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Dietary and Plasma Phosphorus in Hens with Fatty Liver Syndrome1
Dietary and Plasma Phosphorus in Hens with Fatty Liver Syndrome1 R. D. MILES, R. B. CHRISTMAS, and R. H. HARMS
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication January 15, 1982)
1982 Poultry Science 61:2512-2516 INTRODUCTION The phosphorus level in plasma of broilers and laying hens has been shown by numerous investigators to be related to the amount of phosphorus in the diet. Gardiner (1962, 1969, and 1973), with day-old broiler and White Leghorn chicks, reported that inorganic phosphorus in plasma increased with each increase in dietary phosphorus. El Boushy (1979) showed that inorganic phosphorus in the plasma of broiler-type chicks increased significantly as the phosphorus level in the diet increased. Hurwitz and Griminger (1962) determined the phosphorus requirement of caged layers by the balance method and observed that plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration was related to dietary phosphorus intake. El Boushy (1974) reported that phosphorus in plasma of laying hens increased as the phosphorus level of the diet increased. Garlich et al. (1975) found that serum phosphorus in laying hens was significantly reduced when hens were fed a phosphorus-deficient diet but serum phosphorus increased when the same hens were fed a diet containing higher phosphorus levels. Reichmann and Conner (1977) found a significant increase in plasma phosphorus of laying hens when dietary phosphorus was increased from .45 to
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3543.
1.42%. In a recent publication El Boushy (1979) reported that the inorganic phosphorus in the plasma of laying hens was significantly increased with each increase in dietary phosphorus. Harms et al. (1972) discussed the typical signs of fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in laying hens. Characteristic are enlarged pale combs and wattles accompanied by white flaky dandruff. Miles and Harms (1981) reported that hens with FLS had excessively high plasma calcium levels that were related to comb size. Plasma phosphorus was also higher at oviposition for hens with FLS than for normal hens. Because natural outbreaks of FLS in hens are known to be associated with elevated plasma phosphorus, this study was conducted to determine if plasma inorganic phosphorus was related to dietary phosphorus level in hens with FLS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first experiment was conducted in October and consisted of collecting blood samples from 20 hens from each group of 12 commercial strains (384 hens per strain) of White Leghorn hens. All hens were housed in open type houses at the University of Florida Poultry Evaluation Center at Chipley, FL. The hens were 50 weeks of age and individually housed in 25 X 46 cm wire cages. All hens had been receiving the basal diet (Table 1) and water on an ad libitum basis. Daily phosphorus intake was calculated for hens within
2512
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ABSTRACT Plasma inorganic phosphorus was determined in two experiments in hens that had fatty liver syndrome. In Experiment 1, plasma inorganic phosphorus was determined in twelve strains of hens all fed the same diet. Plasma inorganic phosphorus immediately following oviposition was elevated in all strains. The two strains in the first experiment with the highest as well as the two strains with the lowest plasma inorganic phosphorus were used in the second experiment. Each of the four strains were subdivided into three groups of 60 hens each and fed a practical layer diet containing either .30, .75, or 1.40% total phosphorus and 3.4% calcium. Significant differences were found in plasma inorganic phosphorus between strains fed the three dietary phosphorus levels. Results indicated that plasma inorganic phosphorus is related to dietary phosphorus in hens with an elevated plasma inorganic phosphorus level associated with fatty liver syndrome. (Key words: plasma inorganic phosphorus, dietary phosphorus, fatty liver syndrome)
RESEARCH NOTE TABLE 1. Composition of basal dietx Percent of diet
Yellow corn Soybean meal (44% CP) Fish meal (60% CP) Alfalfa meal (17% CP) Dicalcium phosphate (18.5%P;24%Ca) Ground limestone Iodized salt Microingredients2
65.99 19.80 2.50 3.00 1.92 6.04 .25 .50
'Calculated analysis: 16.5% crude protein 2800 kcal ME/kg, 3.00% calcium, and .75% total phosphorus. 2 Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6000 IU of vitamin A; 2200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylprimidinol bisulfite, 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 39.6 mg niacin; 500 mg choline chloride; 22 Mg vitamin B12 ; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 50 mg manganese, 50 mg iron, 6 mg copper; .198 mg cobalt; 1.1 mg iodine; 35 mg zinc.
