Me,L=PPh,
d. e.
R’=H,
(ld,e)
R’=Me,L=CO
H+ I
Me
(4
Me
b.
(lOa,b)
(9a.b)
(8a.b)
L = PPh, L=CO
\
co
\
(1 atm.) FkCO),L
4,
x@-
Fe(CO),L (ll;.)
. C.
d.
n=l, n=l, nz2, n= 1,
(6a-c)
(5a-c)
n = 2, L=PPh, n=3, L=PPh, n=3, L=CO
(4a.) b. c.
L=CO L=PPh, L=PPh, L= PPh,R*
PR,
, FkCO),L (12a-d)
Scheme 1
produce isolable salts of cation 3a [6]. Regiospecific nucleophilic attack at C(l), usually accompanied by loss of metal, provides substituted alkenes [7]. However, the reaction fails with cyclic dienes and is difficult with internally disubstituted derivatives such as (2,3dimethylbutadiene)Fe(CO), owing to lack of reaction of the initially formed cation with CO. We find that the phosphine substituted derivatives lb, lc dissolve cleanly in anhydrous HBF, to yield in situ the cations 2b, 2c, and
219
that both cations undergo complete conversion within minutes under 1 atm of CO into the ally1 cations 3b, 3c. Tetrafluoroborate salts may be isolated in ca. 70% yield from preparative scale reactions [8* 1. Both (cyclohexadiene)- and (cycloheptadiene)Fe(CO),PPh, (4a, 4b) also dissolve in anhydrous HBF, to give in situ the analogous cations 5a, 5b. Slow uptake of CO by 5a eventually yields an equilibrium mixture of 5a and 6a (6a/5a 0.71), but, in contrast, uptake of CO by the seven-membered ring cation proceeds essentially to completion. After the same length of time the protonated tricarbonyl cation 5c shows only a small conversion into the ally1 cation 6c. The increased kinetic and thermodynamic reactivity may perhaps be ascribed to weakening of the agostic M.. . H.. . C interaction on substitution of CO by PPh, [9*]. A similar equilibrium has been found for the neutral (cyclohexenyl)Mn(CO), case (x = 3,4) with K = 0.43 [lo]. For the cyclic complexes, the equilibria may be reversed by degassing with N,, while solid 3c undergoes loss of CO at room temperature under high vacuum. Addition of basic ligands such as PPh, to CH,Cl, solutions of complex 2c thus formed results in deprotonation to give lc rather than addition to give the [(allyl)Fe(CO),(PPh,),IBF, salt. Addition of PPh, to 3c yields Fe(CO),(PPh,), and [MqC=C(Me)CH,PPh,]BF,. The isoprene complexes Id, le show differences in both kinetic and thermodynamic regioselectivity. In situ protonation of Id in HSO,F/SO, at - 60 o C yields a kinetically controlled 3.5/l mixture of 8a and 7a, and this on warming to - 20 o C undergoes irreversible isomerization to a thermodynamically controlled 1.5/l equilibrium mixture, essentially identical to that obtained by protonation using anhydrous HBF, at 0°C. Rapid uptake of CO yields an isolable, non-interconverting mixture of lOa/9a whose ratio (1.5/l) mirrors that of the 8a/7a equilibrium. In contrast, protonation of le, both at -60” C in HSO,F/SO, and at 0°C in anhydrous HBF,, yields in situ an equilibrium 8b/7b mixture in which the regioselectivity is reversed (8b/7b 0.7); uptake of CO generates in situ a lOb/9b mixture in the same ratio [ll*]. (b) Phosphine addition to [(dienyl)Fe(CO), L]X salts It is well established that phosphine addition to [(cyclohexadienyl)Fe(CO),]X salts (lla) results in ring addition to yield isolable adducts 12a of some synthetic utility [14a, b]. In keeping with the increased electron donating character of the Fe(CO),PR, moeity, we find that addition of PPh, to llb, llc in CH,Cl, at 25°C yields instead a thermodynamic equilibrium (eq. 1). The value of K increases with llb, llc + PPh, 9 12b, 12~
0)
(X- = PF,-) decreasing temperature and increases with decreasing ring size (12b/llb,
6300 M-l, 12c/llc, 145 M-l), thus mirroring the observed kinetic reactivity [14a]. More interestingly from the point of view of asymmetric synthesis, this has allowed an examination of the comparative thermodynamic efficiency of asymmetric induction
* This and other references marked with asterisks indicate notes occurring in the list of references.