each strain from feed consumption data collected for 2 weeks prior to bleeding. Morning and evening lights were used to furnish 15 hr of continuous lighting. The entire flock of hens exhibited the external signs of FLS as discussed by Harms et al. (1972). On the day of blood sampling, 20 hens from each strain were randomly selected and bled. Only the plasma samples from hens laying the day prior to bleeding were kept for phosphorus analysis. This selection eliminated fluctuation in plasma phosphorus due to differences in egg production status of individual hens as discussed by Miller (1976) and Taylor and Kirkley (1967). Blood samples were collected via anterior heart puncture using a heparinized syringe with a 3.81 cm 20-gauge needle attached. Approximately 5 ml of blood were collected from each hen within 5 min following oviposition. Blood samples were immediately centrifuged and the plasma proteins precipitated with 10% TCA. Since plasma phosphorus follows a cyclic pattern in the laying hen during a 24-hr period, as discussed by Miller et al. (1977a,b) and Mongin and Sauveur (1979), oviposition is the most suitable physiological reference point in plasma phosphorus determinations. The inorganic phosphorus content of the plasma was determined using the spec-
trophotometric method of Harris and Popat (1954). The second experiment began 4 weeks following the first. Data collected in the first experiment were used to determine which 4 strains would be selected for the second experiment. One hundred and eighty hens from the strains in the first experiment having the two higher and two lower plasma phosphorus levels were selected. Each strain was further divided into 3 groups consisting of 60 hens each. One group within each strain was fed the basal diet calculated to contain .75% total phosphorus. One of the remaining two groups within each strain was fed a diet containing no supplemental phosphorus (.30%), and the remaining group was fed a diet containing 1.40% total phosphorus. Hens were fed the diets for 6 weeks and then 20 hens randomly selected from each group were bled. Feed consumption was determined for the entire 6 wk experimental period. Hen selection, bleeding procedures, and inorganic phosphorus determination were identical to those described in Experiment 1. Six hens that were bled within each group were killed by cervical dislocation, the right tibia was removed, and bone ash was determined. Postmortem examination of the hens revealed an excess deposition of fat in the abdominal cavity and enlarged yellow livers. Data were subjected to analysis of variance in accordance with the procedure of Steel and Torrie (1960). Significant treatment differences were determined by use of the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average daily total phosphorus consumption and plasma phosphorus values for each strain of hens in the first experiment are presented in Table 2. The plasma inorganic phosphorus values reported for these hens immediately following oviposition are higher than those reported elsewhere in the literature. Miller et al. (1977a,b) reported values in serum phosphorus of 4.88 and 4.96 mg/100 ml, respectively. Choi et al. (1979) found a level of 4.2 mg P/100 ml serum, and Mongin and Sauveur (1979) reported plasma values of 2.5—3 mg P/100 ml in hens immediately following oviposition. Miles and Harms (1981) reported that the mean plasma phosphorus immediately following oviposition in hens with FLS
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Ingredients
2513
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MILES ET AL.
TABLE 2. Strains, average daily phosphorus consumption, and plasma phosphorus of hens in Experiment 1 Strain no.
Plasma inorganic phosphorus 1
Avg. daily phosphorus
Name
(mg/100 ml)
(mg)
2
Mean ± SEM. Number of samples per mean.
was elevated to a level between 6 and 16 mg/ 100 ml. In light of what is present in the literature concerning the relationship of dietary phosphorus to plasma inorganic phosphorus in normal hens, it was concluded that the high plasma inorganic phosphorus values observed in hens from all 12 strains was a result of FLS. In Experiment 2, there were significant differences in plasma inorganic phosphorus levels among strains fed various dietary phosphorus levels (Table 3). As in the first experiment, strain 12 (Welp Line 542) exhibited the highest plasma inorganic phosphorus value within each dietary phosphorus level. Also,
strain plasma inorganic phosphorus values at the .75% dietary level of phosphorus were similar to those reported in the first experiment with the exception of a slightly lower value for the Keystone B-1 Strain. When comparing the plasma phosphorus of the other three strains with their values in the first experiment, no consistant pattern was evident. Feed consumption for all strains in this experiment was between 94 and 100 g/hen per day. Strain differences in plasma inorganic phosphorus within each dietary phosphorus level were evident. Although the strain X phosphorus interaction was not significant, the strain that consistently had the higher phosphorus level
TABLE 3. Mean plasma inorganic phosphorus values immediately following oviposition of four strains of hens fed three dietary phosphorus levels % Dietary phosphiorus .30
Strain
Colonial 365-S CaryNick 310 Keystone B-1 Welp Line 542 Mean
(mg/100 ml) 4 35abA 3.83 b A 4 joabA 4.9 l a A 4.37*
1.40
.75
(17)' (15) (18) (17)
(mg/100 ml) 577bB 5.98 b B 5.33bB 7.33*B 6.10*
(mg/100 ml) (18) (18) (17) (19)
7.55 a C 7.20abC 6.43 b C 7.61a®
(18) (16) (15) (16)
7.20*
abABC ' ' ' ' Means within column with different small letter superscripts and a row with capital letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). 1 Number of samples per mean. *P<.05.
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1
(16J2 (17) (19) (17) (17) (18) (16) (14) (18) (19) (20) (19)
5.98+ .29 6.32 ± .24 6.37 + .14 6.65 ± .29 6.66 + .32 6.79 ± .50 6.88 + .32 7.00 + .44 7.12 ± .36 7.26+ .31 7.44 ± .28 7.56 + .41
807 787 729 820 780 800 820 834 820 684 814 787
Colonial 365-S CaryNick 310 Hubbard Leghorn Hisex White H & N Nick Chick Bab cock B-300V Tatum T-100 Shaver 288 Ideal 236 Dekalb XL-Link Keystone B-1 Welp Line 542
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
RESEARCH NOTE
Average hen-day egg p r o d u c t i o n values for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s ranged from 6 4 t o 6 8 % for t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l period a n d were n o t significantly different. T h e dietary level of .30% t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s was a d e q u a t e and a level of 1.40% was n o t d e t r i m e n t a l . N o incidence of cage fatigue was observed during t h e second e x p e r i m e n t . Tibia ash values ranged f r o m 57 t o 59% for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s and were n o t significantly affected b y dietary p h o s p h o r u s level. T h e r e is sufficient evidence t h a t indicates t h e laying h e n can utilize d i e t a r y p h o s p h o r u s very efficiently at t i m e s and less efficiently at o t h e r times. Davidson and B o y n e ( 1 9 7 0 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e laying hen needs 4 4 0 mg of available p h o s p h o r u s per day for m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e . Charles et al. ( 1 9 7 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h e hen needed 3 5 0 mg of available p h o s p h o r u s daily. S u m m e r s et al. ( 1 9 7 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h e laying h e n p e r f o r m e d a d e q u a t e l y w h e n daily available p h o s p h o r u s i n t a k e was b e t w e e n 2 2 0 and 3 2 0 m g , whereas P e p p e r et al. ( 1 9 6 9 ) found no adverse effects o n hens p e r f o r m a n c e w h e n average daily intake of available p h o s p h o r u s was 2 3 0 m g . Salman et al. ( 1 9 6 9 ) indicated t h e laying hen needed n o s u p p l e m e n t a l d i e t a r y p h o s p h o r u s for m a x i m u m egg p r o d u c t i o n . R e c e n t l y , Mikaelian and Sell ( 1 9 8 1 ) reported t h a t .26% available p h o s p h o r u s did n o t s u p p o r t m a x i m u m egg p r o d u c t i o n in n o r m a l hens b u t a d e q u a t e egg p r o d u c t i o n was m a i n t a i n e d with ,16% available p h o s p h o r u s in hens diagnosed as having f a t t y liver s y n d r o m e . T h e s e d a t a imply t h a t fatty liver s y n d r o m e , which is associated with increased plasma
inorganic p h o s p h o r u s levels, m a y influence t h e dietary p h o s p h o r u s r e q u i r e m e n t .