220
using either metal-bound 2-4. llb + PPh,R* X = PF,-,
chiral Iigands or chiral nucleophiles
using the reactions
+ 12b
(2)
R* = ( + )-neomenthyl)
lld + PPh, G=12d
(3)
(X = BF,-) lld + PPh,R* (X = BF,-,
G=12d
(4)
R* = ( + )-neomenthyl)
The phosphor&m adducts 12b, 12d exist as diastereoisomeric pairs, whose population may be determined by integration of the C-P part of the 31P spectrum (Fig. 1). It may be seen that the greatest diastereoisomeric excess is obtained from attack of chiral phosphine on llb; indeed, incorporation of metal-bound chira.I phosphine in lld reduces, rather than enhances the diastereoselectivity. Complexes llb and lld exist in solution solely as the interconverting basal pair B/B’ which is
( 8)
(8’)
enantiomeric where L = PPh,, and diastereoisomeric but equally populated where L = PPh,R* [15]. The results thus imply a greater thermodynamic discrimination of a chiral nucleophile between the enantiomeric pair of llb than of an achiral nucleophile between the diastereoisomeric pair of lld. Recent results indicate that this may also be true of kinetically controlled irreversible nucleophilic addition;
32.2 (3.4) 25.2 (3.0)
(lib) ratio
2.2
l
PPh,R*
(lid)+
:1
Fig. 1. Chemical shifts in ppm relative to 85% H,PO,; metal-bound phosphine.
I:,
PPh,
(IId)
+ PPh,R* 1.4 : 1
values in parentheses represent P-P coupling to
221
thus, the reaction of lld with CN- [4b] provides a much lower diastereoisomeric excess than the reaction of [(cycloheptadienyl)Fe(CO),P(OPh),]PF, with enolates derived from chiral sulphoximines [16].
References 1 (a) for reviews, see A.J. Pearson, Act. Chem. Res., 13 (1980) 463; (b) A. Saber, Chimia, 38 (1984) 421; (c) A.J. Birch, B.M.R Bandara, K. Chamberlain, P. DahIer, AI. Day, I.D. Jenkins, L.F. Keely, T.C. Khor, G. Kretschmer, A.J. Liepa, A.S. Narula, W.D. Raverty, E. Rizzardo, C. Sell, G.R. Stephenson, D.J. Thompson and D.H. Wilhamson, Tetrahedron, 37 (1981) 289. 2 A.J. Birch, W.D. Raverty, S.Y. Hsu and A.J. Pearson, J. Organomet. Chem., 260 (1984) C59. 3 A.J. Pearson, S.L. Kole and T. Ray, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 106 (1984) 6060. 4 (a) J.A.S. HowelI, A.D. Squibb, G. Walton, P. McArdle and D. Cunningham, J. Organomet. Chem., 319 (1987) C45; (b) J.A.S. Howell and M.J. Thomas, J. Chem. Sot., Dalton Trans., (1983) 1401. 5 J.A.S. Howell and G. Walton, J. Chem. Sot., Chem. Comm., (1986) 622. 6 R.K. Brown, J.M. WilIiams, A.J. Schultz, G.D. Stucky, S.D. Ittel and R.L. Harlow, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 102 (1980) 981 and ref. therein. 7 T.H. Whitesides, R.W. Arhart and R.W. Slaven, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 95 (1973) 5792. 8 Isolated salts have been characterized by microanalysis and infrared and NMR spectroscopy. Cations formed in situ have been characterized by 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 9 A similar weakening is observed with increasing substitution in the (butadiene)Fe(CO),L,_, series (x = 3,2,0): S.D. Ittel, F.A. Van Catledge and J.P. Jesson, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 101 (1979) 6905. 10 F. Tiers and M. Brookhart, OrganometaIlics, 4 (1985) 1365 and ref. therein. 11 In common with others [7,12a, b], we find that isolated and recrystaIlized material contains only lob. The in situ lOb/9b ratio of 0.7 is, however, very similar to the ratio of the two isomers obtained on acetylation of (isoprene)Fe(CO)3) [13]. 12 (a) D.H. Gibson and RL. Vonhamme, J. Am. Chem. Sot., 94 (1972) 5092; (b) G.F. Emerson and R. Pettit, ibid., 84 (1962) 4591. 13 R.E. Graf and C.P. Liiya, J. Grganomet. Chem., 122 (1976) 377. 14 (a) L.A.P. Kane-Maguire, E.D. Honig and D.A. Sweigart, Chem. Rev., 84 (1984) 526; (b) J.A.S. Howell and M.J. Thomas, Organometallics, 4 (1984) 1054. 15 J.A.S. Howell and G. Walton, unpublished results. 16 A.J. Pearson and J. Yoon, J. Chem. Sot., Chem. Commun., (1986) 1467.