REFERENCES Choi, J. H., R. D. Miles, and R. H. Harms, 1979. Effects of different short-term dietary phosphorus levels on egg specific gravity and blood phosphorus of hens. Poultry Sci. 58:99-103. Charles, O. W., S. Duke, and B. Reddy, 1978. Effect of phosphorus source and level on laying hen performance under varying temperature conditions. Pages 7 4 - 8 7 in Proc. 1978 Georgia Nutr. Conf. Davidson, J., and A. W. Boyne, 1970. The calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying hens. Br. Poultry Sci. 11:231-240. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42. El Boushy, A. R,, 1974. Influence of dietary phosphorus on performance of breeding hens kept in different environments. Pages 174-176 in Proc. 15th World's Poultry Congr., New Orleans, LA. El Boushy, A. R. 1979. Available phosphorus in poultry. 1. Effect of phosphorus levels on the performance of laying hens and their egg quality, hatchability, bone analysis and strength in relation to calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma. Netherlands J. Agric. Sci. 27:176-183. Gardiner, E. E., 1962. The relationship between dietary phosphorus level and the level of plasma inorganic phosphorus of chicks. Poultry Sci. 41:1156-1163. Gardiner, E. E., 1969. Response of two breeds of chickens to graded levels of dietary phosphorus. Poultry Sci. 4 8 : 9 8 6 - 9 9 3 . Gardiner, E. E., 1973. Inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus and inorganic calcium in blood plasma from two breeds of chickens fed various levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:551-556. Garlich, J. D., R. L. James, and J. B. Ward, 1975. Effects of short term phosphorus deprivation on laying hens. Poultry Sci. 4:1193-1199. Harms, R. H., C. F. Simpson, and B. L. Damron, 1972. Some new observations on "fatty liver syndrome" in laying hens. Avian Dis. 16:1042—1046. Harris, W. D., and P. Popat, 1954. Determination of the phosphorus content of lipids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 31:124-127. Hurwitz, S., and P. Griminger, 1962. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus requirement in laying hens by balance techniques. J. Sci. Food Agric. 13:185-191. Mikaelian, K. S., and J. L. Sell, 1981. Performance of laying hens fed various phosphorus levels continuously or phase fed decremental phosphorus levels. Poultry Sci. 60:1916-1924. Miles, R. D., and R. H. Harms, 1981. An observation of abnormally high calcium and phosphorus levels in laying hens with fatty liver syndrome. Poultry Sci. 60:485-486. Miller, E. R., 1976. Factors affecting serum mineral levels and influence of dietary calcium and
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(Welp Line 542) peaked sooner in plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s (at t h e . 7 5 % level) t h a n t h e o t h e r strains t h a t c o n t i n u e d t o show m u c h higher levels at t h e 1.40% level t h a n t h e . 7 5 % level. T h e m e a n plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s values for hens fed . 3 5 , . 7 5 , and 1.4% t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s was 4 . 3 7 , 6.10 and 7.20 m g / 1 0 0 ml, respectively (Table 3). Choi et al. ( 1 9 7 9 ) fed t h e same dietary levels of p h o s p h o r u s t o n o r m a l hens consuming a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 g of diet containing 3.5% calcium and r e p o r t e d serum values of 1.89, 3.48, a n d 5.24 m g / 1 0 0 ml, respectively. T h e values r e p o r t e d b y Choi et al. ( 1 9 7 9 ) are considerably lower t h a n those hens with F L S in this s t u d y . These results indicated t h a t , even t h o u g h elevated d u e t o F L S , t h e plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s of hens was influenced b y dietary p h o s p h o r u s level.
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MILES ET AL. of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens. Br. Poultry Sci. 18:633-640. Salman, A. J., M. S. Ali, and J. McGinnis, 1969. Effect of level and source of phosphorus and different calcium levels on productivity and phosphorus utilization by laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48:1004— 1009. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. Summers, J. D., R. Grandhi, and S. Leeson, 1976. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 55:402— 413. Taylor, T. G., and J. Kirkley, 1967. The absorption and excretion of minerals by laying hens in relation to egg shell formation. Br. Poultry Sci. 8:289-295.
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phosphorus interrelationships on the performance characteristics of the domestic hen. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL. Miller, E. R., R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson, 1977a. Cyclic changes in serum phosphorus of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 56:586-589. Miller, E. R., R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson, 1977b. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels in hens relative to the time of oviposition. Poultry Sci. 56:1501-1503. Mongin, P., and B. Sauveur, 1979. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration during egg shell formation. Effect of physical form of the dietary calcium. Br. Poultry Sci. 20:401-412. Pepper, W. F., J. D. Summers, E. T. Moran, and II. S. Bayley, 1969. The influence of steam pelleting on the utilization of phosphorus by the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 48.1055-1060. Reichmann, K. G., and J. K. Conner, 1977. Influence
Department of Poultry Science, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Received for publication January 15, 1982)
1982 Poultry Science 61:2512-2516 INTRODUCTION The phosphorus level in plasma of broilers and laying hens has been shown by numerous investigators to be related to the amount of phosphorus in the diet. Gardiner (1962, 1969, and 1973), with day-old broiler and White Leghorn chicks, reported that inorganic phosphorus in plasma increased with each increase in dietary phosphorus. El Boushy (1979) showed that inorganic phosphorus in the plasma of broiler-type chicks increased significantly as the phosphorus level in the diet increased. Hurwitz and Griminger (1962) determined the phosphorus requirement of caged layers by the balance method and observed that plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration was related to dietary phosphorus intake. El Boushy (1974) reported that phosphorus in plasma of laying hens increased as the phosphorus level of the diet increased. Garlich et al. (1975) found that serum phosphorus in laying hens was significantly reduced when hens were fed a phosphorus-deficient diet but serum phosphorus increased when the same hens were fed a diet containing higher phosphorus levels. Reichmann and Conner (1977) found a significant increase in plasma phosphorus of laying hens when dietary phosphorus was increased from .45 to
1 Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 3543.
1.42%. In a recent publication El Boushy (1979) reported that the inorganic phosphorus in the plasma of laying hens was significantly increased with each increase in dietary phosphorus. Harms et al. (1972) discussed the typical signs of fatty liver syndrome (FLS) in laying hens. Characteristic are enlarged pale combs and wattles accompanied by white flaky dandruff. Miles and Harms (1981) reported that hens with FLS had excessively high plasma calcium levels that were related to comb size. Plasma phosphorus was also higher at oviposition for hens with FLS than for normal hens. Because natural outbreaks of FLS in hens are known to be associated with elevated plasma phosphorus, this study was conducted to determine if plasma inorganic phosphorus was related to dietary phosphorus level in hens with FLS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The first experiment was conducted in October and consisted of collecting blood samples from 20 hens from each group of 12 commercial strains (384 hens per strain) of White Leghorn hens. All hens were housed in open type houses at the University of Florida Poultry Evaluation Center at Chipley, FL. The hens were 50 weeks of age and individually housed in 25 X 46 cm wire cages. All hens had been receiving the basal diet (Table 1) and water on an ad libitum basis. Daily phosphorus intake was calculated for hens within
2512
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ABSTRACT Plasma inorganic phosphorus was determined in two experiments in hens that had fatty liver syndrome. In Experiment 1, plasma inorganic phosphorus was determined in twelve strains of hens all fed the same diet. Plasma inorganic phosphorus immediately following oviposition was elevated in all strains. The two strains in the first experiment with the highest as well as the two strains with the lowest plasma inorganic phosphorus were used in the second experiment. Each of the four strains were subdivided into three groups of 60 hens each and fed a practical layer diet containing either .30, .75, or 1.40% total phosphorus and 3.4% calcium. Significant differences were found in plasma inorganic phosphorus between strains fed the three dietary phosphorus levels. Results indicated that plasma inorganic phosphorus is related to dietary phosphorus in hens with an elevated plasma inorganic phosphorus level associated with fatty liver syndrome. (Key words: plasma inorganic phosphorus, dietary phosphorus, fatty liver syndrome)
RESEARCH NOTE TABLE 1. Composition of basal dietx Percent of diet
Yellow corn Soybean meal (44% CP) Fish meal (60% CP) Alfalfa meal (17% CP) Dicalcium phosphate (18.5%P;24%Ca) Ground limestone Iodized salt Microingredients2
65.99 19.80 2.50 3.00 1.92 6.04 .25 .50
'Calculated analysis: 16.5% crude protein 2800 kcal ME/kg, 3.00% calcium, and .75% total phosphorus. 2 Supplied per kilogram of diet: 6000 IU of vitamin A; 2200 ICU vitamin D 3 ; 2.2 mg menadione dimethylprimidinol bisulfite, 4.4 mg riboflavin; 13.2 mg pantothenic acid; 39.6 mg niacin; 500 mg choline chloride; 22 Mg vitamin B12 ; 125 mg ethoxyquin; 50 mg manganese, 50 mg iron, 6 mg copper; .198 mg cobalt; 1.1 mg iodine; 35 mg zinc.
each strain from feed consumption data collected for 2 weeks prior to bleeding. Morning and evening lights were used to furnish 15 hr of continuous lighting. The entire flock of hens exhibited the external signs of FLS as discussed by Harms et al. (1972). On the day of blood sampling, 20 hens from each strain were randomly selected and bled. Only the plasma samples from hens laying the day prior to bleeding were kept for phosphorus analysis. This selection eliminated fluctuation in plasma phosphorus due to differences in egg production status of individual hens as discussed by Miller (1976) and Taylor and Kirkley (1967). Blood samples were collected via anterior heart puncture using a heparinized syringe with a 3.81 cm 20-gauge needle attached. Approximately 5 ml of blood were collected from each hen within 5 min following oviposition. Blood samples were immediately centrifuged and the plasma proteins precipitated with 10% TCA. Since plasma phosphorus follows a cyclic pattern in the laying hen during a 24-hr period, as discussed by Miller et al. (1977a,b) and Mongin and Sauveur (1979), oviposition is the most suitable physiological reference point in plasma phosphorus determinations. The inorganic phosphorus content of the plasma was determined using the spec-
trophotometric method of Harris and Popat (1954). The second experiment began 4 weeks following the first. Data collected in the first experiment were used to determine which 4 strains would be selected for the second experiment. One hundred and eighty hens from the strains in the first experiment having the two higher and two lower plasma phosphorus levels were selected. Each strain was further divided into 3 groups consisting of 60 hens each. One group within each strain was fed the basal diet calculated to contain .75% total phosphorus. One of the remaining two groups within each strain was fed a diet containing no supplemental phosphorus (.30%), and the remaining group was fed a diet containing 1.40% total phosphorus. Hens were fed the diets for 6 weeks and then 20 hens randomly selected from each group were bled. Feed consumption was determined for the entire 6 wk experimental period. Hen selection, bleeding procedures, and inorganic phosphorus determination were identical to those described in Experiment 1. Six hens that were bled within each group were killed by cervical dislocation, the right tibia was removed, and bone ash was determined. Postmortem examination of the hens revealed an excess deposition of fat in the abdominal cavity and enlarged yellow livers. Data were subjected to analysis of variance in accordance with the procedure of Steel and Torrie (1960). Significant treatment differences were determined by use of the multiple range test of Duncan (1955). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The average daily total phosphorus consumption and plasma phosphorus values for each strain of hens in the first experiment are presented in Table 2. The plasma inorganic phosphorus values reported for these hens immediately following oviposition are higher than those reported elsewhere in the literature. Miller et al. (1977a,b) reported values in serum phosphorus of 4.88 and 4.96 mg/100 ml, respectively. Choi et al. (1979) found a level of 4.2 mg P/100 ml serum, and Mongin and Sauveur (1979) reported plasma values of 2.5—3 mg P/100 ml in hens immediately following oviposition. Miles and Harms (1981) reported that the mean plasma phosphorus immediately following oviposition in hens with FLS
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of Michigan on April 17, 2015
Ingredients
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TABLE 2. Strains, average daily phosphorus consumption, and plasma phosphorus of hens in Experiment 1 Strain no.
Plasma inorganic phosphorus 1
Avg. daily phosphorus
Name
(mg/100 ml)
(mg)
2
Mean ± SEM. Number of samples per mean.
was elevated to a level between 6 and 16 mg/ 100 ml. In light of what is present in the literature concerning the relationship of dietary phosphorus to plasma inorganic phosphorus in normal hens, it was concluded that the high plasma inorganic phosphorus values observed in hens from all 12 strains was a result of FLS. In Experiment 2, there were significant differences in plasma inorganic phosphorus levels among strains fed various dietary phosphorus levels (Table 3). As in the first experiment, strain 12 (Welp Line 542) exhibited the highest plasma inorganic phosphorus value within each dietary phosphorus level. Also,
strain plasma inorganic phosphorus values at the .75% dietary level of phosphorus were similar to those reported in the first experiment with the exception of a slightly lower value for the Keystone B-1 Strain. When comparing the plasma phosphorus of the other three strains with their values in the first experiment, no consistant pattern was evident. Feed consumption for all strains in this experiment was between 94 and 100 g/hen per day. Strain differences in plasma inorganic phosphorus within each dietary phosphorus level were evident. Although the strain X phosphorus interaction was not significant, the strain that consistently had the higher phosphorus level
TABLE 3. Mean plasma inorganic phosphorus values immediately following oviposition of four strains of hens fed three dietary phosphorus levels % Dietary phosphiorus .30
Strain
Colonial 365-S CaryNick 310 Keystone B-1 Welp Line 542 Mean
(mg/100 ml) 4 35abA 3.83 b A 4 joabA 4.9 l a A 4.37*
1.40
.75
(17)' (15) (18) (17)
(mg/100 ml) 577bB 5.98 b B 5.33bB 7.33*B 6.10*
(mg/100 ml) (18) (18) (17) (19)
7.55 a C 7.20abC 6.43 b C 7.61a®
(18) (16) (15) (16)
7.20*
abABC ' ' ' ' Means within column with different small letter superscripts and a row with capital letter superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). 1 Number of samples per mean. *P<.05.
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1
(16J2 (17) (19) (17) (17) (18) (16) (14) (18) (19) (20) (19)
5.98+ .29 6.32 ± .24 6.37 + .14 6.65 ± .29 6.66 + .32 6.79 ± .50 6.88 + .32 7.00 + .44 7.12 ± .36 7.26+ .31 7.44 ± .28 7.56 + .41
807 787 729 820 780 800 820 834 820 684 814 787
Colonial 365-S CaryNick 310 Hubbard Leghorn Hisex White H & N Nick Chick Bab cock B-300V Tatum T-100 Shaver 288 Ideal 236 Dekalb XL-Link Keystone B-1 Welp Line 542
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
RESEARCH NOTE
Average hen-day egg p r o d u c t i o n values for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s ranged from 6 4 t o 6 8 % for t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l period a n d were n o t significantly different. T h e dietary level of .30% t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s was a d e q u a t e and a level of 1.40% was n o t d e t r i m e n t a l . N o incidence of cage fatigue was observed during t h e second e x p e r i m e n t . Tibia ash values ranged f r o m 57 t o 59% for t h e various t r e a t m e n t s and were n o t significantly affected b y dietary p h o s p h o r u s level. T h e r e is sufficient evidence t h a t indicates t h e laying h e n can utilize d i e t a r y p h o s p h o r u s very efficiently at t i m e s and less efficiently at o t h e r times. Davidson and B o y n e ( 1 9 7 0 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e laying hen needs 4 4 0 mg of available p h o s p h o r u s per day for m a x i m u m p e r f o r m a n c e . Charles et al. ( 1 9 7 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h e hen needed 3 5 0 mg of available p h o s p h o r u s daily. S u m m e r s et al. ( 1 9 7 6 ) r e p o r t e d t h e laying h e n p e r f o r m e d a d e q u a t e l y w h e n daily available p h o s p h o r u s i n t a k e was b e t w e e n 2 2 0 and 3 2 0 m g , whereas P e p p e r et al. ( 1 9 6 9 ) found no adverse effects o n hens p e r f o r m a n c e w h e n average daily intake of available p h o s p h o r u s was 2 3 0 m g . Salman et al. ( 1 9 6 9 ) indicated t h e laying hen needed n o s u p p l e m e n t a l d i e t a r y p h o s p h o r u s for m a x i m u m egg p r o d u c t i o n . R e c e n t l y , Mikaelian and Sell ( 1 9 8 1 ) reported t h a t .26% available p h o s p h o r u s did n o t s u p p o r t m a x i m u m egg p r o d u c t i o n in n o r m a l hens b u t a d e q u a t e egg p r o d u c t i o n was m a i n t a i n e d with ,16% available p h o s p h o r u s in hens diagnosed as having f a t t y liver s y n d r o m e . T h e s e d a t a imply t h a t fatty liver s y n d r o m e , which is associated with increased plasma
inorganic p h o s p h o r u s levels, m a y influence t h e dietary p h o s p h o r u s r e q u i r e m e n t .
REFERENCES Choi, J. H., R. D. Miles, and R. H. Harms, 1979. Effects of different short-term dietary phosphorus levels on egg specific gravity and blood phosphorus of hens. Poultry Sci. 58:99-103. Charles, O. W., S. Duke, and B. Reddy, 1978. Effect of phosphorus source and level on laying hen performance under varying temperature conditions. Pages 7 4 - 8 7 in Proc. 1978 Georgia Nutr. Conf. Davidson, J., and A. W. Boyne, 1970. The calcium and phosphorus requirements of laying hens. Br. Poultry Sci. 11:231-240. Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics 11:1-42. El Boushy, A. R,, 1974. Influence of dietary phosphorus on performance of breeding hens kept in different environments. Pages 174-176 in Proc. 15th World's Poultry Congr., New Orleans, LA. El Boushy, A. R. 1979. Available phosphorus in poultry. 1. Effect of phosphorus levels on the performance of laying hens and their egg quality, hatchability, bone analysis and strength in relation to calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma. Netherlands J. Agric. Sci. 27:176-183. Gardiner, E. E., 1962. The relationship between dietary phosphorus level and the level of plasma inorganic phosphorus of chicks. Poultry Sci. 41:1156-1163. Gardiner, E. E., 1969. Response of two breeds of chickens to graded levels of dietary phosphorus. Poultry Sci. 4 8 : 9 8 6 - 9 9 3 . Gardiner, E. E., 1973. Inorganic phosphorus, organic phosphorus and inorganic calcium in blood plasma from two breeds of chickens fed various levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 53:551-556. Garlich, J. D., R. L. James, and J. B. Ward, 1975. Effects of short term phosphorus deprivation on laying hens. Poultry Sci. 4:1193-1199. Harms, R. H., C. F. Simpson, and B. L. Damron, 1972. Some new observations on "fatty liver syndrome" in laying hens. Avian Dis. 16:1042—1046. Harris, W. D., and P. Popat, 1954. Determination of the phosphorus content of lipids. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 31:124-127. Hurwitz, S., and P. Griminger, 1962. Estimation of calcium and phosphorus requirement in laying hens by balance techniques. J. Sci. Food Agric. 13:185-191. Mikaelian, K. S., and J. L. Sell, 1981. Performance of laying hens fed various phosphorus levels continuously or phase fed decremental phosphorus levels. Poultry Sci. 60:1916-1924. Miles, R. D., and R. H. Harms, 1981. An observation of abnormally high calcium and phosphorus levels in laying hens with fatty liver syndrome. Poultry Sci. 60:485-486. Miller, E. R., 1976. Factors affecting serum mineral levels and influence of dietary calcium and
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(Welp Line 542) peaked sooner in plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s (at t h e . 7 5 % level) t h a n t h e o t h e r strains t h a t c o n t i n u e d t o show m u c h higher levels at t h e 1.40% level t h a n t h e . 7 5 % level. T h e m e a n plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s values for hens fed . 3 5 , . 7 5 , and 1.4% t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s was 4 . 3 7 , 6.10 and 7.20 m g / 1 0 0 ml, respectively (Table 3). Choi et al. ( 1 9 7 9 ) fed t h e same dietary levels of p h o s p h o r u s t o n o r m a l hens consuming a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 g of diet containing 3.5% calcium and r e p o r t e d serum values of 1.89, 3.48, a n d 5.24 m g / 1 0 0 ml, respectively. T h e values r e p o r t e d b y Choi et al. ( 1 9 7 9 ) are considerably lower t h a n those hens with F L S in this s t u d y . These results indicated t h a t , even t h o u g h elevated d u e t o F L S , t h e plasma inorganic p h o s p h o r u s of hens was influenced b y dietary p h o s p h o r u s level.
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MILES ET AL. of dietary calcium and phosphorus on metabolism and production in laying hens. Br. Poultry Sci. 18:633-640. Salman, A. J., M. S. Ali, and J. McGinnis, 1969. Effect of level and source of phosphorus and different calcium levels on productivity and phosphorus utilization by laying hens. Poultry Sci. 48:1004— 1009. Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie, 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. Summers, J. D., R. Grandhi, and S. Leeson, 1976. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 55:402— 413. Taylor, T. G., and J. Kirkley, 1967. The absorption and excretion of minerals by laying hens in relation to egg shell formation. Br. Poultry Sci. 8:289-295.
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phosphorus interrelationships on the performance characteristics of the domestic hen. Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Florida, Gainesville, FL. Miller, E. R., R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson, 1977a. Cyclic changes in serum phosphorus of laying hens. Poultry Sci. 56:586-589. Miller, E. R., R. H. Harms, and H. R. Wilson, 1977b. Serum calcium and phosphorus levels in hens relative to the time of oviposition. Poultry Sci. 56:1501-1503. Mongin, P., and B. Sauveur, 1979. Plasma inorganic phosphorus concentration during egg shell formation. Effect of physical form of the dietary calcium. Br. Poultry Sci. 20:401-412. Pepper, W. F., J. D. Summers, E. T. Moran, and II. S. Bayley, 1969. The influence of steam pelleting on the utilization of phosphorus by the laying hen. Poultry Sci. 48.1055-1060. Reichmann, K. G., and J. K. Conner, 1977. Influence